ASIGNATURA

1
Unidad didáctica

Unit 1:
INDICE

I. PRESENTACIÓN ..................................................................................................... 3
II. OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................................... 4
III. ESQUEMA .......................................................................................................... 5
IV. CONTENIDOS ...................................................................................................... 6
1. GRAMMAR: ................................................................................................. 6
1.1. Complex advanced tenses .......................................................................... 6
1.2. Be used to, used to, get used to ................................................................. 18
2. VOCABULARY. ........................................................................................... 20
2.1. Socializing and Politeness ......................................................................... 20
3. BUSINESS POINTS. ...................................................................................... 23
3.1. PRESENTATION SKILLS .............................................................................. 23
3.2. PRESENTING NUMBERS .............................................................................. 25
4. GRAMMAR: ................................................................................................ 28
4.1. Conditionals........................................................................................... 28
4.2. I wish/ if only ......................................................................................... 33
5. VOCABULARY. ........................................................................................... 35
5.1. Linking Words ........................................................................................ 35
5.1.4. Adding Info ............................................................................................ 38
6. BUSINESS POINTS. ...................................................................................... 40
6.1. Brainstorming ........................................................................................ 40
6.2. How to say ‘no’ ...................................................................................... 41
V. RESUMEN .......................................................................................................... 43
VI. BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................... 50
VII. ACTIVIDADES DE EVALUACION .............................................................................. 51
VIII. SOLUCIONES ................................................................................................... 65
IX. READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES ..................................................................... 74
X. ANEXOS ............................................................................................................ 78

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I. PRESENTACIÓN

Siempre que aprendemos un idioma, nuestra más natural inclinación es compararlo con nuestra
propia lengua materna. Esta premisa, por desgracia, nos lleva a errores y a la más absoluta
confusión, ya que un idioma nunca es la mera traducción de otro. Estructuras gramaticales, uso de
tiempos verbales, giros idiomáticos, son diferentes - eso sin tener en cuenta, la gran diferencia que
existe entre las frases hechas, los refranes y los modismos por la fuerte vinculación con la cultura e
idiosincrasia de cada país.

En este curso vamos a aprender:

• Gramática: los tiempos verbales, esenciales para la comunicación entre personas, ya que no
podemos hablar solamente en presente. La vida nos lleva a repasar el pasado y a especular
sobre el futuro, a pensar que pasaría en casos supuestos o dar mas importancia al que da
que al que acomete la acción verbal.

• Vocabulario: En el mundo profesional en que nos movemos necesitamos de cierto

vocabulario específico que nos ayude a entender a los demás interlocutores en una reunión
o conferencia, así como, a tener donde apoyarnos a la hora de nuestras propias
intervenciones – pudiendo decir todo lo que queremos decir, sin perder intensidad en
nuestro discurso por falta de conocimiento idiomático, a pedir, solicitar u opinar sobre lo
que nuestro cargo nos obliga

• Business Points: aprenderemos la manera específica del mundo angloparlante de organizar

una presentación, de describir una gráfica, a escribir un e-mail correctamente, a aceptar o
no una propuesta, defender tus ideas ante un grupo de inversores... en definitiva a trabajar
en una empresa en la que el inglés sea el idioma oficial.

A la hora de afrontar este curso, sería conveniente que nuestro nivel de inglés fuera al menos de B1
según el Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas.

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II. OBJETIVOS

El objetivo principal de este curso de Inglés 2 es LA COMUNICACIÓN; la capacidad de entender y

expresarse con un grado de fluidez y naturalidad que no suponga un esfuerzo para ninguna de las
partes en conversación. La globalización del mundo de la empresa nos fuerza a producir textos, a
comprender discursos y a defender ideas en nuestro día a día laboral.

• Como objetivo dentro de la COMPRENSIÓN ORAL nos hemos fijado:

o Comprender conversaciones tanto presenciales como retransmitidas (online,

teléfono, video-chat…) sobre todo tipo de temas de la vida ordinaria y profesional.

o Entender y abstraer las ideas principales de un discurso estándar sobre temas

concretos y conocidos pronunciados dentro del nivel al que se hace referencia.

• Como objetivo dentro de la EXPRESIÓN ORAL nos hemos fijado:

o Hacer presentaciones, descripciones y defensas de temas relacionados con la

empresa (presupuestos, concursos, solicitudes, auditorías …) utilizando todos los
recursos lingüísticos aprendidos en este nivel; que nos lleve a total satisfacción en
la interacción con los hablantes nativos.

• Como objetivo dentro de la COMPRESIÓN ESCRITA nos hemos fijado:

o Leer con una alta independencia del diccionario o traductor. Leer con estilo,
pronunciación y entonación propios del nivel e incluso con la soltura necesaria para
enfatizar o sentimentalizar nuestro discurso.

• Como objetivo dentro de la EXPRESIÓN ESCRITA nos hemos fijado:

o Escribir textos claros, detallados y correctos sobre los temas que nos ocupan dentro
de la especialidad.

o Resumir, sintetizar y redactar de acuerdo con las necesidades del momento.

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III. ESQUEMA

UNIT 1:

Part 1:
1. Grammar:
1.1. Complex advanced tenses:
1.1.1. Present Perfect and Past Simple
1.1.2. Present Perfect and Present Prefect Continuous
1.1.3. Future Simple and Perfect Future
1.2. Be used to, used to, get used to
2. Vocabulary:
2.1. Socializing and Politeness
3. Business Points:
3.1. Presentation Skills
3.2. Presenting Numbers

Part 2:
1. Grammar:
1.1. Conditionals
1.1.1. Types zero, 1, 2, & 3
1.1.2. Mixed type
1.2. I wish/if only
2. Vocabulary:
2.1. Linking words
2.1.1. Contrasting or Opposing Ideas

2.1.2. Reason, Cause and Purpose

2.1.3. Example
2.1.4. Adding Info
3. Business Points:
3.1. Brainstorming
3.2. How to say no

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IV. CONTENIDOS

_____________Part 1____________

1. GRAMMAR:

1.1. Complex advanced tenses

1.1.1. PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

Read the following text paying attention to the underlined verb tenses. And think if:

• These actions are finished

• These actions can be repeated
• These actions have any relation with NOW

I think I have had a very interesting life. I'm 68 and I don't work nowadays. I was a member of
the army 40 years. I retired when I was 60. I have lived in many countries. They were so many
that I can't remember all of them. I have been in Australia many times and we went to South
Africa three times in three years. And I was once to Russia in winter in 1975 but I didn't like it
at all: much too cold for me!

They say that love is the greatest thing and I agree. I've been married four times but never for
more than five years. I don't think women really understand me!

I've never been on television, but I was on the radio once 20 years ago. It was a programme
about life in the military. I met the Prime Minister on the same day. Actually, I've met a lot of
famous people: members of the royal family, famous politicians and also famous cinema and
television personalities. I've never met the American President though which is a pity.

6
 Because I've travelled a lot, I've seen a lot of wonderful things and have also eaten and drunk
some strange foods and drinks. I ate cat and rat in India and drank something called Mirto on a
little island in Italy many years ago.

Based on http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g30-old-colonel.php

All these verb tenses are ‘past simple’ or ‘present perfect’.

Was
Retired Here you are those in past simple.[ We will speak about them
Were later.]
Met
Ate
Drank

Have had
These are the examples in present perfect.
Have lived
Have been These verbs explains us the way the author has had all these
Have been married
Have met EXPERIENCES, the relationship with TODAY and the possibility of
Have travelled REPEATING them
Have seen
Have eaten and drunk

Grammar structures in English are fixed patterns, they admit few changes. Normally we follow
structures.

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A) PRESENT PERFECT

STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

+ Subject + have/has + Past participle + C He has bought a new

house

- Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle They haven’t arranged an

+C agreement

? (wh-) + Have/Has + Subject + past Have you done your

participle + C + ? homework?

WHEN CAN I USE PRESENT PERFECT?

1. We use the present perfect because there is always a connection with now. The action
in the past has a result now:

He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now)
I have taken my car to the garage to be repaired. (now I have to go by bus)

2. We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent
happening:

The road is closed. There has been an accident.

