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Indice de Temas para Aprender

1. Verbos Irreg 2. Questions 3. Going to 4. Imperativos 5. Pronombres
6. Verbos Modales 7. Verbal Tenses 8. Let's 9. Agreement 10. Determiners
11. Verbos Frasales 12. Terminaciones 13. Do/Make 14. Rep. Speech 15. Adjetivos
16. Adverbios 17. to Be/ to Have 18. Condicionales 19. Conjunciones 20. Preposiciones
21. There Be 22. Voz Pasiva 23. Situaciones 24. Vocabulario 25. Pronunciación
Si ya viste todos mis trabajos, más recursos de otros sitios:
VerY ade

s de todo lo anterior... 
1. Verbos Irregulares

Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle Meanings

abide - (abáid) abode - (abóud) abode - (abóud) soportar
sublevarse-
arise - (aráis) arose - (aróus) arisen - (arísen)
subir
awake - (auéik) awoke - (auóuk) awoke - (auóuk) despertarse
be - am/are/is was/were - (uós/uér) been - (bíin) ser o estar
beat - (bit) beat - (bit) beaten - (bíten) golpear
become - (bicám) became - (bikéim) become - (bicám) convertise en
begin - (biguín) began - (bigán) begun - (bigón) comenzar
bend - (bend) bent - (bent) bent - (bent) doblar
bet - (bet) bet - (bet) Bet - (bet) apostar
bind - (báind) bound - (báund) bound - (báund) atar
bite - (báit) bit - (bit) bitten - (bíten) morder
bleed - (blíid) bled - (bled) bled - (bled) sangrar
blow - (blóu) blew - (blu) blown - (blóun) soplar
break - (bréik) broke - (bróuk) broken - (bróuken) romper
breed - (bríid) bred - (bred) bred - (bred) criar
bring - (bring) brought - (brot) brought - (brot) traer
build - (bild) built - (bilt) built - (bilt) construir
buy - (bái) bought - (bot) bought - (bot) comprar
catch - (cátch) caught - (cot) caught - (cot) agarrar - coger
choose - (chúus) chose - (chóus) chosen - (chóusen) elegir
come - (cam) came - (kéim) come - (cam) venir
creep - (críip) crept - (crépt) crept - (crépt) arrastrarse
deal - (díil) dealt - (delt) dealt - (delt) tratar
dig - (dig) dug - (daag) dug - (daag) cavar
do - (du) did - (did) done - (doon) hacer
draw - (dro) drew - (dru) Drawn - (droon) dibujar - atraer
drink - (drink) drank - (drank) drunk - (draank) beber
drive - (dráiv) drove - (dróuv) Driven - (dríven) conducir
eat - (íit) ate - (éit) eaten - (íten) comer
fall - (fol) fell - (fel) fallen - (fólen) caer
feed - (fíid) fed - (fed) fed - (fed) dar de comer
feel - (fíil) felt - (felt) felt - (felt) sentir
fight - (fáit) fought - (fot) Fought - (fot) pelear
find - (fáind) found - (fáund) found - (fáund) encontrar -hallar
flee - (flíi) fled - (fled) fled - (fled) huir de
fling - (fling) flung - (flaang) flung - (flaang) arrojar
fly - (flái) flew - (flu) flown - (flóun) volar
forgotten -
forget - (forguét) forgot - (forgót) olvidar
(forgóten)
freeze - (fríis) froze - (fróus) Frozen - (fróusen) congelar
get - (guét) got - (got) got(ten) - (góten) conseguir
give - (guív) gave - (guéiv) given - (guíven) dar
go - (góu) went - (uént) gone - (gón) ir
grind - (gráind) ground - (gráund) ground - (gráund) moler
grow - (gróu) grew - (gru) Grown - (gróun) crecer
hang - (jang) hung - (jaang) hung - (jaang) colgar
have - (jav) had - (jad) had - (jad) tener
hide - (jáid) hid - (jid) Hidden - (jíden) esconder
hit - (jit) hit - (jit) hit - (jit) golpear
hold - (jóuld) held - (jeld) held - (jeld) sostener - asir
guardar -
