Universidad

del Valle DEPARTAMENTO DE QUIMICA

ESTADÍSTICA EN ANÁLISIS QUÍMICO CUANTITATIVO

FÓRMULAS Y TABLAS ÚTILES

Variables aleatorias y sus distribuciones

𝑛𝑛ú𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ó𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸

𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) =
𝑛𝑛ú𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛!
Distribución binomial 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = � � 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥! (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥)!
𝑒𝑒 −λ𝑡𝑡 (λ𝑡𝑡)𝑥𝑥
Distribución de Poisson 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥!
𝑥𝑥
Distribución de Boltzmann 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥
∑ 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Media 𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥) = 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 = ∑𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )

+∞
𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥) = 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 = ∫−∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Varianza 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥2 = ∑𝑖𝑖(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 )2 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )

+∞
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥2 = ∫−∞ (𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 )2 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥
z-score 𝑧𝑧 =
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥

Pág. 1 de 10
Muestras y Poblaciones
n

∑x
n

∑(x − x)
2
i
i
i =1 s
x= s=
i =1
% RSD = ⋅100
n n−1 x

2
sx ts  ts 
sm = IC = x ± n≅ 
n n  C

Prueba t ( 𝒙𝒙
� 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗. 𝝁𝝁 )

|𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇|√𝑛𝑛
𝑡𝑡 =
𝑠𝑠

Prueba t ( � 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 )
𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗. �

x1 − x 2 f1 s12 + f 2 s22
Caso I t = s2 = f = f1 + f 2
1 1 f1 + f 2
s⋅ +
n1 n2

∑fs 2
i i
n
s2 = i =1
n f = ∑ fi
Varianza “pooled”
∑f
i =1
i
i =1

2
 s12 s 22 
 + 
x1 − x 2  n1 n2 
Caso II t= f = −2
2 2 2 2
s12 s 22  s1   s2 
+    
n1 n2  1  +  n2 
n
n1 + 1 n2 + 1

Prueba F

s12
F = s1〉 s2
s22

Pág. 2 de 10
Análisis de varianza (ANOVA)

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺

n grupos y m mediciones por grupo

SStotal = Σ(medición – media global)

SSw =Σ(medición – media del grupo)

SSb = Σ(media del grupo – media global)×(número de mediciones de cada grupo)

Repetibilidad:

Reproducibilidad:

Propagación del Error Aleatorio

2 2 2
R = f ( x, y, z)  ∂R  2
s R2 =   sx
 ∂R  2  ∂R  2
 ∂y  s y +  ∂z  s z
+ 

 ∂x     

R = x+ y−z sR = s x2 + s y2 + s z2

y sR
2
 sx   s y
2
  sz 
2
R = x⋅ =   +   +  
z R  x  y   z 

Algunas derivadas útiles

d un n −1 du d ln u 1 du d eu du
= nu = = eu
dx dx dx u dx dx dx

Regresión Lineal No-Ponderada

S xy r n−2
r= t=
S xx S yy 1− r2

Pág. 3 de 10
 n
S xx = ∑ ( xi − x )
2
S xy = ∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y ) S yy = ∑ ( y i − y )
2

i =1

S xy
b= a = y − bx
S xx

sR =
∑(y i − yˆ i ) 2
=
S yy − b 2 S xx
n−2 n−2
SR
sb = ICb = b ± tsb
S xx

1 x2
sa = S R + ICa = a ± tsa
n S xx

2
yo − a s 1 1  y0 − y  1
xo = s x0 = R + +  IC x0 = xo ± ts x0
b b m n  b  S xx

sB
y D = y B + ksB CD = k
b
Adición de Standard

a 2
xE = s 1 y
sx = R +
b E b n b2S
xx

Comparación de Sensibilidades

b1 − b 2
t= f1 s R21 + f 2 s R2 2
1 1 s R2 = f = f1 + f 2
sR + f1 + f 2
Sxx1 Sxx 2