I have eaten too much for breakfast

3. You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet:

Just = a short time ago:

'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.'
Just Married’  they have just married

Already: sooner than expected (only in affirmative sentences)

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 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.'‘
He has already won three championships in a row

Yet = 'until now'. (only in questions and negative sentences)

I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.

Have you spoken with your boss yet?

Also with: for, since, ever, lately, recently

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Have a look at this video, about STILL, YET and ALREADY

TIMELINE

This is the TIMELINE in which Present Perfect is represented. The blue cross represents a ‘past
event’, which finished before now. And the arrow shows its relationship with ‘now’. This
relationship can be:

- both action are near in time

- the action can be repeated

- there is consequence ‘now’ due to what happened before.

Past Now Future

He told me his name I have forgotten his name

I wrote a letter I haven’t posted it

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B) PAST SIMPLE

STRUCTURE

Was These are the example of past simple in our text; these actions started and
Retired finished in the moment shown in the text, they cannot be repeated and in case
Were
of repetition it will happen in other moment without any relationship with our
Met
Ate situation.
Drank

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
(1)(2)
+ Subject + Past simple +C He bought a new house

- Subject + did not (didn’t) + V (bare infinitive) They didn’t arrange an

+C agreement

? (wh-) + Did + Subject + V bare infinitive + C + Did you do your homework?

?

(1) See Appendix 1: Irregular Verbs Lists

(2) See Appendix 2: Regular Verbs pronunciation is one of the most difficult topics in English

https://youtu.be/_cbNheCLkhw?list=PL4BuO6UgthvjTZUl5oC_Uq1NJXCbrnBiW

Have a look at this video, they will show how to PRONOUNCE –ed ENDING of
regular verbs

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 WHEN CAN I USE PAST SIMPLE?

1. We use the past simple to talk about a finished action that happened at a definite time in
the past.

We saw John at the weekend.

Also with specific past time expressions: yesterday, a year ago, when I was a child, in the 60s …

TIMELINE

This is the timeline for Past Simple. The Blue Cross represents an action that started and finished in
a moment before now.

Past We saw John last Monday Now Future

Presente Perfecto
✓ Acciones pasadas pero muy cercanas el momento presente
✓ Acciones que narran experiencias vitales que aún pueden repetirse
✓ Acciones pasadas que tienen consecuencias en el momento presente

Pasado Simple
✓ Acciones que comenzaron y terminaron en un momento pasado

Al final de la unidad tienes ejercicios para practicar este punto

gramatical.

https://youtu.be/vGP9oEXNEEg?list=PL4BuO6UgthvjTZUl5oC_Uq1NJXCbrnBiW

Have a look at this video, they will show how to speak about the PAST

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1.1.2. PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

A) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Have a look to these example

Peter: Haven’t you finished yet?

Ann: No, I’m exhausted. I have been cleaning the house for hours

Peter: Have you finished the report yet?

John: No, I’m sorry, but I have been working on it the last three days

Present Perfect Continuous tell us about action in the past that have had a development in the
past. Ann spent long time cleaning and she is still cleaning; John spent log time preparing the
report and he is still working on it.

STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

Subject + have/has + BEEN + past participle He has been cleaning the house
+
+C

Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + BEEN + past They haven’t been studying for

-
participle + C the exam

(wh-) + Have/Has + Subject +BEEN + past What have you been doing all the
?
participle + C + ? weekend?

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 WHEN CAN I USE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS?

1. We use PPC to speak about an activity that started in the past and the activity continues its
development nowadays.

They have been having lunch for three hours with their friends

2. For very recent actions with an influence in the present

I have been cooking all morning. Look at my hands, they are still full of flour

TIMELINE

The blue crosses show the development of the action in the past and the arrow the influence of this
action in now

Past Now Future

I have been cooking all morning for this evening’s party

Presente Perfecto
✓ Acciones pasadas pero muy cercanas el momento presente
✓ Acciones que narran experiencias vitales que aún pueden repetirse
✓ Acciones pasadas que tienen consecuencias en el momento presente

Presente Perfecto Continuo

✓ Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado, tuvieron un desarrollo en el
pasado y aún continúan
✓ Acciones que se desarrollaron en un momento pasado y que tienen una
cierta influencia en el momento presente

Al final de la unidad tienes ejercicios para practicar este punto

gramatical.

13
1.1.3. FUTURE SIMPLE AND FUTURE PERFECT

John: what are you planning for next summer holidays?

Sarah: we will go to Paris or Berlin, but we haven’t decided it yet

John: Oh, Mary, those bags are very heavy, I’ll carry tan for you

John: what about next holidays?

Sarah: I’m thinking in going to the beach
John: if you don’t book a hotel by now, the price will be very high

A) FUTURE SIMPLE

STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

+ Subject + WILL/SHALL* + VERB + C I will arrive soon

- Subject + WILL/SHALL + NOT I won’t arrive on time at the

(WON’T/SHAN’T) + VERB + C meeting

? (wh-) + WILL/SHALL + Subject + VERB + C Shall we go to the birthday

+? party?

*WILL/SHALL

‘Will’ is used with you, he, she, it, you (plural), and they

‘Shall’ is used with I and We especially when we are offering or suggesting. Although in present
English both ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’ are correct.

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 WHEN CAN I USE FUTURE SIMPLE?

1. Action that will happen in the future, without any plan or organization

I will meet them next Friday

Next year we will start redecorating our house

2. Decision taken while speaking, it is a sudden decision because you don’t have a previous
knowledge of the fact

The phone is ringing; ‘I will answer it’

Peter: Sarah, what about travelling to Madrid as our company Representative

Sarah: I’ll go, I think it is a great opportunity for me

3. Predictions based on conditions, in case that the first thing happens (the condition), the
second fact will also happen

If I don’t run I will miss the bus

If my boss offers me a promotion I will accept it immediately

TIMELINE

The blue cross shows an action that will happen in the future

Past Now Future

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B) FUTURE PERFECT

Dad: can we go for dinner to the new restaurant on Friday?

Mom: It is exams time for Mary, but I think that she will have finished her exams by then,
so we can go out for dinner

STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

+ Subject + WILL/SHALL have + past participle + By next month I will have

C passed all my exams

- Subject + WILL/SHALL + NOT (WON’T/SHAN’T) By 5 o’clock I won’t have

+ have+ past participle + C arrived at home

? (wh-) + WILL/SHALL + Subject + have + past Will she have learned enough
participle + C + ? Chinese to travel to China?

WHEN CAN I USE FUTURE PERFECT?

1. Completed action before something in the future happens

I will have finished by lunch time

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 TIMELINE

In this timeline, the green oval shows an action that started in the past, has a development and
reaches the future. This actions finishes just before another punctual action in the future.

Past Now lunch time Future

Futuro Simple
✓ Hechos que ocurrirán en el futuro sin ninguna planificación y organización
previa

✓ Decisiones tomadas en el momento de hablar, decisiones repentinas ante un

estímulo

Futuro Perfecto
✓ Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado, se desarrollan en el presente y
continúan en el futuro pero que terminan antes de otra acción futura puntual

Al final de la unidad tienes ejercicios para practicar este punto

gramatical.

https://youtu.be/BOdJ11dWU9U?list=PL4BuO6UgthvhEwXqcD2FH759boZbko9XM

Have a look at this video about ‘WILL’

17
1.2. Be used to, used to, get used to

USED TO

Used to + verb infinitive

Refers to a state or habit in the past, something that happened in the past but not now:

He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.-

-He smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he doesn't smoke now.
-He was a smoker, but now he isn't

I used to hate vegetables but now I love them:

-I hated vegetables for a period of time in the past, now I don’t hate them
- I eat vegetables now

BE USED TO

Was/were used to + verb -ing

If you are used to something, it is not strange, new or difficult for you, you often do it now or did it
in the past, so that you know how to do it.

Used to is only used to talk about the PAST. It is wrong to say

I’m used to wake up early.

To speak about Present Habits we use Present Simple:

I usually wake up early.

I have spent my whole working life waking up at 6 o’clock in the morning; It was not a problem
for me because:

I was used to waking up early in the morning.

