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Calculo de Equipamientos Comunitarios

El documento presenta lineamientos e instrumentos para la formulación de políticas sobre ordenamiento territorial y asentamientos humanos en Colombia. Explica que el Ministerio de Vivienda y Servicios Básicos liderará la formulación de una Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial, con documentos sobre la caracterización de asentamientos humanos y la estructuración de sistemas departamentales de ciudades.

Cargado por

Pabloy Revollo Z
Derechos de autor
© © All Rights Reserved
Nos tomamos en serio los derechos de los contenidos. Si sospechas que se trata de tu contenido, reclámalo aquí.
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0% encontró este documento útil (0 votos)
186 vistas86 páginas

Calculo de Equipamientos Comunitarios

El documento presenta lineamientos e instrumentos para la formulación de políticas sobre ordenamiento territorial y asentamientos humanos en Colombia. Explica que el Ministerio de Vivienda y Servicios Básicos liderará la formulación de una Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial, con documentos sobre la caracterización de asentamientos humanos y la estructuración de sistemas departamentales de ciudades.

Cargado por

Pabloy Revollo Z
Derechos de autor
© © All Rights Reserved
Nos tomamos en serio los derechos de los contenidos. Si sospechas que se trata de tu contenido, reclámalo aquí.
Formatos disponibles
Descarga como PDF, TXT o lee en línea desde Scribd

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INTRODUCCIÓN

Uno de los más importantes aspectos de la Planificación Integral es el físico-territorial y,


dentro de la planificación física, el ordenamiento territorial constituye el proceso
organizador de la ocupación del territorio que permitirá aplicar líneas estratégicas
 para
 pa ra el desa
de sarr
rroll
olloo soste
sos tenib
nible
le..
Por esta razón, dada la importancia de los asentamientos humanos, sobre todo de los
asentamientos concentrados y de carácter urbano, en la ocupación del territorio,
 por la base
bas e económ
eco nómicaica que
qu e repres
rep resent
entan
an sus econom
eco nomías
ías de escala
esc ala y de aglome
agl omerac
ración
ión y
 por
 po r sus
su s cond
co ndic
icio
ione
ness de merc
me rcad ados
os de cons
co nsum
umo,o, de cent
ce ntro
ross de pres
pr esta
taci
ción
ón de serv
se rvid
idos
os
y de transformación de bienes, es fundamental la formulación de políticas y normas
 para
 par a estruc
est ructur
turar
ar el desarr
des arrollo
ollo de los asent
as entamie
amiento
ntoss humano
hum anos,s, den
dentro
tro del proces
pro cesoo de
urbanización acelerado que vive el país.
En cumplimiento de sus específicas funciones, el Ministerio de Vivienda y Servicios
Básicos; ante la importancia y necesidad de instrumentos legales marco, asume un
rol fundamental para la conceptualización y formulación de la Ley de Ordenamiento
Territorial y aporta con lineamientos sobre los procesos de metropolización y su
tratamiento y con la caracterización de los asentamientos humanos hacia la
conformación de los sistemas nacional y departamentales de ciudades, con base en
redes departamentales de equipamiento comunitario y sistemas de asentamientos
en los territorios municipales.
Asimismo, las nuevas responsabilidades asumidas por los gobiernos municipales
exigen, de parte del Gobierno Central, sobre todo para los municipios medianos y
 pequeñ
 peq ueñosos,, polít
po lítica
icass y líneas
lín eas de acció
ac ciónn para
par a plani
pl anific
ficar
ar y estruc
est ructur
tur ar el desar
des arrol
rollo
lo y
mejorar las funciones de los asentamientos humanos de su territorio. Estas políticas
y normas deben enmarcarse en un instrumento legal marco, entendido como una
Ley de Ordenamiento Urbanístico, para cuya formulación asume la conducción el
Ministerio de Vivienda y Servicios Básicos, desde el Viceministerio de Vivienda y
Asentamientos Humanos.
En este contexto, los lineamientos e instrumentos necesarios se han reunido en dos
grupos de documentos, claramente identificados:
Documentos sobre Asentamientos Humanos, aportes para la Ley de Ordenamiento
Territorial:
 Caracterización de los Asentamientos Humanos Cabecera de Municipios,
documento que incluye un procedimiento metodológico guía para contribuir a la
estructuración de los sistemas departamentales de asentamientos humanos.
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Documentos de Instrumentos Normativos y Lineamientos para la Ley de


