English Grammar
PRESENT OF VERB TO BE
AFIRMATIVE (Normal and contracted) NEGATIVE (Normal and contracted) INTERROGATIVE
I AM - I'M I AM NOT – I'M NOT AM I?
YOU ARE - YOU'RE YOU ARE NOT – YOU AREN'T YOU ARE?
HE/SHE/IT IS – HE/SHE/IT'S HE/SHE/IT IS NOT – HE/SHE/IT ISN'T HE/SHE/IT IS?
WE ARE - WE'RE WE ARE NOT – WE AREN'T ARE WE?
YOU ARE - YOU'RE YOU ARE NOT – YOU AREN'T ARE YOU?
THEY ARE - THEY'RE THEY ARE NOT – THEY AREN'T ARE THEY?
PLURALES EN LOS NOMBRES
A la mayoría de los sustantivos/nombres se les añade una -S: BOOK-BOOKS
Si terminan en -S/-CH/-SH/-Z/-X se les añade -ES: BUS-BUSES/CHURCH-CHURCHES/BOX-BOXES
Si el nombre acaba en Consonante +Y, se sustituye la Y por -IES: PARTY-PARTIES
Si el nombre termina en Vocal +Y no cambia: BOY-BOYS
Los terminados en -F o -FE se cambia por -VES: WOLF/WOLVES
Hay algunos que aunque se escriban en singular tienen significado plural: POLICE
Y muchos otros que son irregulares y no siguen las normas anteriores:
WOMAN - WOMEN CHILD - CHILDREN PERSON - PEOPLE FOOT - FEET
MAN - MEN MOUSE - MICE RICE - RICE TOOTH - TEETH
ADJETIVOS
POSESIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS INTERROGATIVOS
MY – MI, MIS THIS – ESTE, ESTA, ESTO WHAT? - QUE?
YOUR – TU, SU, VUESTRO, VUESTROS THAT – ESE, ESO, ESA, AQUELLO... WHICH? - CUAL?
HIS – SU, SUS (De él) THESE – ESTOS, ESTAS WHOSE? - DE QUIEN?
HER – SU, SUS (De ella) THOSE – ESOS, ESAS, AQUELLOS HOW MANY? - CUANTO? (No contables)
ITS – SU, SUS (De ello) HOW MUCH? - CUANTOS? (Contables)
OUR – NUESTRO, NUESTROS
THEIR – SU, SUS (De ellos/as)
ARTICLES
DETERMINADO (A/AN Singular) INDETERMINADO (THE) NO ARTICLES
(Mencionar algo por primer vez) (Algo ya mencionado anteriormente) (Cosas generales)
They have A flat in London THE flat (=HER FLAT) is very nice I have … tea and toast for breakfast
Can I have A ham sandwich? THE ham sandwich is horrible Do you like … mexican food?
She is A nurse THE nurse cares me well … Books are spensive
You buys AN Umbrella THE umbrella is spensive I'm go to … bed
*Se usa THE también para nombres propios: THE Thames/THE rose and crown/THE London Bridge
PREGUNTAS CORTAS
How come? - ¿por qué? Who for? - ¿Para quien?
Such as? - ¿Como cual? With who/whom? - ¿Con quien/quienes?
What's that? - ¿Que es eso? Whose's this? - ¿De quien es esto?
What for? - ¿Para qué? Where to? - ¿A dónde?
In what way? - ¿de qué manera? How was that? - ¿Como fue eso?
PRESENT SIMPLE (1)
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
Sujeto + verbo. Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to do) + auxiliar Verbo auxiliar (to do) + sujeto + verbo
(Se añade -S en la 3ª persona singular) negativo (“not”) + verbo. principal.
(Se usa DON'T menos en 3ª persona de (Se usa DO menos en la 3ª persona de
singular que es DOESN'T) singular que es DOES)
I START AT 6 O'CLOCK I DON'T START AT 6 O'CLOCK DO I START AT 6 O'CLOCK?
YOU START AT 6 O'CLOCK YOU DON'T START AT 6 O'CLOCK DO YOU START AT 6 O'CLOCK?
HE/SHE/IT STARTS AT 6 O'CLOCK HE/SHE/IT DOESN'T START AT 6 O'CLOCK DOES HE/SHE/IT START AT 6 O'CLOCK?