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 Jane is American but she has lived in Britain for three years. When she first drove a car in
Britain, she found it very difficult because she had to drive on the left instead of on the right.
Driving on the left was strange and difficult for her because:

She wasn't used to doing it.

She wasn't used to driving on the left.

GET USED TO

This expression tries to emphasize a change in the habits of the speaker. This change implies an
effort from the person who is talking.

When I arrived in Spain, I had to get used to having lunch late.

I haven’t got used to not driving a car anymore.

Con ‘to be used to’ y ‘get used to’ después de TO utilizamos un verbo en Gerundio

Al final de la unidad tienes ejercicios para practicar este punto

gramatical.

https://youtu.be/uaoMXER55MQ?list=PL4BuO6UgthvhEwXqcD2FH759boZbko9XM

Have a look at this video about these expressions

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2. VOCABULARY.

2.1. Socializing and Politeness

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If you're too direct when you speak you can come across as aggressive and this might put people off.
This is true in business meetings and negotiations, but also in many other day to day situations. You
can make your English more polite, indirect and diplomatic.

Follow these tips and you should make the right impression when you talk to people.

Listen and be understanding

If you show other people that you are listening to them, and that you understand them, it will be
easier that they accept your opinion.
You can do this by using statements like:

Yes, but...
I see what you mean, but...
I agree up to a point, but

For example:

I think we should wait until a better opportunity comes along.

Yes, but we might not get another opportunity like this for a while.
I think we should ask for a 20% discount because it will show them that we are serious.
I see what you mean, but I think 20% might be a bit too much. It might put them off.

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Avoid negative words - instead use positive words in a negative form

People react to positive sounding words, even if they are used with a negative auxiliary.

Don't say: I think that's a bad idea.

Say: I don't think that's such a good idea.

Say the magic word: Sorry

This word can be used in many ways:

o to interrupt,
o to apologize,
to show you don't understand,
o to disagree.

Sorry, but can I just say something here

Sorry, but I don't really agree
Sorry, but I think that's out of the question

https://youtu.be/oCYx-voH0EE
Have a look at this video, they will show how to use SORRY

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Use little words to soften your statements

Break down negative sentences with some softeners.

Don't say: I don't like it
Say: I don't really like it I'm afraid

Don't say: Can I say something?

Say: Can I just say something here?

Don't say: I didn't catch that

Say: Sorry, I didn't quite catch that

Avoid 'finger pointing' statements with the word 'you'

This is aggressive and too direct. Try to avoid saying 'you' and put the focus on 'I' or 'we'.
Don't say: You don't understand me.
Say: Perhaps I'm not making myself clear.

Don't say: You didn't explain this point.

Say: I didn't understand this point.

Don't say: You need to give us a better price.

Say: We're looking for a better price.

22
3. BUSINESS POINTS.

3.1. PRESENTATION SKILLS

Imagine that you have been asked to speak to a group of people, in your class, in your office, in a
public statement…. First, ask yourself 'why?' What is the purpose of the presentation, what is the
objective, what can you teach or say the others and what does the audience expect?, where will the
meeting take place? In which moment of the day? How long must you speak?

Here you are some Points to face a Business Presentation

1. The Objective: There are many reasons for giving a presentation or talk, but never lose
sight of your objective when you were asked and accepted the invitation.

2. The Subject: it can be given or your own choice. But obviously about something you know.

3. The Audience: it is important to know who you are talking to. There are several point to
take into account about your potential audience: how big the group is, age and gender
range, do they have some knowledge about the speech? Would the accept sense of humour
or would be considered appropriate?

4. The Place: if you know the place in advanced, it can be of great benefit to be familiar with
the surroundings; see also the possible problems you can have: can you close the blinds (to
have a better image of your visual aids), The availability of equipment, as microphone,
overhead projector, flip chart, computer equipment …

5. The Time: normally you cannot choose when you speak, but in case of having this option
you must consider:

• Morning: The morning is the best time to speak because people are generally at their
most alert. However, late morning may start to present problems as people begin to
feel hungry and think about lunch.

• Afternoon: Early afternoon is not an ideal time to make a presentation since after lunch
people often feel sleepy. Mid-afternoon is a good time, whereas at the end of the
afternoon people may start to worry about getting home, the traffic or collecting
children from school.

23
 • Evening or Weekend: Outside regular office hours, people are more likely to be present,
providing of course that the presentation does not go on for too long

6. The Length: you should know in advanced how long you have to talk. And if the limit time
includes or excludes questions. Too short can be disappointing and too long can be boring.
Aim for 45 minutes as a maximum single-session presentation.

YOUR LANGUAGE

1. Ensure that the language you use is appropriate for the audience. Are there any terms they
may not be familiar with?
2. Is your language presentation friendly? Presentations are spoken and so choose to use
accessible and easily-understood words (such as those you would use in a conversation) rather
than technical or obscure words.
3. Eliminate long sentences. Keep sentences short, and their structure, simple to ease the
audience’s understanding.
4. Use metaphors to aid understanding and retention.
5. Identify ways of grabbing the audience’s attention. Are there additional visual materials that
you could include to illustrate your key points?
6. Check, and double check, that any presentation slides or illustrations, titles, captions, handouts
or similar are free from spelling mistakes.

In your opinion, which of the former items: Objective, Subject, Audience, Place,
Time, or Length is:

• The most important?

• The least important?

• Not important at all?

24
 PODCASTS presentation skills

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2015/09/20/business-english-pod-274-english-
presentation-skills-1-getting-started/

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2015/09/27/business-english-pod-275-essential-
presentation-skills-2-engaging-your-audience/

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2015/10/04/business-english-pod-276-essential-
presentation-skills-3-wrapping-up/

3.2. PRESENTING NUMBERS

When you are speaking about figures, you need to know and how to explain the trends
(upwards or downwards). Normally we need a verb that tells us the way.

For example:

a) GOING UP:

• To advance: “BT shares advance in active trading”

• To jump`: “Trade surplus jumps to record level”

• To skyrocket: “Petrol prices set to skyrocket”

• To leap: “Unemployment leaps to tea-year high”

• To soar: “Yahoo soars as internet explosion continues”

• To surge: “VW profits up as car sales continue to surge”

25
 b) GOING DOWN:

• To axe: “1000 jobs axed as defence plant loses”

• To cut: “EBC cuts rate in surprise move”

• To ease: “Megacorp eases on profits warning”

• To plummet: “September retail sales plummet”

• To slash: “Government slashes income tax to ten per cent”

• To dive: “Euro dives to new lows”

c) GRAPHS:

30

20

SALES
10

0
2013 2014 2015 2016

• “Sales levels off and remains steady (or stable)”

100
90
80
70
60
50 sales
40
30
20
10
0
2013 2014 2015 2016

26
 • “Sales reaches a highest level – peak – and then goes down”

• “Sales peaks at almost 90 in 2015”

100

80

60

40 sales

20

0
2013 2014 2015 2016

• “Sales reaches a lowest level – trough – and then bottoms out”

PODCASTS Presenting Numbers

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2015/03/22/bep-266-presenting-numbers-part-1/

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2015/03/29/business-english-pod-267-presenting-numbers-
2/

Al final de la unidad tienes UN CRUCIGRAMA para practicar este punto

de vocabulario

27
 _____________Part 2____________

4. GRAMMAR:

4.1. Conditionals

4.1.1. Types zero, 1, 2, & 3

Conditional Sentences are formed by two sentences combined by a particle. The most characteristic
particle of conditionals is IF although we can also use and find others as – whether, when, unless...

Type 0: POSSIBLE

There are two conditional sentences that we can call ZERO, we understand that every time the first
thing occurs the second possibly happens. Possible consequence.

0.1 If one thing happens, the second thing always happens or is likely to happen

if + Subject + present simple + Subject + present simple

If you train hard, you get big muscles

When the wind is strong, the waves are perfect for surfing

0.2: If one thing happens, you have to follow the second command

if + Subject + present simple + imperative*

If Ann phones, please take the message

When you need my help, tell me

28
Remember that imperative needs NO subject and in case of negative imperative the structure
will be: DO not (don’t) + verb

Go!
Don’t go to fast!