Ordenamiento Urbanístico:
Este conjunto de documentos, a su vez se reúnen en dos grupos diferenciados:
a)  Normativa de la Planificación de
d e los Asentamientos
Asentamien tos
Humanos
Humanos:: Planificación Urba na Participativa.
Manual Técnico para la Elaboración del Expediente de los
Asentamientos Humanos.
Humanos.
Ordenamiento Espacial de los Asentamientos Humanos.
Reglamento Nacional para Urbanizaciones de Vivienda (este
documento está en etapa de consulta y concertación con
gobiernos municipales, por tanto aún no se publica).
 b) Mejoramiento de las Funciones
Ur ba na s: Revita
Revitali
lizac
zación
ión de
Áreas Urbanas Centrales.
Aspectos Ambientales en el
Diseño Urbano. Gestión en
Obras y Servicios Municipales.
Además de estos documentos, se han preparado otros para uso interno de la
Dirección General de Asentamientos Humanos, dirigidos a su
fortalecimiento, tales como: "Uso de Información Georeferenciada, con
Criterios Básicos para el uso de SIG's en la Planificación Urbana" y
"Capacitación en la Aplicación de Instrumentos Normativos y la Política
General de Asentamientos Humanos", cuya reproducción será limitada a
los requerimientos de la Dirección.
Este conjunto de estudios e instrumentos constituye uno de los más
importantes
importantes esfuerzos para encarar, de forma integral, los problemas de
la planificación del desarrollo de los asentamientos humanos y apoyar
a la gestión m unicipal para enfrentarlos
enfrentarlos con capacida
capacidadd y solvencia.
solvencia.

Arq. Gustavo Abastoflor T.


VICEMINISTRO DE VIVIENDA Y ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS
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CONTENIDO
1.INTRODUCCIÓN 9
2.DEFINICIÓN DE EQUIPAMIENTO 9
3.TIPOLOGÍA DEL EQUIPAMIENTO 10
3.1 Equipamiento de educación 10
3.2. Equipamiento de salud 11
3.3. Equipamiento de recreación 11
3.1.1. Equipamiento de Recreación Pasiva 11
3.1.2. Equipamiento de Recreación Activa 11
3.4. Equipamiento de comercio 11
3.5. Equipamiento asistencial 12
3.6. Equipamiento cultural 12
3.7. Equipamiento de transporte 12
3.8. Equipamiento de gestión y administración 12
3.9. Equipamiento de culto 12
4.CÁLCULO DEL EQUIPAMIENTO 13
4.1. Norma de equipamiento 13
4.1.1. Normas de Necesidad 13
4.1.2. Normas de influencia 14
4.1.3. Normas de capacidad 14
4.1.4. Normas de Áreas 14
4.1.5. Normas de Ubicación 14
4.2. Índices de cálculo 14
4.2.1. Unidad da Cálculo 14
4.2.2. Área construida por Unidad de Cálculo 15
4.2.3. Área Sin construir por Unidad de Cálculo 15
4.2.4. Radio de Influencia del Establecimiento o Servicio 15
4.2.5. Capacidad Mínima Óptima del Establecimiento o Servicio 15
4.2.6. Umbral de Aparición del Establecimiento o Servicio 15
4.2.7. Coeficiente de Uso por establecimiento o Servicio 15
5.MANEJO DE INDICADORES PARA EL CÁLCULO CÁLCU LO DEL
EQUIPAMIENTO 15
5.1. Recopilación de instrumentos normativos 16
5.2. Carta de cálculo de equipamiento 16
5.3. Bases para el cálculo del equipamiento de educación 20
5.4. Bases para el cálculo del equipamiento de salud 24
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TERRENO DESTINADO AL EQUIPAMIENTO 25


6.1. Ubicación del terreno 25
6.2. Geotécnica del terreno 26
6.3. Accesibilidad 26
6.4. Disponibilidad de infraestructura básica 26
CUADROS 27
ANEXO I: ÍNDICES DE CÁLCULO PARA EL EQUIPAMIENTO
E QUIPAMIENTO DE
RECREACIÓN 31
BIBLIOGRAFÍA EMPLEADA 44