keep - (kíip) kept - (kept) kept - (kept)
mantener
kneel - (níil) knelt - (nelt) knelt - (nelt) arrodillarse
know - (nóu) knew - (niú) known - (nóun) saber - conocer
lead - (líid) led - (led) led - (led) guiar
leave - (líiv) left - (left) left - (left) dejar - irse
lend - (lend) lent - (lent) Lent - (lent) prestar
lose - (lúus) lost - (lost) Lost - (lost) perder
make - (méik) made - (méid) made - (méid) hacer
mean - (míin) meant - (ment) meant - (ment) significar
meet - (míit) met - (met) Met - (met) encontrarse con
pay - (péi) paid - (péid) paid - (péid) pagar
put - (put) put - (put) put - (put) poner
read - (ríid) read - (red) read - (red) leer
montar - andar
ride - (ráid) rode - (róud) ridden - (ríden)
en
ring - (ring) rang - (rang) rung - (raang) sonar
run - (raan) ran - (ran) Run - (raan) correr
say - (séi) said - (sed) said - (sed) decir
see - (síi) saw - (so) seen - (síin) ver
seek - (síik) sought - (sot) sought - (sot) buscar
sell - (sel) sold - (sóuld) sold - (sóuld) vender
shake - (shéik) shook - (shuk) shaken - (shéiken) sacudir
shine - (sháin) shone - (shóun) shone - (shóun) brillar
shoot - (shút) shot - (shót) shot - (shot) disparar
show - (shóu) showed - (shóud) shown - (shóun) mostrar
shrink - (shrink) shrank - (shrank) shrunk - (shraank) encogerse
sing - (sing) sang - (sang) sung - (saang) cantar
sink - (sink) sank - (sank) sunk - (saank) hundir
sit - (sit) sat - (sat) sat - (sat) sentarse
slay - (sléi) slew - (slu) slain - (sléin) matar
sleep - (slíip) slept - (slept) slept - (slept) dormir
slide - (sláid) slid - (slid) Slid - (slid) deslizarse
sling - (sling) slung - (slaang) slung - (slaang) tirar - arrojar
speak - (spíik) spoke - (spóuk) spoken - (spóuken) hablar
spend - (spend) spent - (spent) spent - (spent) gastar
hilar -dar
spin - (spin) spun - (spaan) spun - (spaan)
vueltas
ponerse (estar)
stand - (stand) stood - (stúd) stood - (stúd)
de pie
steal - (stíil) stole - (stóul) Stolen - (stóulen) robar
pegar (con cola),
stick - (stik) stuck - (staak) stuck - (staak)
meter
sting - (sting) stung - (staang) stung - (staang) picar - pinchar
strike - (stráik) struck - (straak) Struck - (straak) golpear - pegar
strive - (stráiv) strove - (stróuv) striven - (stríven) esforzarse
swear - (suér) swore - (suór) Sworn - (suórn) jurar
sweep - (suíip) swept - (suépt) Swept - (suépt) barrer
swell - (suél) swelled - (suéld) swollen - (suólen) hinchar
swim - (suím) swam - (suám) Swum - (suáam) nadar
take - (téik) took - (túk) taken - (téiken) llevar - tomar
teach - (tíich) taught - (tot) Taught - (tot) enseñar
tear - (ter) tore - (tor) torn - (torn) desgarrar
tell - (tel) told - (tóuld) told - (tóuld) decir
think - (zink) thought - (zot) thought - (zot) pensar
thrive - (zráiv) throve - (zróuv) thriven - (zríven) prosperar
throw - (zróu) threw - (zru) thrown - (zróun) arrojar
tread - (tred) trod - (trod) trodden - (tróden) pisar
understand-(-stánd) understood -(-stúd) understood-(-stúd) entender
wear - (wer) wore - (wor) worn - (worn) usar (ropa)
weave - (wív) wove - (wov) Woven - (wóven) tejer
weep - (wíip) wept - (wépt) wept - (wépt) llorar
win - (win) won - (won) won - (won) ganar
wind - (wáind) wound - (wáund) wound - (wáund) enrollar
wring - (ring) wrung - (raang) Wrung - (raang) estrujar
write - (ráit) wrote - (róut) written - (ríten) escribir