Type 1: PROBABLE future actions or conditions

The probability that the second event occurs after occurring the first is very high.

if + Subject + present simple + Subject + future WILL

If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go to the beach

If we hurry, we will get on time
You won’t get the minimum mark to pass, if you don’t study more
Unless you study more, you won’t pass your final exams

Type 2: NOT POSSIBLE, NOT PROBABLE

Type 2 explains a condition that probable will never happen, or even, it is totally impossible
to occur.

if + Subject + past simple * + Subject + WOULD + Verb

If I had more time I would go to the gym

If she bought a new car now I could have big economic problems

29
*PAST SIMPLE: in Spanish this tense is SUBJUNCTIVE; Subjunctive disappeared from English grammar
many years ago except in one verb ‘TO BE’. It sounds formal but it is the correct way to express 2 nd
conditional.
If you write ‘was’ instead of ‘were’ you are wrong.

This is ‘TO BE’ in past subjunctive

I were
You were
He were
She were
It were If I were you, I wouldn’t go to that party with him
We were
You were If she were more intelligent, she would accept the job
They were If Peter and his father were faster, they could arrive on time

Type 3: UNREAL (it happened in the past and we cannot go back)

We use type 3 conditional to express what we have done in other person’s position or if the
circumstance would have been different.

if + Subject + past perfect + Subject + WOULD HAVE + participle

If you had come to the party, you would have met my new boyfriend
If you had been more clever, you would have arrived first to the meeting

30
4.1.2. Mixed types

Mixed Type: past actions and present results

Sometimes we must not follow strictly the rules of conditional sentences and mixing tenses
are possible to explain what we want to mean. For example:

if + Subject + past perfect + Subject + WOULD +Verb

If I had won the lottery I would live in an enormous house now

if +Subject + past perfect + Subject + MODAL + verb

If I had got my degree last course I could apply for that job now

If you had crashed the car, you might be in trouble

CONDITIONAL PARTICLES

1. Whether ... or = if ... or

You must go now whether you like it or not.

2. Unless + affirmative verb = if + negative

Unless you start at once you'II be late = If you don't start at once you'II be late.
Unless you were of age you couldn't go there = If you weren't of age you couldn't go there.

31
 What is the difference between IF and UNLESS?

( a) Don't help Max if he needs no help.

and

( b) Don't help Max unless he needs help

In (a), he won't help Max even if he needs help.

In (b) he will help Max if he needs help but doesn't want non-urgent calls.

unless + he'd/you'd like/prefer etc. normally replaces if he/you wouldn't like etc.:

I'll ask Jane, unless you'd prefer me to ask/unless you'd rather I asked Mike.

Al final de la unidad tienes ejercicios para practicar este punto

gramatical.

32
4.2. I wish/ if only

I WISH

To express a wish in the future or in the present, in English we use the following structure:

Subject + wish + object + past tense (meaning future)

I wish you could come to my party.

I wish I spoke German.

I wish I had a bigger house.

Although COULD, SPOKE and HAD are past tenses, the meaning is clearly
future or present.

But if you want to express a wish in the past you need a structure like this one ( a 3rd conditional):

Subject + wish + object + past perfect (meaning past)

I wish you had been able to come

Sarah wishes her father had been with her that day

https://youtu.be/wNPP9Nb8S_4
Have a look at this video, they will show how to use I WISH

33
IF ONLY

"if only" means the same as "I wish", but it is more emphatic.

In addition, “If Only” can be an independent expression by itself,

"If only!...."

"I wish" , on the contrary needs a complete sentence to mean.

For present wishes with ’if only’:

If + only + Subject + past tense (meaning present)

If only I were taller.

For future wishes with ‘if only’:

If + only + Subject + would + verb (meaning future)

If only he would stop making noise.

If only they would laugh a little.

For past wishes with ‘if only’:

If + only + Subject +Past Perfect (meaning past)

If only I had known.

Al final de la unidad tienes ejercicios para practicar este punto

gramatical.

34
5. VOCABULARY.

5.1. Linking Words

What does LINK mean?.

To link: To connect one part or thing with another

What is a CONNECTOR?

Connector: conjunction, word to link sentences or ideas

From Wordreference Random House Learner’s Dictionary Of American English

TYPES OF CONNECTOR YOU SHOULD KNOW

There are many types of connectors and many connector indeed; we have made a selection to focus
on those you can use most. They are divided in groups according to their use:

5.1.1. Contrasting or Opposing Ideas

IN SPITE OF – DESPITE (a pesar de)

Both of them mean the same. There is NO difference in using one or the other.
• With a noun: In spite of the hour, they continue with the meeting
• With a gerund: Despite getting up late they arrived on time
• With a pronoun: It was raining but they went to the park in spite of it.

35
ALTHOUGH – THOUGH – EVEN THOUGH (aunque)

With a complete sentence:

• At the beginning of the sentence (a comma is necessary to separate both ideas)

Although he studied a lot, he failed his exams

• Introducing the second sentence

I couldn’t understand him though he spoke slowly

HOWEVER – NEVERTHELESS – EVEN SO (sin embargo)

We can use either of the adverbs however or nevertheless to indicate that the second point we
wish to make contrasts with the first point.

I cannot cook however I tried to prepare diner to my husband

John had been living in my village for over a decade. Nevertheless, the villagers still considered
him to be an outsider

ON THE ONE HAND / ON THE OTHER HAND (por una parte / por la otra)

On the one hand, I like driving. On the other hand, I get tired quickly.

On the one hand, the beach is fun. On the other hand, I don’t like the sand

36
5.1.2. Reason, Cause and Purpose

BECAUSE – AS – (porque)

Because and As require a complete sentence

Because it was so late, we went home

As he was ill, he didn’t go to work

SO (asi que)

I was cold, so I put my coat on.

BECAUSE OF – DUE TO (porque)

These two expressions need a noun phrase (no verb)

They didn’t go the park because of the weather

Due to his illness he does not go to work.

IN ORDER TO - SO AS TO – TO (para)

These links express purpose, and they need a verb just after them. As they include ‘to’, the verb
required will be bare infinitive.

She uses her camera (in order) to take fantastic pictures of her family

Yesterday, I arrived soon to work (so as) to finish an urgent report

Most of the times TO is enough and it is necessary writing the complete expression.

IN ORDER THAT – SO THAT (para)

In these cases we need a complete sentence

She uses her camera in order that she can take fantastic pictures of her family

SO THAT normally forgets about ‘that’ and we only say ‘so’

Yesterday, I arrived soon to work so I could finish an urgent report

37
5.1.3. Example

FOR EXAMPLE – FOR INSTANCE – SUCH AS (por ejemplo)

There is no difference in using one or the other

Oranges are a source of vitamins; for example vitamin C

I’m afraid of many things, for instance doctors

I love British films such as ‘Love Actually’

5.1.4. Adding Info

MOREOVER – FURTHERMORE – IN ADDITION - BESIDES (también, además)

All these expressions mean ‘también’ or ‘además’ or ‘es mas’, and they need a complete sentence

He didn’t have his shoes on, moreover, he wasn’t wearing his shirt

Downloading music from the Internet is a bad habit, furthermore it is ilegal

I’m too busy to take a holiday, in addition I don’t have enough money

I’m too fat to wear a mini-skirt, besides I don’t have the money to buy it

https://youtu.be/aIwLD9_CtcU?list=PL4BuO6UgthvhEwXqcD2FH759boZbko9XM
Have a look at this video to discover the difference between BESIDE &
BESIDES

38
IN ADDITION TO - AS WELL AS – APART FROM (también, además)

These expressions mean ‘también’ or ‘además’ or ‘es mas’, and they need a noun phrase (no verb)

In addition to his job he teaches children at home

They are changing the color of the walls in the living-room as well as the kitchen

Apart from English, he speaks fluent Italian and Portuguese

SUMMING- UP

CONTRASTING AND OPPOSING IDEAS

• In spite of – despite (a pesar de)
• Although –though – even though (aunque)
• However – nevertheless – even so (sin embargo)
• On the one hand / on the other hand (por una parte/ por la otra)

REASON, CAUSE AND PURPOSE

• Because – As (porque)
• Because of – due to (porque)
• In order to – so as to – to (para)
• In order that - so that (para)

EXAMPLE
• For example – for instance – such as (por ejemplo)

ADDING INFORMATION
• Moreover – furthermore – In addition – Besides (también, además)
• In addition to – as well as – apart from (también, además)

Al final de la unidad tienes ejercicios para practicar este punto

gramatical.

