Construcción de Túneles
Construcción de Túneles
The "Cut and Cover" method involves excavating a trench, constructing the tunnel structure within this space, and then covering it to restore the surface. Advantages include simpler construction processes, lower costs due to reduced complexity compared to deep tunneling strategies, and ease of integrating the tunnel with existing infrastructure. It is efficient for shallow tunnel projects, particularly in urban areas with complex surface structures .
The tunnel excavation process using the perforation and blasting method involves: 1) Layout of the shot pattern (or drilling grid), indicating precision drilling locations. 2) Perforation, using jumbos or manual hydraulic hammers to drill into the rock according to the shot pattern. 3) Loading of explosives, guided by specifications such as NTC 3966, to determine appropriate explosive types based on geological conditions. 4) Blasting, conducted as a final step after drilling to displace rock. 5) Removal of debris and stabilization through applied concrete and installation of bolts if necessary .
Tunnel classifications by length are as follows: Class A (over 3,000m), Class B (1,000-3,000m), Class C (500-1,000m), Class D (250-500m), and Class E (100-250m). Longer tunnels (Class A and B) require more robust ventilation, lighting, and safety measures due to extended usage and potentially adverse environmental conditions. Shorter ones (Class D and E) may have reduced complexity but still require attention to basic structural and safety standards .
Topographic alignment ensures the tunnel follows its designed path while maintaining structural integrity and safety. Accurate alignment avoids costly deviations and potential hazards. Methods for achieving alignment include using a total station for precise measurements, GNSS for external coordinate location, electronic levels for elevation accuracy, and laser scanning for verifying interior dimensions. These technologies ensure seamless integration of the tunnel with external infrastructure plans .
Auxiliary machinery such as rozadoras (roadheaders), tuneladoras (TBMs), and impact hammers play crucial roles in tunnel construction. Rozadoras use a mechanical arm with a rotating head for precise excavation; tuneladoras (TBMs) offer continuous tunneling with high precision and are effective in varying rock conditions. Impact hammers, attached to excavators, are suitable for softer rock and provide versatility. These machines significantly increase excavation speed, precision, and safety, thereby enhancing construction efficiency .
The NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) differs from traditional methods by integrating mechanical, perforation, and blasting techniques to adapt to geological conditions dynamically. Unlike traditional methods that often have a fixed sequence and design, NATM emphasizes flexible, real-time adjustments to support structures and excavation strategies, optimizing safety and cost-effectiveness. Traditional methods, such as the German or Italian methods, involve more rigid sequences in tunnel construction, including specific orders for excavation and support installation .
False tunnels, constructed using methods like "Cut and Cover," are where the tunnel is built by excavating from the surface, constructing the tunnel in an open trench, and then covering it. This technique is preferable where shallow subsurface strata present risks, like limited overhead space or potential collapse risks with traditional methods. They are ideal in urban settings or near-surface situations to minimize disruption and manage safety .
The primary components of a tunnel include: 1) Bóveda (Vault) - A prefabricated curved element located at the top, also known as the keystone, which provides structural support by distributing loads. 2) Hastiales - The side walls of the tunnel that support the loads generated from the bóveda. 3) Contra bóveda - Located at the bottom of the tunnel, executed simultaneously with pavements. 4) Portales - Areas for tunnel entry and exit. 5) Destroza - Excavation from the tunnel front to the contra bóveda. These elements work in tandem to ensure the tunnel's structural integrity .
Essential topographic equipment for tunnel construction includes: 1) Estación total (Total Station) - Used for precise surveying; models like Leica TS15, TS50, or MS50 are specialized for subterranean work. 2) Nivel electrónico (Electronic Level) - Measures elevation differences with high precision, storing data for analysis. 3) Receptores GNSS - Provide real-time positioning and coordinate assignment, crucial for consistent replanteo (setting out) and alignment. 4) Laser escáner - Creates a 3D point cloud by scanning surfaces, aiding in creating accurate digital models of the tunnel's interior .
Geological factors significantly influence tunnel design and construction by determining the method and equipment required to ensure structural stability. Factors like rock type, discontinuity orientation, and fault presence dictate structural support needs, excavation method (drilling and blasting vs. TBM), and potential reinforcement measures. Geological surveys guide planning for structural integrity and adjustments during construction to navigate unforeseen subsurface conditions .