 2. Questions

WH - Questions YES/NO - Questions TAG Questions EMBEDDED

WH - QUESTIONS
What ? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? How often ? - ¿Con qué frecuencia?
What else? - ¿Qué más? How long ? - ¿Cuánto tiempo? ¿Qué longitud?
Which ? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? How long ago? - ¿Hace cuánto tiempo?
How ? - ¿Cómo? ¿Cuán? How old ? - ¿Qué edad? ¿Cuán viejo?
How else ? - ¿De qué otra manera? How soon ? - ¿Cuán pronto?
When ? - ¿Cuándo? How big ? - ¿Qué tamaño? ¿Cuán grande?
Where ? - ¿Dónde? ¿Adónde? How far ? - ¿A qué distancia? ¿Cuán lejos?
Where else ? - ¿Dónde más? How tall ? - ¿Qué estatura? ¿Cuán alto?
Why ? - ¿Por qué? ¿Para qué? How deep ? - ¿Qué profundidad?
Who ? - ¿Quién? ¿Quienes? How early ? - ¿Cuán temprano?
Who else? - ¿Quién más? How late ? - ¿Cuán tarde?
Whom ? - ¿A quién? ¿A quiénes? How heavy ? - ¿Qué peso? ¿Cuán pesado?
Whose ? - ¿De quién? ¿De quiénes? How thick ? - ¿Qué espesor? ¿Cuán grueso?
How much ? - ¿Cuánto / a? What time ? - ¿Qué hora? ¿A qué hora?
How many ? - ¿Cuántos / as? What kind ? - ¿Qué clase ? ¿Qué tipo?
YES/ NO Questions
Forma Positiva Forma Negativa
Am I...? Am I not ...?
Are ( you, they...)..? Aren't ( you, they...)...?
Is ( she, he, it...)...? Isn't ( she, he, it...)...?
Was ( I, he, she, it...)...? Wasn't ( I, he, she, it...)..?
Were ( you, they...)...? Weren't (you, they...)...?
Have ( I, you, they...)...? Haven't ( I, you, they...)...?
Has ( he, she, it...)...? Hasn't ( he, she, it...)...?
Had ( I, you, she...)...? Hadn't ( I, you, she...)...?
Do ( I, you ...)...? Don't ( I, you...)...?
Does ( he, she, it...)...? Doesn't ( he, she, it...)...?
Did (I, you, she...)...? Didn't (I, you, she...)...?
Can ( )...? Can't ( )...?
Could ( )...? Couldn't ( )...?
May ( )...? May ( ) not ..?
Might ( )...? Might ( ) not...?
Would ( )...? Wouldn't ( )...?
Will ( )...? Won't ( )...?
Should ( )...? Shouldn't ( )...?
Must ( )...? Mustn't ( )...?
TAG Questions
Oraciones afirmativas tienen Tag negativo Oraciones negativas tienen Tag afirmativo
You are from Brazil, aren't you ? You don't speak French, do you ?
She is a secretary, isn't she ? Jack and I didn't pass the exam, did we ?
They were in Europe, weren't they ? They won't come here tomorrow, will they ?
You traveled with them, didn't you ? We shouldn't change our jobs, should we ?
You have been to Africa, haven't you ? We haven't seen that movie, have we ?
There is a party tonight, isn't there ? She won't go to the conference, will she ?
She should study harder, shouldn't she ? He can't swim, can he ?
You must work tomorrow, mustn't you ? You didn't know her, did you ?
You live in this city, don't you ? He couldn't answer the question, could he ?
It was a little crowded, wasn't it ? She doesn't exercise much, does she ?
She speaks Spanish, doesn't she ? You haven't been there before, have you ?
TAG Questions
Direct Question Embedded Question
What is your name ? Tell me what your name is.
Where do you work ? I want to know where you work.
How much does she earn ? Do you know how much she earns ?
How much is the rent ? Can you tell me how much the rent is ?
When does the plane arrive ? I wonder what time the plane arrives.
How often does the bus come ? Do you know how often the bus comes ?
What kind of movies do you like ? Tell me what kind of movies you like.
Who will be at the party ? I want to know who will be at the party ?
Whose books are these ? I wonder whose books these are.
How long did the flight last ? Tell me how long the flight lasted.
Why are they fighting ? Do you know why they are fighting