39
6. BUSINESS POINTS.

6.1. Brainstorming

1. Only brains. In every office there are two general types of people:

a) Those who agree with the boss all the time (forget about them)
b) Those who have their own ideas and opinions.

2. No Negativism. They do not generate ideas, later on they are useful to decide but not at
the very beginning
3. Forget about your ideas. To be a good brainstorming leader, you must not lead the ideas,
just the people.
4. Welcome "bad" ideas. If you're brainstorming, the dumbest thing you can do is characterize
an idea as "bad." Yes, there are bad ideas, but they help.
5. Go for quantity. The object of brainstorming is to get as many of ideas on the table as
possible in as short a time as possible.
6. Get everyone all wired up. Two magic words: 1) caffeine 2) sugar. Apply in large doses
before and during the session.
7. No electronics. No laptops, no phones, no exceptions. Keep track of ideas by writing them
on a flip-chart.
8. Keep it short. When it comes to brainstorming meetings, think 15 to 20 minutes.
9. Sleep on it. Use the passage of some time to get perspective and only then consider and
sort out the ideas that were generated.

PODCASTS Brainstorming

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2014/01/26/skills-360-running-a-brainstorming-session-1/

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2014/02/02/business-english-skills-360-brainstorming-2/

40
6.2. How to say ‘no’

Sometimes to say ‘no’ is hard in a business environment although we are right. Not agreeing with a
boss or a colleague can get you in troubles. So, it is really important in business learning t how to
express yourself, even saying ‘no’ in a correct way.

QUESTION

Why is it so difficult to say ‘no’?

• You are afraid of other’s reaction (moreover if this person is your boss)
• You want to be nice and polite
• You don’t want the other person think you are not a good worker

The most important things are:

• Be brave to say ‘no’

• Know how to say ‘no’ politely but strongly

The key is: to be clear, firm and honest.

41
The System:

- don’t treat your refusal as great deal, if you say a lot of words and you give the impression
that saying ‘no’ is important, people will treat your refusal as an important thing.

- be firm. Do not hesitate, if people think you can change your mind, and finally say ‘yes’
they will try till the end.

- be clear and honest: don’t say “I think I possibly be busy on that day….” “I’m not so sure
about the dates ...” Say: “no, it’s totally impossible because of a family event”. And
honest, if you lie the possibility of being discovered is very high. If you never lie you will
never have to remember what you said.

- you should soften your refusals by giving an explanation for your ‘no’. Saying that you
cannot help others because you are involved in your own project sounds quite well.

- you can also offer your help for other moment in which you are not so busy.

If you are clear, firm, sincere, and you protect your time and projects from others, you will be
successful.

PODCASTS Saying ‘No’

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2012/07/01/business-english-skills-360-how-to-
say-no-1/

https://www.businessenglishpod.com/2012/07/08/business-english-skills-360-how-to-
say-no-2/

42
V. RESUMEN

GRAMMAR PART 1
Complex
Advanced
Tenses

Present perfect Future Simple

vs.
vs. vs.
Present Perfect
Past simple Future Perfect
Continuous

Be used to + V-ing
Used to
Get used to + V-ing

43
VOCABULARY

Socializing and Politeness

Listen and Be Understanding

Avoid Negative Words

Magic Word: ‘Sorry’

Soften Statements

No Finger Pointing

BUSINESS POINTS

Presentation
Skills

The The The The The The

Objective Subject Audience Place Time Length

44
 Presenting
Numbers

Going Going
Graphs
UP DOWN

45
PART 2

GRAMMAR

Conditional Sentenses

Type 0

If + present simple + present simple

If + present simple + imperative

Type 1

If + present simple + future ‘will’

Type 2

If + past simple + would

Type 3

If + past perfect + would have

Mixed types

If + past perfect + would

If + past perfect + modal verb

I wish / if only

46
VOCABULARY

Linking Words

CONTRASTING AND OPPOSING IDEAS

In spite of – despite (a pesar de)
Although –though – even though (aunque)
However – nevertheless – even so (sin embargo)
On the one hand / on the other hand
(por una parte/ por la otra)

REASON, CAUSE AND PURPOSE

Because – As (porque)
Because of – due to (porque)
In order to – so as to – to (para)
In order that - so that (para)

EXAMPLE
For example – for instance – such as (por ejemplo)

ADDING INFORMATION
Moreover – furthermore – In addition – Besides (también,
además)
In addition to – as well as – apart from (también, además)

47
BUSINESS POINTS

Brainstorming

Only brains

No Negativism

Forget about your ideas

Welcome "bad" ideas

Go for quantity.

Get everyone all wired up

No electronics.

Keep it short

Sleep on it

48
 Say ‘NO’

It is not so important

Be firm

Be clear and honest

Soften your refusals

Offer yourself for other moment

49
VI. BIBLIOGRAFIA

• Bibliografía básica.

Alexander, L.G. (1998): Longman English Grammar Practice: Essex, Longman

Hadfield, Jill (1990): Intermediate Communication Games: Essex, Longman

Murphy, Raymond (1994): English Grammar in Use, Cambridge:CUP

Murphy, Raymond (1992): Essential Grammar in Use, Cambridge:CUP

Murphy, Raymond (1992): Essential Grammar in Use Suplementary Exercises, Cambridge:CUP

Oxenden, Clive (1997): New English File Intermediate, Oxford, OUP

Walker Elaine (2000): New Grammar Practice for pre-intermediate Students, Essex, Longman

• Webs de referencia.

http://www.skillsyouneed.com/present/writing-your-presentation.html
https://www.businessenglishpod.com/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/
http://www.esl-lounge.com
http://www.wordreference.com
https://www.youtube.com
http://www.londonschool.com/

50
VII. ACTIVIDADES DE EVALUACION

EXERCISES

Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Present Perfect vs. Past Simple

1. Choose the correct words.

1 They’ve already / yet visited Venice.
2 Have you ever / never seen a ghost?
3 Has she finished work just / yet?
4 They’ve been married for / since October.
5 Lucy has worked in the circus since / for she was a child.
6 David has just / yet got back from holiday.

2. Complete the newspaper extracts. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or past
simple.

Last night a massive tidal wave 1……………… (hit) the coast of Mexico. Over 5,000 people
2
……………… (already / lose) their homes.

Yesterday a girl 3……………… (hand in) a briefcase containing £100,000 to the police. The girl
found the briefcase at Euston railway station.

The cost of living in Britain 4……………… (rise) again. Last year prices in British
supermarkets 5……………… (increase) by more than five per cent.

51
3. Complete the text. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or past simple.

1
…………… you …………… (ever / dream) of being a film star? Leonardo DiCaprio was only five years old
when he 2………….…(star) in his first TV show, and just thirteen when he 3……………… (appear) in his
first film. Since then he 4……………… (not stop) working. He 5……………… (be) in over fifteen films and
he 6……………… (work) with stars such as Robert De Niro and Johnny Depp. Leonardo 7……………… (be)
born in Los
Angeles in 1974. After appearing in TV shows, he 8……………… (get) his first film role in Critters 3,
then he starred in Romeo and Juliet. But it 9……………… (not be) until. Titanic that he 10
………………
11
(become) a world-famous teen idol. It was then that Leonardo ……………… (begin) to appear on
12
magazine covers around the world. Since Titanic, Leonardo ……………… (be) very busy. He
13 14
……………… (already / make) three more films and …………… (just / start) work on another.

4. Write questions about Leonardo. Use the present perfect simple or past simple.

1 How old / when / first appear / on TV?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
2 ever / meet / Robert De Niro?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
3 How long / be / an actor?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
4 famous / before Titanic?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
5 How many / films / make / since Titanic?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

52
5. Write the correct verb tense from the verb in brackets (past simple or present perfect)

1. This bird comes from northern Europe. It…………………………………...(fly) thousands of

kilometres.