WE START AT 6 O'CLOCK WE DON'T START AT 6 O'CLOCK DO WE START AT 6 O'CLOCK?
YOU START AT 6 O'CLOCK YOU DON'T START AT 6 O'CLOCK DO YOU START AT 6 O'CLOCK?
THEY START AT 6 O'CLOCK THEY DON'T START AT 6 O'CLOCK DO THEY START AT 6 O'CLOCK?
YES/NO QUESTIONS with SHORT ANSWERS
DO you have a camera? No, I'dont/No we don't
DO they have a camera? Yes, they do
DOES he like chinesse food? Yes, he does
DOES she like chinesse food? No, she doesn't
Usos:
1. Hábitos y acciones repetitivas (No se usa para cosas que ocurren en el momento en el que se
habla)
I always talk with my mother on sunday/He never eats vegetables/They are rarely late*
1. Generalidades y Hechos científicos
She works in a Hospital/Elephants live in Africa/Do childrens like animals?
2. Para eventos programados en un futuro próximo.
The train leaves at 10:00/The party is tonight/The plane doesn't arrive today
3. Instrucciones y órdenes.
Open the window/Don't cry/Call your mother
*(Los adverbios van siempre delante del verbo excepto con el TO BE que va siempre delante)
Con el presente simple se usan los adverbios de frecuencia que veremos próximamente
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
0% 50% 100%
NEVER SOMETIMES OFTEN USUALLY ALWAYS
Sometimes and Usually Never, Often and Always
(Se pueden colocar AL PRINCIPIO O AL FINAL de la frase SALVO (SIEMPRE se colocan delante del verbo pero NO DELANTE DEL
DELANTE DEL AUXILIAR) AUXILIAR.)
I USUALLY go to the swimming pool She NEVER wears hat
You do your homework SOMETIMES We OFTEN play basketball
They ALWAYS eat in restaurants
*No se puede usar NEVER en una frase negativa.
Estos son los adverbios mas comunes pero hay mas como:
RARELY = RARAMENTE REGULARLY = REGULARMENTE
FREQUENTLY = FRECUENTEMENTE NORMALLY = NORMALMENTE
HARDLY EVER = CASI NUNCA WEEKLY = SEMANALMENTE
SELDOM = CASI NUNCA DAILY = DIARIAMENTE
OCCASIONALLY = OCASIONALMENTE ANUALLY = ANUALMENTE
EVERY DAY = CADA DIA ONCE A DAY = UNA VEZ AL DIA
ONCE = UNA VEZ TWICE = DOS VECES
EVERY ANOTHER DAY = CADA DOS DIAS FROM TIME TO TIME = DE VEZ EN CUANDO
ONCE IN A WHILE = DE VEZ EN CUANDO EVERY NOW AND THEN = DE VEZ EN CUANDO
EVER = ALGUNA VEZ TWICE A MONTH = DOS VECES AL MES
EXAMPLE:
We sail our boat from time to time
Tom's been in Miami twice
She washes the dises once a day
I've seen a white tiger once
Have you ever been to the UK?
We normally go out to dinner on fridays
They play golf twice a month
A nurse visits Sarah daily
He seldom drives at night
EL AUXILIAR DO/DOES
Este auxiliar sólo se utiliza en PREGUNTAS, NEGACIONES Y RESPUESTAS CORTAS.
Su estructura es: AUXILIAR+SUJETO+INFINITIVO DEL VERBO
Antes del auxiliar y después del verbo, se pueden añadir cosas pero el núcleo central es siempre
el mismo.
Se utilizan para preguntar y negar en el "Present Tense" de prácticamente todos los verbos,
excepto TO BE y OTROS VERBOS AUXILIARES.
DOES sólo se utiliza en la 3ª Persona del Singular (HE/SHE/IT) y cuando se utiliza en una
pregunta, el verbo pierde su -S.