Regresión Lineal Ponderada

si−2 1 1
wi =
1
xw =
n
∑ wi xi yw =
n
∑ wi yi
n
∑ si− 2

Pág. 4 de 10
 S wxy
b= a = yw − bxw
S wxx

S wxy = ∑ wi xi yi − nxw yw S wxx = ∑ wi xi2 − nx w2 S wyy = ∑ wi yi2 − ny w2

S wyy − b 2 S wxx s 1 1 ( y0 − y w ) 2
s wR = s xw 0 = wR + + IC x0 = xo ± ts xw0
n−2 b w0 n b 2 S wxx

s wR
s wb = ICb = b ± tswb
S wxx

1 x w2
s wa = s wR + ICa = a ± ts wa
n S wxx

Corrección del Error Sistemático

As (Ox − OB ) × As
Ax = Ox − Os + As Ax = Ox × Ax =
Os Os − OB

Pág. 5 de 10
 Standard Normal Cumulative Probability (Right-Hand Tail)

Standardized value = (value – mean)/SD

z-score → 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
↓ 0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
3.0 0.0014 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
3.5 2.33E-04 2.24E-04 2.16E-04 2.08E-04 2.00E-04 1.93E-04 1.85E-04 1.79E-04 1.72E-04 1.65E-04
4.0 3.17E-05 3.04E-05 2.91E-05 2.79E-05 2.67E-05 2.56E-05 2.45E-05 2.35E-05 2.25E-05 2.16E-05
4.5 3.40E-06 3.24E-06 3.09E-06 2.95E-06 2.82E-06 2.68E-06 2.56E-06 2.44E-06 2.33E-06 2.22E-06
5.0 2.87E-07 2.73E-07 2.59E-07 2.46E-07 2.33E-07 2.21E-07 2.10E-07 1.99E-07 1.89E-07 1.79E-07

Values in the table indicate the

shaded area in figure, which gives
P (z>z ), where z is the "z-
0 0
score."

Pág. 6 de 10
 Critical values for the t-test
Significance level
Two-sided test One-sided-test
Degrees 10% 5% 1% 10% 5% 1%
of freedom (0.10) (0.05) (0.01) (0.10) (0.05) (0.01)
1 6.31 12.71 63.66 3.08 6.31 31.82
2 2.92 4.30 9.92 1.89 2.92 6.97
3 2.35 3.18 5.84 1.64 2.35 4.54
4 2.13 2.78 4.60 1.53 2.13 3.75
5 2.02 2.57 4.03 1.48 2.02 3.36
6 1.94 2.45 3.71 1.44 1.94 3.14
7 1.89 2.36 3.50 1.42 1.89 3.00
8 1.86 2.31 3.36 1.40 1.86 2.90
9 1.83 2.26 3.25 1.38 1.83 2.82
10 1.81 2.23 3.17 1.37 1.81 2.76
11 1.80 2.20 3.11 1.36 1.80 2.72
12 1.78 2.18 3.06 1.36 1.78 2.68
13 1.77 2.16 3.01 1.35 1.77 2.65
14 1.76 2.15 2.98 1.35 1.76 2.62
15 1.75 2.13 2.95 1.34 1.75 2.60
16 1.75 2.12 2.92 1.34 1.75 2.58
17 1.74 2.11 2.90 1.33 1.74 2.57
18 1.73 2.10 2.88 1.33 1.73 2.55
19 1.73 2.09 2.86 1.33 1.73 2.54
20 1.72 2.08 2.85 1.32 1.72 2.53
25 1.71 2.06 2.78 1.32 1.71 2.49
30 1.70 2.04 2.75 1.31 1.70 2.46
40 1.68 2.02 2.70 1.30 1.68 2.42
60 1.67 2.00 2.66 1.30 1.67 2.39
120 1.66 1.98 2.62 1.29 1.66 2.36
Infinite 1.64 1.96 2.58 1.28 1.64 2.33

Pág. 7 de 10
 Critical values for the F-test
(A) One-sided at 5% significance level
Degrees of
freedom for Degrees of freedom for larger variance
smaller
variance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 60 Infinity
1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 246.0 248.0 252.2 254.3
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.48 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.57 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.69 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.43 4.36
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.74 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.30 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.01 2.93
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.79 2.71
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.62 2.54
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.38 2.30
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.16 2.07
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.49 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 1.95 1.84
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.53 1.39
Infinity 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.32 1.00