2. I …………………………………..(speak) to my cousin for ages

3. He …………………………………..(heard) many political jokes lately.

4. Sarah ………………………………….. (see) her best friend for three months

5. Peter …………………………………..(go) to Europe several times since 1991

6. Shakespeare …………………………………..(write) many plays.

7. He …………………………………..(paint) five pictures so far

8. We …………………………………..(see) something awful yesterday

9. Sarah …………………………………..(visit) her mother in NY one month ago

10. She …………………………………..(play) the guitar since she was 9.

53
Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous

6. Complete the conversations with the correct form of present perfect continuous.

1 ‘How long ……………… he ……………… (play) that computer game?’

‘Since ten o’clock this morning!’
2 ‘You look dirty!’
‘I ……………… (repair) my motorbike.’
3 ‘Frank has got a black eye.’
‘……………… he ……………… (fight) again?’
4 ‘Why is she crying?’
‘She ……………… (watch) a sad film.’
5 ‘Mary looks tired.’
‘Yes. She ……………… (revise) all night for her exams.’
6 ‘I’ve been here since one o’clock. What ……………… you ……………… (do)?’
‘I ……………… (look for) you!’

7. Choose the correct tenses.

1 Steven Spielberg has directed / has been directing over twenty films since 1980.

2 He has worked on / has been working on a new film since January.

3 John Galliano has designed / has been designing clothes for a long time.

4 He has designed / has been designing two new collections since last summer.

5 Lonely Planet have published / have been publishing two new travel guides this month.

6 They have published / have been publishing travel guides for years.

54
8. Complete the text. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or present perfect
continuous.

Ever since he was a teenager Alex Whitestone 1……………… (want) to travel. This year he decided to
do it. Alex gave up his job as a journalist in July, and since then he 2……………… (travel) around the
world. So far he 3……………… (visit) four different countries.
At the moment Alex is in Bangkok, in Thailand. He 4……………… (already / be) there for five days. ‘I
5
……………… (never / be) to Asia before, so it was my first stop,’ he explains. So 6……………… he
……………… (buy) any souvenirs yet? ‘Not yet,’ says Alex. And what about the food? ‘It’s great! I
7
……………… (eat) a lot of rice and fish,’ he says. During his travels Alex 8……………… (meet) many
other tourists. ‘I 9……………… (made) some new friends,’ he says, ‘and we 10
……………… (exchange)
11
advice about where to go and what to see. I ……………… (also / write) a travel guide, but I
12
……………… (not finish) it yet!’

55
Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Future (will) vs. Future Perfect

9. Make the future perfect. Choose positive, negative or question.

1. (I / leave by six)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. (you / finish the report by the deadline?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. (when / we / do everything?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. (she / finish her exams by then, so we can go out for dinner)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. (you / read the book before the next class)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. (she / not / finish work by seven)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. (when / you / complete the work?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. (they / arrive by dinnertime)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. (we / be in London for three years next week)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. (she / get home by lunchtime?)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. (they / not / go at six)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

56
12. (you / do everything by seven?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. (we / not / eat before we come, so we’ll be hungry)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. (he / finish his exams when we go on holiday?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. (we / arrive by the time it gets dark?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. (how long / you / know your boyfriend when you get married?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. (he / not / complete the project by July)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. (I / not / finish the essay before the weekend)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. (why / she / finish the cleaning by six?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. (how long / you / be in this company when you retire?)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Used to/get used to/ be used to

10. Complete these sentences with use(d) to ... + a suitable verb.

1. Dennis gave up smoking two years ago.

He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
2. Liz ……………………………………….. a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
3. We came to live in Manchester a few years ago. We ………………………………… in Nottingham.
4. I rarely cat ice cream now but I …………………………………………………… it when I was a child.
5. Jim …………………………………… my best friend but we aren't friends any longer.
6. It only takes me about 40 minutes to get to work since the new road was opened. It
…………………………………………. more than an hour.
7. There ……………………………………………… a hotel opposite the station but it closed a long time ago
8. When you lived in London, …………………………………………… to the theatre very often?

57
11. Brian changed his lifestyle. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things:

He stopped studying hard/going to bed early/running three miles every morning

He started smoking/going out in the evening/spending a lot of money
Write sentences about Brian with used to and didn't use to.

1. He used to smoke.
2. He didn't use to smoke.
3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12. Compare what Carol said five years ago and what she says today:

FIVE YEARS AGO

I travel a lot,
I play the piano.
I'm very lazy.
I don't like cheese.
I've got a dog.
I'm a hotel receptionist.
I've got lots of friends.
I never read newspapers.
I don't drink tea.
I go to a lot of parties.

58
TODAY
I eat lots of cheese now.
I work very hard these days.
I don't know in people these days.
I work in a bookshop now.
I don't go away much these days.
My dog died two years ago.
I read a newspaper every day now.
I haven't been to a party for ages.
I haven't played piano for years.
Tea's great! I like it now.

Now write sentences about how Carol has changed. Use used to/didn't use to/never used to in the
first part of your sentence.

1 She used to travel a lot but she doesn't go away much these days.
2. She used ……………………………………………………………… but ……………………………………………………..
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

59
Part 1>business points>presenting numbers

13.

Grammar > Conditionals> type 1, 2, & 3

14. Put the verb into the correct form

1. They would be rather offended if I ……………………………………… to see them. (not/go)

2. If you took more exercise, you ……………………………………… better. (feel)

3. If I was offered the job, I think I ……………………………………… it. (take)

4. I'm sure Amy will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she …………………………(refuse)

5. If I sold my car, I ……………………………………… much money for it. (not/get)

6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory ……………………………………… (close down)

7. What would happen if I ……………………………………… that red button? (press)

8. Liz gave me this ring. She ……………………………………… very upset if I lost it. (be)

60
9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ………………….(not/come)

10. Would Tim mind if I ……………………………………… his bicycle without asking him? (borrow)

11. If somebody ……………………………………… in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened. (walk)

12. I'm sure Sue ……………………………………… if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

15. You ask a friend questions. Use what would you do if ….

Ex: 1. (Maybe one day your friend will win a lot of money.)

What would you do if you won a lot of money?

2. (Your friend's car has never been stolen but perhaps one day it will be

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. (Perhaps one day your friend will lose his/her passport.)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. (There has never been a fire in the building.)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

16. Answer the questions in the way shown.

1. A: Shall we catch the 10.30 train?

B: No. (arrive/too early) _If we caught the 10.30 train, we'd arrive too early._

2. A: Is Ken going to take the examination?

B: No. (fall) If he ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. A: Why don't we stay at a hotel?

B: No. (cost too much money) If ………………………………………………..…………………………

4. A: Is Sally going to apply for the job?

B: No. (not/get it) If ………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. A: Let's tell them the truth.

B: No. (not/believe us) If ………………………………………………………………………………….…………

6. A: Why don't we invite Bill to the party?

B: No. (have to invite his friends too) …………………………………………………….…………………

61
17. Match the two parts of the sentences.

1 If she had more time, … a he’d ride it to school.

2 If she has the new Star Wars game, … b she’ll let you play it.
3 If I were rich, … c I’d buy a sports car.
4 He would have phoned the police … d she would have known the result.
5 If he had a motorbike, … e I’ll tell you.
6 If she had watched the tennis match, … f she’d learn another language.
7 If I find the letter, … g if he’d seen the robbery.

Part 2>Grammar> Conditionals> Mixed types

18. Complete with correct tense of the verbs in brackets

a. If I had worked harder at school, I ………………………………. a better job now. (HAVE)

b. If we ……………………………………. at the map we wouldn't be lost. (LOOK)
c. If you had caught that plane you ………………………………….. dead now. (BE)
d. I ………………………………… a millionaire now if I had taken that job. (BE)

Part 2>Grammar> Conditionals> I wish, if only

19. Complete the expressions with the correct tense of the verb in brackets

1. Bruce wishes he ............................................................. (have) more money so he

could buy a new sweater.
2. I wish I .................................................. (be) taller so that I could be in the
basketball team.
3. I wish you...................................................... (stop) watching television while I
am talking to you.