EJEMPLOS:
DOES your mother cook everyday? Yes, she DOES I DON'T play football anymore
DO you like college? No, I DON'T DO they love pizza? Yes, they DO
PREPOSITIONS (1)
IN EN, DENTRO, Lugar: Para indicar tanto espacios cerrados como -I live IN Brigthon
(Lugar y tiempo) DENTRO DE espacios abiertos, lugares grandes. Lo utilizamos para -The cat is IN the box
indicar que algo está dentro de una cosa. También se -My parents arrive IN may
utiliza para indicar lugares geográficos -I will see him IN a week
Tiempo: Meses, años, épocas, partes del día y periodos -She was born IN 1976
de tiempo exactos. -I always run IN the mornings
AT EN, A, AL, CERCA Lugar: Se usa para indicar que estamos en sitios -He is AT home
(Lugar y tiempo) DE concretos, antes de TOP, BOTTOM, THE END OF, para -Her name is AT the bottom of
indicar acontecimientos como reuniones, fiestas, the page
conciertos, etc…, detrás de ARRIVE (llegar) cuando nos -When they arrive AT the pool?
referimos a lugares que no sean ciudades o países -I will see him AT Christmas
Tiempo:Se usa para la hora y las celebraciones/fiestas -He works AT 8 o'clock
ON SOBRE, ENCIMA Lugar: Se utiliza con lugares con base, para lugares de -The pen is ON the table
(Lugar y tiempo) una habitación como el techo o la pared. Tambien se -I am ON the bus
usa cuando se está en un medio de transporte o para -I will see Luis ON his birthday
mencionar una planta de un edificio -He has a photo ON his wall
Tiempo: Días de la semana, fechas o Festividades. -She runs ON mondays
CAN
Verbo modal (no lleva TO) y que se usa solo en PRESENTE
Significa PODER
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
SUJETO + CAN + VERBO PRINCIPAL SUJETO + CAN'T (CANNOT) + INFINITIVO CAN + SUJETO + VERBO
I CAN DANCE YOU CAN'T DANCE CAN SHE DANCE?
PAST SIMPLE (1)
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
Suj + Verbo Suj + Verbo Aux. + not Auxiliar + Sujeto
(Was o Were depende de la persona)
I WAS AT CINEMA I DIDN'T GO TO THE CINEMA DID YOU GO TO THE CINEMA?
YOU WERE AT CINEMA YOU DIDN'T GO TO THE CINEMA DID YOU GO TO THE CINEMA?
HE/SHE/IT WAS AT CINEMA HE/SHE/IS DIDN'T GO TO THE CINEMA DID HE/SHE/IT GO TO THE CINEMA?
WE WERE AT CINEMA WE DIDN'T GO TO THE CINEMA DID WE GO TO THE CINEMA?
YOU WERE AT CINEMA YOU DIDN'T GO TO THE CINEMA DID YOU GO TO THE CINEMA?
THEY WERE CINEMA THEY DIDN'T GO TO THE CINEMA DID THEY GO TO THE CINEMA?
AUXILIAR DID
Es el pasado de DO/DOES
Se usa en el PAST SIMPLE y solo para PREGUNTAS, NEGACIONES Y RESPUESTAS CORTAS (No con
TO BE)
Su estructura es: AUX+SUJ+INF. DEL VERBO (PREGUNTAS) / SUJ+AUX+NOT+INF. DEL VERBO
(NEGACIONES)
Al igual que con DOES, cuando DID acompaña la frase, el verbo vuelve al infinitivo (Pierde su
terminación -ED o su forma en pasado)
Se utiliza siempre igual para todas las personas
-DID you go to the cinema yesterday? -When DID they arrive?
-No, I DIDN'T - They arrived three hours ago.
She DIDN'T come to the party Alice DID NOT brush her teeth
VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES
Regulares:
Se forman añadiendo -ED al verbo: EARN/EARNED
Si el verbo acaba en -E, solo es necesario añadirle la -D: DIE/DIED
La terminación es igual para todas las personas
La pronunciación se asemeja a la del verbo en infinitivo salvo con diferentes matices:
-ED /ID/ -ED /D/ -ED /T/
*Si termina en /d/ o /t/ /R/ /L/ /N/ /I/ El resto de terminaciones posibles
VISITED /VÍSITID/ - HATED /JÉITID/ DISCOVERED /DISCÓVERD/ - STUDIED TALKED /TÓKT/ - DANCED /DÁNST/
/STÁADIED/
*Cuando hablamos de ''si termina en...'' nos referimos al sonido, no a la escritura.
Irregulares:
Están construidos de una manera especifica.