CÁLCULO
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CÁLCULO DEL EQUIPAMIENTO COMUNITARIO


1. INTRODUCCIÓN
Para 1996, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) ha calculado la población nacional en 7.767.000
habitantes,
habitantes, de los cuales más del 61 % constituyen población
p oblación urbana; una característica importante
en este proceso de urbanización es la concentración de 3.563.200
3. 563.200 habitantes en las ciudades
ciudade s del eje
La Paz - El Alto, Cochabamba y Santa Cruz, es decir, estas tres ciudades, que presentan diferentes
 procesos
 proc esos de Metropoli
Metro polizació
zación,
n, concentr
conc entranan en ellas cerca del 46% de lal a poblac
p oblación
ión nacional,
nacio nal, lo que
constituye el 75% de la población urbana del país.
La insuficiente articulación, la falta de sistemas de planificación y la creciente concentración de
 población en determinados
determinado s asentamientos, provoca importantes incrementos en la demanda de
servicios, la misma que acentúa
ace ntúa el déficit de equipamiento
equipamiento y de infraestructura destinados
destinados a la prestación
de servicios; por otro lado, las demandas crecientes hacen más notorias las deficiencias cuali-
cuantitativas de dichos servicios, originando nuevas demandas difíciles de absorber a partir de las
capacidades limitadas de los gobiernos municipales.
El país carece de un marco actualizado de políticas e instrumentos normativos que permitan orientar
y fortalecer la gestión municipal, por lo que se ha preparado el presente documento sobre el Cálculo
del Equipamiento Comunitario, como un instrumento referencial de apoyo a los gobiernos
municipales y a sus equipos técnicos en la toma de decisiones para la asignación de recursos de
 preinversión e inversión destinados a la dotación de equipamie
equi pamiento
nto comunitari
comun itarioo y su localizació
locali zaciónn y
dimensionamiento.
2. DEFINICIÓN DE EQUIPAMIENTO
"Por esencia referido a la atención de las necesidades de la vida comunitaria, el Equipamiento, en
 sus diferente
diferentess tipos,
tipos, está
está formado
formado por los
los establecim
establecimientos
ientos apropiados
apropiados parapara la satisfacción
satisfacción eficaz
eficaz de
las demandas
demandas primordiales
primordiales de la población en su convivencia organizada. Con edificaciones y/o
espacios libres, según sea el caso, en conjunto estructura el espacio habitado, contribuyendo a su
ordenamien
ordenamientoto mediante
mediante la definición
definición de
de las funciones
funciones generales ded e las concentraciones
concentra ciones de población,
pobl ación,
aunque no necesariamente urbanas. Constituye la creación racional del sistema jerarquizado,
complejo y heterogéneo de los lugares adecuados  para que las personas, personas, según su edad y otras
condiciones, agrupadas en cada caso de acuerdo con un particular o similar propósito,
desarrollen activi dade
dadess coor
coor dinada
di nadass y concentr
concentr adas
adas que,
que, r epeti
petida
dass en f orma conti
conti nua,
con ritmos variables,  se realice n con  patrones
real icen  patr ones uni
un i f orme
or mess de compor
comportam tamii ento bajo
 procesos
 pr ocesos nor malmente
malmente i nsti
ns ti tuci
tuc i onali zados'
zados' .
El mismo autor, ejemplifica y explica estos conceptos de la siguiente forma l:
 Equipamiento: Escuela (equipo institucional escolar),
 "lugares adecuados": escuelas,
 "personas agrupadas de acuerdo con un particular o similar propósito": impartir y recibir
conocimientos,
 "actividades coordinadas y concentradas": asistencia simultánea de profesores y alumnos a
la escuela,
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 "patrones uniformes de comportamiento": asociación escolar,


 "procesos normalmente institucionalizados":
institucionalizados": sistemas de lecciones.
La satisfacción de las necesidades del vivir cotidiano de los habitantes de los asentamientos humanos
concentrados y el desarrollo de las actividades de dicha población, se realizan en un conjunto de
elementos, construidos o espacios abiertos, que, con la infraestructura y redes, constituyen las partes
esenciales de la estructura orgánica de la ciudad y conforman el "sistema complejo y heterogéneo
donde el hombre de la ciudad desempeña sus actividades" 3.
3. TIPOLOGIA DEL EQUIPAMIENTO
El equipamiento constituye la dotación sistemática de instalaciones e infraestructura que
complementan a la vivienda; estos establecimientos se clasifican de acuerdo a sus funciones y a los
servicios específicos que cumplen en la satisfacción de las necesidades y de las demandas básicas
y diarias de la población. Esta clasificación permite definir los siguientes tipos de equipamiento
comunitario:
3.1. Equipamiento de educación
Educación es el proceso por el cual el acervo de ideas, costumbres, normas, conocimientos
y técnicas de la sociedad, son transmitidos a las nuevas generaciones. La heterogénea
conformaci
conf ormación ón de la población
pobl ación y la especial
especializaci
ización
ón en la gama
gama del saber
saber humano
humano han
han llevado
llevado a la
sociedad a crear instituciones de enseñanza, capacitación y entrenamiento de diferentes
características que, a su vez, requieren diferentes tipos de instalaciones que constituyen el
equipamiento de educación.
La educación, precisamente
precisamente por estar
e star dirigida a la niñez y a la juventud, estructura el futuro
del capital humano de la sociedad, una de las bases del desarrollo de los pueblos, razón
suficiente para justificar la dotación de equipamiento de educación a todo tipo de
 poblac
 pob lacion
iones,
es, desde
des de las
la s más
m ás peq
pequeñ
ueñasas hasta
has ta las más grandes;
gran des; este
e ste equipamien
eq uipamiento
to debe
deb e cubrir
cub rir
la necesidad y la demanda crecientes de aprender de sus habitantes.
habi tantes.
En este tipo se consideran los siguientes establecimientos: guarderías, establecimientos pre-
escolares, escuelas del ciclo básico, colegios del ciclo secundario, centros e institutos de
capacitación y formación, media y superior, (comerciales, industriales, administrativos),
institutos técnicos, politécnicos y universidades
universidades.. Para el equipamiento
equipamiento correspondi
correspondiente
ente al
servicio de educación pública formal, el Estado, por medio del Ministerio de Educación,
establece la siguiente clasificación del mismo,
mismo, en base a la Ley de Reforma
Refo rma Educativa .
   Pre
 P re - E s co l a r
   Ni ve l Pr i ma ri o:
Ciclo de Aprendizaje Básico: 3 cursos'.