(B) One-sided at 1% significance level

Degrees of
freedom for Degrees of freedom for larger variance
smaller
variance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 60 Infinity
1 4052 5000 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6313 6366
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.48 99.50
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.32 26.13
4 21.20 1800 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.65 13.46
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.20 9.02
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.06 6.88
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 5.82 5.65
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.03 4.86
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.48 4.31
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.08 3.91
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.54 3.36
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.05 2.87
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.61 2.42
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 1.84 1.60
Infinity 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.47 1.00

Pág. 8 de 10
 Critical values for the F-test (continued)
(C) Two-sided at 5% significance level
Degrees of
freedom for Degrees of freedom for larger variance
smaller
variance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 60 Infinity
1 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 976.7 984.9 993.1 1010. 1018.0
2 38.51 0
39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.48 39.50
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 13.99 13.90
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.36 8.26
5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.12 6.02
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 4.96 4.85
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.25 4.14
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.78 3.67
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.45 3.33
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3,85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.20 3.08
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 2.85 2.72
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.52 2.40
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.22 2.09
60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.67 1.48
Infinity 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.39 1.00

(D) Two-sided at 1% significance level

Degrees of
freedom for Degrees of freedom for larger variance
smaller
variance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 60 Infinity
1 16211 20000 21615 22500 23056 23437 23715 23925 24091 24224 24426 24630 24836 25253 25465
2 198.5 199.0 199.2 199.2 199.3 199.3 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.5 199.5
3 55.55 49.80 47.47 46.19 45.39 44.84 44.43 44.13 43.88 43.69 43.29 43.08 42.78 42.15 41.83
4 31.33 26.28 24.26 23.15 22.46 21.97 21.62 21.35 21.14 20.97 20.70 20.04 20.17 19.61 19.32
5 22.78 18.31 16.53 15.56 14.94 14.51 14.20 13.96 13.77 13.62 13.38 13.15 12.90 12.40 12.14
6 18.63 14.54 12.92 12.03 11.46 11.07 10.79 10.57 10.39 10.25 10.03 9.81 9.59 9.12 8.88
7 16.24 12.40 10.88 10.05 9.52 9.16 8.89 8.68 8.51 8.38 8.18 7.97 7.75 7.31 7.08
8 14.69 11.04 9.60 8.81 8.30 7.95 7.69 7.50 7.34 7.21 7.01 6.81 6.61 6.18 5.95
9 13.61 10.11 8.72 7.96 7.47 7.13 6.88 6.69 6.54 6.42 6.23 6.03 5.83 5.41 5.19
10 12.83 9.43 8.08 7.34 6.87 6.54 6.30 6.12 5.97 5.85 5.66 5.47 5.27 4.86 4.64
12 11.75 8.51 7.23 6.52 6.07 5.76 5.52 5.35 5.20 5.09 4.91 4.72 4.53 4.12 3.90
15 10.80 7.70 6.48 5.80 5.37 5.07 4.85 4.67 4.54 4.42 4.25 4.07 3.88 3.48 3.26
20 9.94 6.99 5.82 5.17 4.76 4.47 4.26 4.09 3.96 3.85 3.68 3.50 3.32 2.92 2.69
60 8.49 5.79 4.73 4.14 3.76 3.49 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.90 2.74 2.57 2.39 1.96 1.69
Infinity 7.88 5.30 4.28 3.72 3.35 3.09 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.52 2.36 2.19 2.00 1.53 1.00

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 Critical values for Dixon's test
Critical values
n 5% 1%
3 0.970 0.994
4 0.829 0.926
5 0.710 0.821
6 0.628 0.740
7 0.569 0.680
8 0.608 0.717
9 0.564 0.672
10 0.530 0.635
11 0.502 0.605
12 0.479 0.579
13 0.611 0.697
14 0.586 0.670
15 0.565 0.647
16 0.546 0.627
17 0.529 0.610
18 0.514 0.594
19 0.501 0.580
20 0.489 0.567
21 0.478 0.555
22 0.468 0.544
23 0.459 0.535
24 0.451 0.526
25 0.443 0.517
26 0.436 0.510
27 0.429 0.502
28 0.423 0.495
29 0.417 0.489
30 0.412 0.483
31 0.407 0.477
32 0.402 0.472
33 0.397 0.467
34 0.393 0.462
35 0.388 0.458
36 0.384 0.454
37 0.381 0.450
38 0.377 0.446
39 0.374 0.442
40 0.371 0.438

JES/2021

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