62
 4. I wish you .......................................................................... (do) that. It
annoys me.
5. I wish the holidays .......................................................................... (come) so
we could go off to the seaside.
6. Of course Tom wishes he ........................................................... (come) with us
to Paris, but he has to stay here.
7. I wish we .......................................................................... (go) to the match
on Saturday but we're visiting my uncle.
8. I wish you .......................................................................... (keep) your mouth
shut yesterday. Now Mary knows.
9. If only I .......................................................................... (lose) all my money.
Now I'm broke.
10. Peter is always late. If only he ........................................................... (turn up)
on time for a change!

Part 2> Vocabulary>Linking Words

20. Choose from the following connectors the best option to complete the sentences

1. …………………………..the rain, we still went to the park. DESPITE/BUT

2. ………………………… it was raining, we still went to the park. ALTHOUGH/BECAUSE
3. It was raining. ,……………………… we still went to the park. HOWEVER/SUCH
4. She went for a long walk, …………………………….being cold. IN SPITE OF/SUCH AS
5. ……………………….it was cold, she went for a long walk. THOUGH/BECAUSE
6. It was cold……………………….. she went for a long walk BUT/ SO

21. Choose the best connector to complete the sentences

1. I was hungry SO/BECAUSE I ate a sandwich.

2. He's tired ALTHOUGH/BECAUSE he went to bed late.
3. We missed the bus SO/ ALTHOUGH we walked home.
4. BECAUSE/ALTHOUGH it was cold, we went swimming.
5. It's a sad film ALTHOUGH/BUT I like it.
6. I left the party ALTHOUGH/BECAUSE it was boring.

63
22. Are these sentences right or wrong?

1. I'm asking you because of I want to know your opinion.

2. I was late this morning because of the traffic.
3. She can't drive because of her blindness.
4. The bank closed down because of the recession.
5. I came back because of I'd forgotten my briefcase.
6. We stopped playing football because of the rain.
7. Tom is very difficult to understand because of his weird accent.
8. Paul moved to Paris because of his job.
9. John crashed his truck because of he was driving too fast.
10. I cannot come because of the weather.

64
VIII. SOLUCIONES

Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Present Perfect vs. Past Simple

1. Choose the correct words.

1 already
2 ever
3 yet
4 since
5 since
6 just

2. Complete the newspaper extracts. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or
past simple.

1. hit
2. have already lost
3. handed in
4. has risen
5. increased

3. Complete the text. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or past simple.

1 Have you ever dreamed

2 starred
3 appeared
4 hasn’t stopped
5 ’s been
6 ’s worked
7 was

65
8 got
9 wasn’t
10 became
11 began
12 has been
13 ’s already made
14 has just started

4. Write questions about Leonardo. Use the present perfect simple or past simple.

1 -How old was he when he first appeared on TV?

2 -Has he ever met Robert De Niro?
3 -How long has he been an actor?
4 -Was he famous before Titanic?
5- How many films has he made since Titanic?

5. Write the correct verb tense from the verb in brackets (past simple or present perfect)

1. has flown
2. haven’t spoken
3. has heard
4. hasn’t seen
5. has gone
6. wrote
7. has painted
8. saw
9. visited
10. has played

66
Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous

6. Complete the conversations with the correct form of present perfect continuous.

1 - has he been playing

2 -’ve been repairing
3 -Has he been fighting
4 -’s been watching
5 -’s been revising
6 -have you been doing; ’ve been looking for

7. Choose the correct tenses.

1- has directed
2- has been working on
3- has been designing
4- has designed
5- have published
6- have been publishing

8. Complete the text. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or present perfect
continuous.

1- has wanted
2- ’s been travelling
3- ’s visited
4- ’s already been
5- ’ve never been
6- has he bought
7- ’ve been eating
8- has met
9- ’ve made
10- ’ve exchanged
11- ’ve also been writing
12- haven’t finished

67
Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Future (will) vs. Future Perfect

9. Make the future perfect. Choose positive, negative or question.

1. I will have left by six.

2. Will you have finished the report by the deadline?
3. When will we have done everything?
4. She will have finished her exams by then, so we can go out for dinner.
5. You will have read the book before the next class.
6. She won’t have finished work by seven.
7. When will you have completed the work?
8. They will have arrived by dinnertime.
9. We will have been in London for three years next week.
10. Will she have got home by lunchtime?
11. They won’t have gone at six.
12. Will you have done everything by seven?
13. We won’t have eaten before we come, so we’ll be hungry.
14. Will he have finished her exams when we go on holiday?
15. Will we have arrived by the time it gets dark?
16. How long will you have known your boyfriend when you get married?
17. He won’t have completed the project by July.
18. I won’t have finished the essay before the weekend.
19. Why will she have finished the cleaning by six?
20. How long will you have been in this company when you retire?

Grammar > Complex Advanced Tenses> Used to/get used to/ be used to

10. Complete these sentences with use(d) to ... + a suitable verb.

2 used to have/used to ride

3 used to live

4 used to like/used to love/used to eat

5 used to be

68
 6 used to take

7 used to be

7 did you use to go

11. Brian changed his lifestyle. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things:

3. He used to go to bed early.

4. He used to run three miles every morning.

5. He didn't use to go out in the evening.

6. He didn't use to spend much money./... spend a lot of money

12. Compare what Carol said five years ago and what she says today:

2. She used to play the piano but she hasn't played (the piano) for years.

3. She used to be very lazy but she works very hard these days.

4. She didn't use to like cheese but she eats lots of cheese now.

5. She used to have a dog but it died two years ago.

6. She used to be a hotel receptionist but she works in a bookshop now.

7. She used to have lots of friends but she doesn't know many people these days.

8. She never used to read newspapers but she reads a newspaper every day now.

9. She didn't use to drink tea but she likes it now.

10. She used to go to a lot of parties but she hasn't been to a party for ages.

69
Part 1>business points>presenting numbers

13.

Part 2>Grammar> Conditionals> type 1, 2 & 3

14. Put the verb into the correct form

1 didn’t go
2 would fell
3 would take/'d take
4 refused
5 wouldn't get
6 closed down (or was/were closed down)
7 pressed
8 would be/'d be
9 didn't come
10 borrowed

70
11 walked
12 would understand

15. You ask a friend questions. Use what would you do if ….

1.- What would you do if you won a lot of money?

2.- What would you do if your car was stolen or ... were stolen
3.- What would you do if you lost your passport)
4.- What would you do if there was a fire in the building? or ... if there were a fire in the building?

16. Answer the questions in the way shown.

1 If we caught the 10.30 train, we'd arrive too early._

2 If he took the examination, he'd fail. or ... he would fail.
3 If we stayed at a hotel, it would cost too much money.
4 If she applied for the job, she wouldn't get it.
5 If we told them the truth, they wouldn't believe us.
6 If we invited Bill to the party, we'd have to invite his friends too.

17. Match the two parts of the sentences.

1-f 2-b 3-c 4- g 5-a 6-d 7-e

Part 2>Grammar> Conditionals> Mixed types

18. Complete with correct tense of the verbs in brackets

a. would have b. had looked c. would be d. would be

71
Part 2>Grammar> Conditionals> I wish, if only

19. Complete the expressions with the correct tense of the verb in brackets

1. Bruce wishes he had (have) more money so he could buy a new sweater.
2. I wish I were (be) taller so that I could be in the basketball team.
3. I wish you would stop (stop) watching television while I am talking to you.
4. I wish you wouldn’t do (do) that. It annoys me.
5. I wish the holidays would come (come) so we could go off to the seaside.
6. Of course Tom wishes he could come (come) with us to Paris, but he has to stay here.
7. I wish we could go (go) to the match on Saturday but we're visiting my uncle.
8. I wish you had kept (keep) your mouth shut yesterday. Now Mary knows
9. If only I hadn’t lost (lose) all my money. Now I'm broke.
10. Peter is always late. If only he would turn up (turn up) on time for a change!