Ciclo de Aprendizajes Esenciales.: 3 cursos.


Ciclo de Aprendizajes Aplicados: 2 cursos.
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3.2. Equipamiento de salud

La salud no es simplemente la carencia de enfermedad, el servicio de salud también debe


estar dirigido a la búsqueda del bienestar: físico, mental y social de los habitantes.
Dentro de una sociedad dinámica, en la que  se busca el desarrollo económico y social,
mejorando las condiciones físicas del hombre se logrará mayor  productividad
 productividad y desarrollo
intelectual; esto implica que la población, en sus diferentes grupos etáreos, tie ne derecho
a la asistencia médica en todas las especialidades y en distintos establecimientos de
salud, sin restricción alguna.
El equipamiento de salud está conformado por establecimientos para postas sanitarias,
 puestos
 pues tos médicos,
médic os, dispensar
dispe nsarios,
ios, sanato
sana torios
rios,, clínicas,
clíni cas, hospitales
hospi tales generale
gene rales,
s, hospitale
hosp italess
especializados, centros de investigación médica y científica en el área de la salud y
farmacias. El Ministerio de Salud establece una clasificación de los establecimientos para
el servicio público de salud.

3.3. Equipamiento de recreación

Se define como recreación a las actividades de tiempo libre que un individuo desarrolla
fuera del trabajo, que pueden ser de distracción, relación social, descanso,
 perf
 pe rfec
ecci
ciona
ona mient
mie ntoo pers
pe rson
onal
al fís
f ísic
icoo o inte
i nte lec tual,
tua l, en otras
ot ras palabr
pal abras,
as, activi
act ividad
dades
es que,
q ue, siendo
sie ndo
voluntarias, suponen como única recompensa la satisfacción personal; además de darse
individualmente, las actividades del tiempo libre se dan colectivamente y, en una
sociedad urbanizada, requieren una organización compleja, infraestructura y equipo.
Se diferencian dos tipos de equipamiento de recreación:
 3. 3. 1. E qui pami ento par a R ecr eaci ón P asi va

Equipamiento destinado a la recreación de niños, jóvenes, adultos y ancianos,


 ba sa da prin
pr inci
cipa
palmlmen
entete en la cont
co ntem
emplplac
ació
iónn de la natu
na tura
rale
leza
za y el espa
es parc
rcimi
imien
ento
to en
lugar es abiertos,
abie rtos, como plazas y parques,parques, que disponen
disponen de mobiliario
mobiliario urbano de acuerdo
acuerdo
al fin previsto. También corresponde a esta tipología el equipamiento para el ocio y la
recreación espiritual, en el que, además de la contemplación y el esparcimiento, se
 puede
 pue de desar
des arro
rolla
llarr activ
ac tivid
idade
adess cre
c reati
ativas
vas y recr
re crea
eati
tiva
vass en el camp
ca mpoo cult
cu ltur
ural
al..
Aunque generalmente relacionado con espacios verdes y naturales, este tipo de
equipamiento también puede traducirse en espacios abiertos construidos (plazas (plazas secas,
 plazas
 plaz as cívica
cí vicas,
s, plazas
pla zas cultur
cul turale
ales).
s). El equi
e quipa
pamie
miento
nto de recre
re creac
ación
ión pasiva
pas iva inclu
inc luye
ye plazas
pla zas
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actividad deportiva de la población en general, de los destinados al espectáculo


deportivo, en los que
que la práctica
práctica está permit ida a grupos de población más reducidos
y un tanto de elite.

