Guía Completa sobre Underwriting Financiero
Temas abordados
Guía Completa sobre Underwriting Financiero
Temas abordados
The primary legal and regulatory frameworks governing underwriting contracts in Argentina include the Ley de Entidades Financieras, which initially provided the framework under Article 17 and its subsections, allowing banks to engage in underwriting activities . The law was later updated with Ley 21.526, maintaining provisions for investment banks to undertake similar operations . In addition, the Carta Orgánica of the Banco Nacional de Desarrollo grants it the authority to engage in underwriting activities directly or as part of a consortium . Furthermore, the Comisión Nacional de Valores (CNV) attempted to regulate underwriting operations in 1983 through resolution 78, which was later repealed due to its restrictive nature .
The underwriting process facilitates capital transfer by enabling the movement of funds from those willing to invest to those needing capital for expansion . Underwriters, acting as intermediaries, prefinance the issuer by purchasing securities and then redistributing these to investors through the capital market . This process not only provides immediate funds to the issuing company but also allows the capital sourced from investors to fuel corporate growth and scaling efforts, thereby supporting enterprise expansion and economic development . By connecting capital supply with demand, underwriting supports the efficient allocation of resources, thereby fostering business expansion and market dynamism .
In Argentina, legal provisions like the Ley de Entidades Financieras and the Carta Orgánica of the Banco Nacional de Desarrollo frame underwriting activities by granting permissions and limitations to financial institutions engaging in these practices . Regulatory agencies, such as the Comisión Nacional de Valores (CNV), influence underwriting through resolutions meant to sustain capital market growth, although overly stringent regulations like resolution 78 in 1983 caused negative effects and were quickly repealed . These legal and regulatory frameworks aim to balance market growth while safeguarding against excessive speculation, impacting the scope and methodology used by underwriters in contract design and execution .
The underwriting process supports financial stability and growth by allowing companies to receive upfront capital through prefinancing, which can be difficult to obtain through traditional financing means . By issuing titles such as shares and debentures publicly with the help of an underwriter, companies can attract capital investors, enabling their development and expansion . The process also involves the underwriter selling these titles in the capital market, recovering the initial investment, and gaining profits if sold above the subscription price . By successfully raising capital, companies can reinvest in their operations and foster growth, contributing to their long-term financial stability .
The economic purposes of underwriting contracts include providing financial resources that might not be accessible through traditional financing mechanisms . These contracts allow the underwriting firm to advance funds to a corporation, enabling it to issue public securities like shares or bonds and subsequently sell them in the securities market at potentially higher prices . By facilitating this financial intermediation, underwriting operations impact financial markets by boosting liquidity, promoting investor interest, and stimulating capital market growth through the introduction of new offerings that diversify and enhance market robustness .
Underwriting contracts are typically bilateral, with both parties assuming reciprocal obligations: the issuer commits to legally issue and transfer securities, while the underwriter agrees to prefinance and market the issuance . The contracts are also consensual and are formed through mutual agreement without requiring formalities, making them flexible in terms of legal documentation . Structurally, they are onerous, with the underwriter earning a commission for services like funding and advisory . Since they are not regulated specifically by Argentine law, they are considered atypical, allowing parties to tailor terms to their specific needs . These features facilitate a contractual relationship based on trust and shared financial goals between the issuer and underwriter .
Different underwriting modalities affect obligations and risks as follows: In 'firm commitment' underwriting, the underwriter assumes a high risk by guaranteeing the purchase of an entire issue and selling it in the market, profiting from sales above the nominal value but risking underpricing . 'Stand-by' underwriting reduces initial risk by only purchasing unsold shares after a specified period, aligning interest with the issuer's ability to self-place . The 'best-efforts' modality involves even less risk, with the underwriter committing only to exert their best effort to sell the issue without guarantees, thus reducing financial exposure as they are not obligated to purchase unplaced shares . Hence, the choice of modality critically determines the level of financial obligation and risk the underwriter is willing to undertake .
The phases of underwriting contract formation begin with a rigorous evaluation of the issuer's economic standing and the potential success of the security issuance, aligning interests by ensuring the underwriter is likely to profit from the transaction . Conditions such as the market-out clause, material adverse change, and verification of the issuer's claims further protect both parties by allowing contract termination if unfavourable changes occur . These controls ensure both issuer and underwriter share a vested interest in the successful market placement of securities . As the process advances, mutual obligations become enforceable, ensuring that the parties are committed to the successful execution of the contract to obtain desired financial outcomes .
During the economic and financial review, the underwriter considers factors such as the issuer's historical financial performance, potential for future growth, market conditions, and the likelihood of the securities appreciating in value . This involves a comparative analysis of past financial statements, industry standing, and an assessment of external conditions that might affect the issuer's market prospects . These factors are critical, as the underwriter's decision to prefinance a securities issue hinges on the anticipated profitability, ensuring that the securities can be marketed successfully at a price above the original subscription price . The confidence derived from this review can influence the underwriter to proceed with the commitment, ensuring a favorable financial outcome and risk assessment align with their investment strategy .
"Firm commitment" underwriting is significant for the underwriter as it involves purchasing the entire issue of shares beforehand and distributing it to the market, which offers potential high returns if the shares are sold above the subscription price but also carries significant risk if not all shares are sold or if they sell below cost . "Best-efforts" underwriting reduces risk by only requiring the underwriter to strive to sell as many shares as possible without purchasing the unsold portion . Consequently, firm commitment poses greater financial risk with higher potential returns, while best-efforts limits financial exposure but also caps earning potential since the underwriter doesn't take ownership of unsold stock .