Part 2> Vocabulary>Linking Words

20. Choose from the following connectors the best option to complete the sentences

1- despite
2- although
3- however
4- in spite of
5- though
6- but

21. Choose the best connector to complete the sentences

1- so
2- because
3- so

72
4- although
5- but
6 – because

22. Are these sentences right or wrong?

1. I'm asking you because of I want to know your opinion. W

2. I was late this morning because of the traffic. R
3. She can't drive because of her blindness. R
4. The bank closed down because of the recession. R
5. I came back because of I'd forgotten my briefcase. W
6. We stopped playing football because of the rain. R
7. Tom is very difficult to understand because of his weird accent. R
8. Paul moved to Paris because of his job. R
9. John crashed his truck because of he was driving too fast. W
10. I cannot come because of the weather. R

73
IX. READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

Consumers went back to using their credit cards

Consumers went back to using their credit cards in March to keep spending while student and new-
car loans shot up as the value of outstanding consumer credit jumped at the fastest rate since late
2001, data from the Federal Reserve showed on Monday.

Total consumer credit grew by $21.36 billion - more than twice the $9.8 billion rise that Wall Street
economists surveyed by Reuters had forecast. That followed a revised $9.27 billion increase in
outstanding credit in February.

Analysts expressed some reservations whether the date reliably signalled a real pickup in demand,
something that would normally fuel stronger growth, or just a need to rely more on credit in an
economy generating anaemic job growth.

"The optimistic read is that consumers' improved outlook on the economy and employment
prospects led them to feel comfortable spending on credit, while a more downbeat interpretation is
that credit is needed for consumers to keep up," Nomura Global Economics said in a note afterward.

The March rise in consumer credit was the strongest for any month since November 2001 when it
soared by $28 billion. That was shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks when big car-makers
were offering zero-percent financing and other incentives to lure consumers back to their
showrooms.

New-car sales and production were a key influence on the 2.2 percent annual rate of economic
growth posted during the first three months this year. The government estimated that about half of
that growth came from increased new car production.

http://www.businessenglishsite.com/readingcomprehension/business-english-reading-comprehension10.html#

GLOSARY
Outstanding - destacado
Reliably – veraz
Outlook - perspectiva
Downbeat - tranquila
to lure - atraer

74
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. According to the article, the growth in consumer credit in March was ______________
economists had predicted.
a. about the same as
b. slightly lower than
c. twice as much as

2. By using the word "anaemic", the article wants to say that the current job growth
numbers are ______________.
a. Average
b. poor
c. impressive

3. According to the article, does the increase in consumer credit mean that the economy is
improving?
a. Not necessarily
b. Yes
c. No, just the opposite

4. How long had it been since the consumer credit numbers increased so much in one
month?
a. A year
b. Over 10 years
c. About three years

5. According to the article, what played an important part in the economic growth at the
beginning of this year (2012)?
a. A record-breaking drop in unemployment
b. A decrease in tax rates
c. New car production and sales

75
 Answers key 1C 2B 3A 4B 5C

STARBUCKS

Starbucks Corp reported better-than-expected quarterly profit but global sales at established coffee
shops fell short of analysts' estimates due to weakness in Europe, sending its shares down five
percent in after-hours trade on Thursday.

Sales from cafes open at least 13 months fell 1 percent in the Europe, the Middle East and Africa
(EMEA) region during the latest quarter. Analysts polled by Consensus Metrix had expected a 2.2
percent rise in EMEA same-store sales.

Executives attributed the drop to weakness in Europe, which suffered its first decline in same-store
sales since 2009.

Sales fell in Ireland and Germany during the fiscal second quarter and were up just slightly in France
and the United Kingdom, Starbucks Chief Financial Officer Troy Alstead said.

Europe has been a weak spot for the world's biggest coffee chain. The region is grappling with debt
and austerity measures and, earlier this week, Britain said its economy had fallen into its second
recession since the financial crisis.

"The situation is very, very tough," Chief Executive Howard Schultz said of Europe's economy.

"We will turn the Europe business around in the same way we turned the U.S. business around,"
Schultz told analysts on a conference call.

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GLOSARY
Quarterly – trimestral
Grappling - luchar
Tough – duro

76
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER
1. What happened to Starbucks' shares after that their quarterly profits failed to meet analysts'
estimates?
a. They rose by 5%.
b. They plunged by 5%.
c. they rose by 10%.

2. "Quarterly profits" refer to profits during how many months?

a. Three
b. Four
c. Six

3. According to the article, in which European countries did Starbucks' NOT see a slight
increase in sales?
a. The United Kingdom
b. Ireland
c. France

4. According to the article, _____________ are/is to blame for Starbucks' woes in Europe.
a. Europe's financial troubles
b. European disdain for American coffee
c. the availability of many other good cafes

5. Has Starbucks always struggled in Europe?

a. No
b. The article doesn't specify.
c. Yes

Answers key  1 b 2a 3b 4a 5c

77
X. ANEXOS

Appendix 1: Irregular verb

bare infinitive past participle meaning

Be was/were been ser, estar
Become became become llegar a ser
Begin began begun comenzar
Bet bet bet apostar
Break broke broken romper
Bring brought brought traer
Build built built construir
Burn burnt burnt quemar
Buy bought bought comprar
Can could be able to poder
Catch caught caught coger
Choose chose chosen elegir
Come came come venir
Cost cost cost costar
Cut cut cut cortar
Deal dealt dealt comercial
Dig dug dug cavar
Do did done hacer
Dream dreamt dreamt soñar
Drink drank drunk beber
Drive drove driven conducir
Eat ate eaten comer
Fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
Feel felt felt sentir
Fight fought fought luchar
Find found found encontrar
Fly flew flown volar
Forget forgot forgotten olvidar
Freeze froze fronzen congelar

78
bare infinitive past participle meaning
Get got got conseguir
Give gave given dar
Go went gone ir
Grow grew grown crecer
Hang hung hung colgar
Hide hid hidden esconder
Hurt hurt hurt herir
Keep kept kept guardar
Leave left left abandonar
Let let let permitir
Lose lost lost perder
Make made made hacer
Must had to had to deber
Pay paid paid pagar
Put put put poner
Quit quit quit dejar de hacer
Read read /red/ read /red/ leer
Run ran run correr
Say said said decir
See saw seen ver
Send sent sent enviar
Shine shined shone brillar
Show showed shown mostrar
Shut shut shut cerrar
Sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundirse
Sleep slept slept dormir
Speak spoke spoken hablar
spell spelt spelt deletrear
Spend spent spent gastar
Take took taken tomar
Teach taught taught enseñar
Tell told told contar
Think thought thought pensar
Understand understood understood entender
Wear wore worn llevar puesto

79
 bare infinitive past participle meaning
Win won won ganar
Write wrote written escribir

Appendix 2: How to Pronounce [-ed]

the base verb ends in one of example example pronounce the extra
these sounds base verb* with -ed -ed as syllable?

/p/ hope hoped

/f/ laugh laughed

/s/ fax faxed

unvoiced /t/
/ʃ/ wash washed

/ʧ/ watch watched No

/k/ like liked

play played

all other consonant

voiced allow allowed /d/
sounds, and vowels

beg begged

/t/ want wanted

/ɪd/ yes
/d/ end ended

80
Appendix 3: Building a speech

THE PRESENTATION CHART

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Very formal Formal Informal Very informal

Suitable Large conference Smaller conference Smallish group, Small team

occasion or group where you probably internal, meeting where
don’t know the but not all known to you know the
audience you other participants

Purpose Provide information Provide information, Provide information, Provide

to a large number of but also get reaction hear reaction, information, or
people respond; possibly generate
discuss discussion

Stand or sit? Stand Stand Stand or sit Probably sit

Present from A lectern The front of the Either within the Your place at a
where? room. group or from the table, or within
front the group

Visual aids Yes, slides controlled Yes, slides, but kept Yes, but keep them Perhaps a one-
from the lectern. fairly simple. to a minimum. page summary of
Can also use video or your key points.
other multimedia.

Sound systems/ Yes Yes Probably not No

microphone

Type of room Large conference Conference room or Meeting room or Meeting room or
hall meeting room office office

What will you Copy of your slides Copy of your slides Handout of some sort Nothing expected
have to provide
in advance?

Audience A formal question Formal questions, Fairly interactive; up Likely to be very

interaction session afterwards is but you may get to you to handle interactive if you
usual interruptions during questions or allow.
your presentation discussion during the
session

81