3.4. Equipamiento de comercio

Comprende los establecimientos destinados a la actividad de intercambio que, en términos


económicos, corresponde a la oferta y demanda de bienes y servicios a cambio de
retribución monetaria. Este equipamiento está constituido por diferentes
establecimientos, agrupados según la demanda de los usuarios:
Locales comerciales de demanda cotidiana: son establecimientos de concurrencia
diaria de los demandantes o usuarios y comprenden: tiendas, almacenes, mercados, ferias y
supermercados, barriales, distritales y urbanos, de comestibles en general, además,
 panade
 pan adería
rías,
s, carnice
car nicerías
rías,, farm
f armaci
acia,
a, tiendas
tien das y almac
alm acene
eness de artícu
art ículos
los de limpie
lim pieza
za y tocad
toc ador,
or,
farmacias, librerías y papelerías, ferreterías, bazares, dulcerías, etc.
Locales comerciales de demanda eventual: establecimientos de concurrencia
espor ádica de l os demandantes
demandantes o usuarios
usuarios y son: tiendas y almacenes
almacenes de ropa, muebles
muebles y
electrodomesticos, de artículos deportivos, lencería y joyerías, florerías, jugueterías y otros.
A mayor escala, generalmente demandados por comerciantes y rescatadores, se encuentran
dentro de esta clasificación los centrps de acopio, mercados mayoristas y ferias mayores,
aunque en algunos casos estos establecimientos también pueden ser de concurrencia diaria
(mercado campesino, por ejemplo).

 Locales comerciales de consumo gastronómico y de recreo: son establecimientos de


concurrencia periódica de los demandantes o usuarios y comprende restaurantes,
confiterías, heladerías, cafeterías, bares, cantinas, discotecas, salas de juegos
electrónicos, peñas folklóricas, etc.
 Locales comerciales de oferta de servicios técnicos especializados de demanda no
 periódica
 peri ódica:: son establec
esta blecimien
imientos
tos en los que se realizan
real izan trabajos
trab ajos de reparaci
repa ración
ón y
mantenimiento en radio•técnica, electricidad, mecánica, carpintería, vidriería,
sastrería, zapatería, peluquería, baños públicos, etc.
 También se incluyen en este tipo los establecimientos de hospedaje como hoteles,
hostales y alojamientos que son de demanda periódica.
Dentro de la clasificación de equipamiento de comercio se incluye un servicio de
responsabil
responsabilidad
idad municipa
municipall que, en la actualidad, en muchos municipios
munic ipios del país,
paí s, es objeto
de concesión para su administración por parte de la empresa privada, el matadero o
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y conferencias, centros de congresos, cines, centros de cultura popular y folklore y


monumentos .
3.7. Equipamiento de transporte
Este es un tipo de equipamiento destinado a apoyar la movilización de personas y
 productos
 prod uctos,, a nivel
nive l intraurbano,
intraurba no, interurbano,
interur bano, interregional
interregi onal e internacional,
interna cional, en el que se
 prestan
 presta n servicios para el despacho
despac ho y recepción de pasajeros y carga; está conformado por:
terminales de transporte aéreo (aeropuertos), terrestre (terminales), fluvial (puertos) y de
ferrocarril (estaciones); también comprende paradas y terminales locales de transporte
 público,
 públ ico, termina
ter minales
les de camion
c amiones
es (transpor
(tra nsporte
te de carga,
c arga, relacio
rel acionado
nado con centros
cent ros de acopio
aco pio
de productos) y otros.
3.8. Equipamiento de gestión y administración
administración
Este equipamiento tiene la función de albergar la prestación de servicios
administrativos, informativos, de trámites, recaudaciones, seguridad, justicia
justicia y servicios
directos de interacción entre los niveles de gobierno central, regional, municipal, con la
 población. Los establecimientos propios para estas actividades, además de las sedes de las
oficinas del Gobierno Central, son: prefecturas, sub-prefecturas, cortes distritales de
 justicia,
 justici a, dependencias
dependenc ias de instituciones
instituc iones descentralizadas
descentr alizadas,, casas de gobierno m unicipales,
unicipal es,
casas de justicia y registro civil, centros y puestos policiales, de bomberos y militares,
centros penitenciarios, correos y telecomunicaciones y los establecimientos e instalaciones
técnicas y administrativas de las empresas de servicios públicos (agua potable, energía
eléctrica, gas, teléfonos, recolección de residuos sólidos, etc.)
También se incluyen en este tipo los establecimientos para los servicios de gestión y
administración privados, profesionales y comerciales, tales como establecimientos de
 bancos
 ban cos,, mutuale
mutu aless y coop
coopera
erativa
tivas,
s, de empresa
empr esass y oficinas
ofic inas profesio
prof esionale
naless y sedes
sede s de
organizaciones sindicales,
sindicales, cívicas y comunitarias.
3.9. Equipamiento de culto