Al igual que los regulares, son iguales para todas las personas.
Tienen varias terminaciones recurrentes pero es necesario conocerlos de memoria
(VER LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES)
COULD
Es el pasado de CAN y se usa en el PAST SIMPLE
Se puede expresar la capacidad de hacer algo en pasado, ofrecer un favor o pedir permiso de una
manera más cortés. Se puede traducir como PODRÍA, PUDE
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE AFIRMATIVE
SUJETO + COULD + VERBO INFINITIVO SUJETO + COULDN'T + VERBO COULD + SUJETO + VERBO
I COULD MAKE A PIE SHE COULDN'T COME EARLY COULD WE JOIN YOU?
USED TO/BE USED TO/GET USED TO
(solía/suelo/acostumbrarse)
USED TO BE USED TO GET USED TO
Acciones habituales del pasado (también TO BE + USED TO = Estar acostumbrado GET USED TO + VERBO-ING = GETTING
WOULD*) (Presente) USED TO + VERBO = Acostumbrarse
Con el auxiliar DO el verbo pierde la -D Tambien se pueden colocar nombres tras
tanto en preguntas como negaciones. esta expresion en vez de verbo
I used to walk to school/I would I am used to exercising every I'm getting used to eat the food
walk to school day (Suelo hacer ejercicio cada of England (Me estoy
She used to play basket when dia) acostumbrando a la comida de
she was a child (Ella solía jugar a Inglaterra)
baloncesto de pequeña) I get used to driving on the left
(me acostumbro a conducir por
la izquierda)
I didn't use to walk to school
*No se puede usar para estados/situaciones a largo plazo (I used to live in Paris)
PARA HABLAR DE ALGO QUE SUELES HACER EN PRESENTE, UTILIZAMOS EL ADVERBIO USUALLY
I usually do my homework
LA R SILENCIOSA
R + VOCAL = /R/ - CHILDREN
R + CONSONANTE = /R/ - SURNAME
R + NADA = /R/ - MOTHER
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
Suj + To Be + Verbo Gerundio Suj + To Be + Not + Gerundio To Be + Suj + Gerundio
I AM DANCING I AM NOT DANCING AM I DANCING?
YOU ARE DANCING YOU ARE NOT DANCING ARE YOU DANCING?
HE/SHE/IT IS DANCING HE/SHE/IT IS NOT DANCING IS HE/SHE/IT DANCING?
WE ARE DANCING WE ARE NOT DANCING ARE WE DANCING?
YOU ARE DANCING YOU ARE NOT DANCING ARE YOU DANCING?
THEY ARE DANCING THEY ARE NOT DANCING ARE THEY DANCING?
Usos:
1. Para hablar de algo que ocurre en el mismo momento en el que hablamos
I am writing my english lessons
1. Para hablar de algo que ocurre en la actualidad aunque no sea en este preciso instante*
She's currently looking for a job
2. Para hablar de algo que ya esta decidido y se hará en un futuro próximo.
Are you working next week?
*Podemos usar expresiones de tiempo como CURRENTLY, THESE DAYS, LATELY...
PAST CONTINOUS
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
Suj + To Be (PAST) + Verbo Gerundio Suj + To Be + Not + Gerundio To Be + Suj + Gerundio
I WAS DANCING I WAS NOT DANCING WAS I DANCING?
YOU WERE DANCING YOU WERE NOT DANCING WERE YOU DANCING?
HE/SHE/IT WAS DANCING HE/SHE/IT WAS NOT DANCING WAS HE/SHE/IT DANCING?
WE WERE DANCING WE WERE NOT DANCING WERE WE DANCING?
YOU WERE DANCING YOU WERE NOT DANCING WERE YOU DANCING?
THEY WERE DANCING THEY WERE NOT DANCING WERE THEY DANCING?
Usos:
1. Para descirbir una historia escrita en pasado
They were waiting for the bu when the accident happened.
2. Para describir una accion incompleta que se vio interrumpida por otra*
Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg
3. Para expresar un cambio de opinion
I was going to the beach but i’ve decided to do my homework instead.
4. Para formular una peticion formal (WONDER)
I was wondering if you could teach me spanish.
*Este tipo de oracines siempre se formulan con el pasado continu (accion interrumpida) y el
simple (accion repentina).