Se entiende a la religión como una institución social creada en torno a la idea de un ser supremo,
de su íntima relación con el hombre, y de éste con sus semejantes; esta relación espiritual se
manifiesta mediante signos y ceremonias materiales, las cuales se realizan en espacios
 prop
 pr opio
ioss y dive
di vers
rsos
os segú
se gúnn los
lo s requerimie
reque rimientos
ntos de los
l os difere
di ferentes
ntes credos.
credo s. En este
e ste tipo se incluye
i ncluyenn
los templos y centros de culto, conventos y cementerios; especialmente en las ciudades
latinoamericanas, por herencia de la cultura europea, los templos de la Iglesia Católica
constituyeron importantes hitos en las estructuras urbanas.
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4.1. Norma de equipamiento

"La norma de equipamiento es un óptimo válido para un período de tiempo y para un área
determinada. Es un modelo o patrón, más o menos permanente en su objeto, su forma y su
aplicación"'. El carácter de los factores considerados en la elaboración de las normas de
equipamiento, hace que éstas tengan diferente calidad; las normas más específicas son las
menos flexibles y, debido a factores de diseño con condiciones más generales e invariables,
son de aplicación amplia en tiempo y área.
"Es necesario hacer notar que los resultados del Cálculo del Equipamiento tienen limitaciones
debido al extenso campo de hipótesis que es necesario emplear en su producción y manejo,
en los aspectos demográficos, sociales, culturales, jurídicos, institucionales, geográficos,
tecnológicos y económicos. Aunque generalmente se habla de ' normas' de Equipamiento, es
 posible emplear ese término siempre que se lo haga con cautela, asumiendo las limitaciones
de su cálculo; más bien se trata, en general, de 'valores indicativos', dentro de los cuales
incluso los referidos a las áreas edificadas y descubiertas, aparentemente los más 'normativos',
 posibilitan cierta flexibilidad
flexibilidad en su aplicación''.
aplicación''.
Para el presente documento, interesa detallar aquellas normas para el equipamiento
comunitario quetienen un carácter relativamente general; las que define el Arq.
Calvimontes son las siguientes:

4.1. 1. N ormas
ormas de N ecesi
cesi dad
dad

La primera condición que se debe cumplir para considerar la implantación de


cualquier tipo de equipamiento comunitario, es comprobar su necesidad, la
misma que se determi na por la presencia de usuarios potenciales en cantidad
igual o múltiple de la capacidad óptima del (de los) establecimiento(s).
La "necesidad" es la menos general de las normas de equipamiento, puesto que
se debe investigar las condiciones sociales, económicas, físicas,
administrativas, tecnológicas, etc. del sitio o del área en la que se pretende
averiguar si es necesario un equipamiento; por ello, para su cálculo se suelen
utilizar fórmulas en las que se incluyen datos importantes del asentamiento
humano en estudio.

El Arq. Calvimontes incluye en su documento dos fórmulas recomendadas por


Giorgio Rigotti 9, señalando que la elección de una u otra para el cálculo,
depende del propósito del cálculo y de la información disponible:
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Para el cálculo de equipamientos de educación, culto, recreación y salud, Rigotti


recomienda el empleo de la primera fórmula y el de la segunda para el cálculo de la
necesidad
necesidad de mercados minoristas, por ejemplo.
En cuanto a los índices de cálculo que se describirán más adelante y que se
utilizarán en los cuadros de cálculo y estudio de caso, a estas normas corresponden
los índices de umbral de aparición y de coeficiente de uso. Los umbrales de
aparición del equipamiento provienen de la observación de estudios estadísticos y
de la definición de roles y funciones asignados en las redes de equipamiento
comunitario contenidas en los planes de desarrollo departamentales y
municipales.
4.1.2. N ormas
ormas de
de i nfl uenci
uenci a
La influencia de un determinado equipamiento determina su campo de acción, el
mismo que está definido en función del índice de cálculo denominado radio de
influencia. Se establece en función del sistema de locomoción, del clima y de las
condiciones geográficas, económicas, sociales, administrativas, de la densidad de la
 población, existente
e xistente o propuesta,
pr opuesta, y del
d el horario de uso deld el establecimie
esta blecimiento.
nto.
Si el sistema de locomoción es vehicular, debe considerarse el estado de las vías
vehiculares, actuales o proyectadas, el estado de los vehículos, la disponibilidad y
fuente de aprovisionamiento de energía para los mismos y la disponibilidad de
estacionamientos. Si el sistema es peatonal, debe considerarse
considerarse la edad y el sexo de
los usuarios
usuarios del equipamiento,
equipamiento, grado
grado de nutrición de la población,
población , estado
estad o de las vías
v ías
 peatona
 peat onales,
les, existen
exi stentes
tes y proyect
pro yectadas
adas y caráct
ca rácter
er del
d el paisa
p aisaje.
je.
4.1.3. Normas de capacidad
Estas normas se refieren a determinar la utilización máxima de las instalaciones de
un tipo de equipamiento, en un lapso de tiempo, de manera que este establecimiento
funcione en forma efectiva y con un costo mínimo por usuario. Entre los índices de
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las reglas sobre índices deseables. Los indicadores que se detallan a continuación
corresponden a los que se incluirán en los cuadros de cálculo que se utilizan más adelante.
4.2.1. Unidad de Cálculo
Elemento de medición, expresado en usuario o tipo de usuario (consumidor, vendedor, pasajero), mueble
o equipo (escritorio, cama), lugar o espacio unitario (tienda, consultorio, oficina).

4.2.2.  A r ea C onstr
onstr ui da por
por Uni dad
dad de
de Cálculo
Superficie ideal construida por cada unidad de cálculo que se requiere para
desarrollar una determinada actividad, medida en m 2  (metros cuadrados).
4.2.3. A r ea Si n C onstr
nstr ui r por Uni dad de
de Cálculo
Cálculo
Superficie ideal libre por cada unidad de cálculo, como complemento o área
tributaria del área construida, medida en m 2  (metros cuadrados).
4.2.4. R adi
adi o de
de I nfl uenci
uenci a de
del E stable
stablecimiento
cimiento o Ser
Ser vici o
Para fijar el radio de influencia del equipamiento se pueden utilizar medidas de
longitud (distancia) o de tiempo de traslado (en vehículo o andar humano), para
señalar el lugar servido
servido más a lejado o, simplemente el área servida. En el caso de
utilizarse medidas de longitud, es necesario verificar si el medio físico, natural o
creado, es más o menos homogéneo.
4.2. 5. C apacidad
apacidad M í ni ma Optima del del E stablecimi
stablecimi ento
ento o Ser vici
vi ci o
Determinado por la posibilidad de concurrencia mínima de usuarios o la necesidad
mínima por . unidad de cálculo, según la actividad a realizarse, en busca de una
eficiente utilización de las instalaciones o establecimientos, a un costo de
operaciones mínimo o razonable. En caso
caso de que la capacidad de un estab lecimiento
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instalación es atribución privativa de esta instancia de gobierno. Por tanto, los conceptos que se
desarrollarán a continuación, en cuanto a la definición y manejo de indicadores para el cálculo y
condiciones de ubicación, se referirán a determinado equipamiento, el mismo que se especifica en
detalle en los cuadros de cálculo respectivos.
Para los requerimientos emergentes de los procesos de planificación física de los asentamientos
humanos, en el cálculo del equipamiento comunitario deberán utilizarse datos de población
 pro yectad
yec tadaa al año para
pa ra el cual
cua l se defina
defi na la image n objetivo
obj etivo de los pla nes de desarro
des arrollo
llo a los que
correspondan dichos procesos; para definir cada coeficiente
coeficiente de uso, serán adoptados nuevos datos
demográficos,
demográficos, que producirán cambios en la demanda de servicios solamente apreciables a partir
del análisis de la composición de la población en las nuevas pirámides de edades.
El cálculo del equipamiento comunitario para poblaciones mayores a las que se manejan en este
documento se tendrá que realizar con estudios socio-económicos y de localización específicos, como
también el referido a equipamiento especial, teniendo muy en cuenta el aspecto antes mencionado,
en cuanto a las específicas atribuciones del gobierno municipal en relación a la normativa
correspondiente.

El criterio básico para considerar la implantación de equipamiento comunitario, tanto en el ámbito


local como en los ámbitos municipal y regional, debe ser el de lograr, a través de los servicios que se
 presten en dicho equipamiento, el mejoramiento
mejoram iento de las condiciones de vida de la población. Este
mejoramiento
mejoramiento se deberá traducir en la disminución de la mortalidad materna e infantil y en el aumento
de la esperanza de vida y en el incremento de los ingresos familiares, de la producción y de la
 productividad, como resultado de mejoras en los servicios de salud, en las condicio
con diciones
nes de higien
h igienee y de
nutrición y en la educación.
5.1 Recopilación de instrumentos normativos
Un primer estudio para el manejo de indicadores destinados al cálculo del equipamiento
comunitario, ha sido el de recopilar información de varios instrumentos normativos
desarrollados por diferentes autores o utilizados por diversas instituciones, nacionales e
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y finalmente, puede utilizarse, en formas independiente, cualquiera de los sectores que la


componen, según el propósito del estudio a realizar.
La Carta de Cálculo puede ser usada mediante dos procedimientos, uno corriente y el otro
inverso; para explicar ambos, se recurrirá a referencias sobre la propia Carta de Cálculo anexa,
en la cual
cual están marcados
marcados los números indicativos que se usan para esta explicación.
El procedimiento
procedimiento corriente  permite
 per mite las sigu
s iguient
ientes
es operac
op eracione
iones:
s:
a) Relacionando los datos de "densidad bruta" - 1-, con "población" - 2 - , se consigue el
"área total" -3-.
 b) Relacionando datos de "población" -2-, con los de "coeficiente de uso" -4-
-4 -, se consigue el
"número de usuarios" -5-.
c) Relacionando "número de usuarios" -5-, con "capacidad de los locales" -6-,
-6-, se consigue él
"número de locales" -7-.
d) Relacionando "número de locales" -7-, con "área total" -3-, se consigue el "radio del área
servida" o "radio de influencia" -8-.
núme ros con "negrilla" y subrrayados representan los datos nuevos que se
 Nota: Los números
requieren en cada una de las combinaciones del procedimiento.
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Es posible invertir el procedimiento (proceso inverso),  partiendo  parti endo del "radio
"rad io del área
servida" o "radio
"rad io de influencia" y siguiendo los pasos según las particularidades del estudio, si
en el cálculo resultara un "radio de acción" distinto al de la norma establecida y ésta fuera más
importante que la "capacidad de los locales" o que alguno de los factores de diseño, como
"densidad", "área servida", "población",
"població n", "coeficiente de uso", "número
"número de usuarios" y "número de
locales"; es decir, el procedimiento permitiría las siguientes operaciones:
Relacionando los datos de "radio de influencia" -8-, con
a) Relacionando -8-, con "área total" - 3  se consigue el
"número de locales" -7-.
 b) Relacionando datos de "número de locales" -7-, con los de "número de usuarios" -5-, se -5-, se
consigue elel "capacidad de los locales" -6-.
c) Relacionando "número de usuarios" -5-, -5 -, con "coeficiente de uso" -4-, se consigue el
"población" -2-.
d) Relacionando "población" -2-, con "área total" -3-, se consigue el "radio del área servida" o
"densidad
"densidad bruta" -1-.
 Nota: Los números con "negrilla" y subrrayados representan los datos nuevos que se
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5.4. Bases para el cálculo del equipamiento de salud


El cálculo del coeficiente y la frecuencia de uso para el equipamiento de salud depende de
muchas más variables  y consideraciones que el que se realiza para el equipamiento de
educación; en éste, la demanda del servicio está claramente definida por los rangos de edad
de la población, mientras que el servicio de salud, demandado por el total de la población y
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5.5. Bases para el cálculo de otros tipos de equipamiento comunitario


Puesto que la mayor parte de los índices de cálculo que se incluyen en los cuadros elaborados
elaborados
 para cada tipo de equipamiento comunitario,
comunitario , corresponden
correspo nden a los índices calculados
calculad os por el
Arq. Carlos Calvimontes R., los conceptos y criterios de manejo 16 de los indicadores para el
cálculo, propuestos a continuación, se basan en los utilizados por este autor.
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6. RECOMENDACIONES PARA LA UBICACIÓN Y RESERVA DE TERRENO


DESTINADO AL EQUIPAMIENTO
La ubicación y reserva del espacio de terreno destinado al equipamiento estarán sujetas a ciertas
condiciones que se tomarán en cuenta para definir el emplazamiento más adecuado. En
determinados casos, como el de mercados por ejemplo, se deberá realizar estudios específicos para
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7. CUADROS BASE PARA EL CÁLCULO DEL EQUIPAMIENTO


En el Anexo I del presente documento se incluye una serie de cuadros (desde el N° A.I-1 hasta el N° A.I-
1 5) con información base para el cálculo del equipamiento comunitario, para cada uno de los
tipos considerados y, para los establecimientos de educación y salud, según la región geográfica de
su implan
implantaci
tación
ón (altipl
(altiplano,
ano, valle
valles,
s, trópico). En ca so de requerirse mayor det alle o profundización
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