3. Going to (gonna)
 
Affirmative Tradución
I am come tomorrow Voy a venir mañana
You are go next week Tú vas a ir la próxima semana
He is bring his sister Él va a traer a su hermana
going to
She is take her brother Ella va a llevar a su hermano
It is be very easy Va a ser muy fácil
(gonna)
We are have a party Nosotros vamos a tener una fiesta
You are arrive early Ustedes van a llegar temprano
They are leave late Ellos se van a ir tarde
Negative Tradución
I am not come tomorrow No voy a venir mañana
You are not go next week Tú no vas a ir la próxima semana
He is not bring his sister Él no va a traer a su hermana
She is not
going to take her brother Ella no va a llevar a su hermano
It is not be very easy No va a ser muy fácil
We are not (gonna) have a party No vamos a tener una fiesta
You are not arrive early Ustedes no van a llegar temprano
They are not leave late Ellos no se van a ir tarde
Interrogative Tradución
Am I come tomorrow ¿Voy a venir mañana?
Are you go next week ? ¿Vas a ir la próxima semana?
Is he bring his sister ? ¿Él va a traer a su hermana?
Is she
going to take her brother ? ¿Ella va a llevar a su hermano?
Is it be very easy ? ¿Va a ser muy fácil?
(gonna)
Are we have a party ? ¿Nosotros vamos a tener una fiesta?
Are you arrive early ? ¿Ustedes van a llegar temprano?
Are they leave late ? ¿Ellos se van a ir tarde?
 am going to travel to Paris. (voy a viajar a París)
 I am going to visit my grandmother (voy a visitar a mi abuela)
 She is going to make a cake for me (ella va a hacer una torta para mi)
 They are not going to remember that (ellos no se van a acordar de eso)
 We are not going to go anywhere (nosotros no vamos a ir a ninguna parte)
 Who is going to come today ? (¿Quién va a venir hoy?)
 Are you going to buy a new car? (¿Vas comprar un nuevo auto?)
 Are they going to help you ? (¿Ellos te van a ayudar?)
 What are you going to bring ? (¿Qué vas a traer?)
 When is she going to arrive ? (¿Cuándo va a llegar ella?)

4. Imperatives

La forma imperativa se usa para dar instrucciones, órdenes:

En forma afirmativa En forma negativa
Come here - Ven aquí Don't cross the street ! - ¡No cruces la calle!
Go there - Andá allí Don't say that ! - ¡No digas eso!
Open the door - Abre la puerta Don't be so mean ! - ¡No seas tan malo!
Leave me alone - Déjame solo Don't fight ! - ¡No pelées!
Turn on the TV - Enciende el televisor Don't drink so much ! - ¡No tomes tanto!
Don't invite so many people ! - ¡No invites tantas
Turn off the radio - Apaga la radio
personas!
Be careful - Sé cuidadoso Don't make noise ! - ¡No hagas ruido!
Let me see that - Dejame ver eso Don't interrupt ! - ¡No interrumpas!
Call me up - Llamame por teléfono Don't drive so fast ! -¡No conduzcas tan rápido!
Finish that report - Termina ese informe Don't be late ! - ¡No llegues tarde!
Sit down – Sentate Don't come so early ! - ¡No vengas tan temprano!
Don't buy so many things ! - ¡No compres tantas
Stand up – Levantate
cosas!

Pronombres Pronombres Pronombres Adjetivos Pronombres

Nominativos Acusativos Reflexivos Posesivos Posesivos
I Me myself my mine
you You yourself your yours
he Him himself His his
she Her herself Her hers
it It itself Its -----
we Us ourselves Our ours
you You yourselves Your yours
they Them themselves Their theirs
Pronombres Indefinidos
everybody nobody somebody anybody
everyone no one someone anyone
everything nothing something anything
Pronombres Relativos
who Which that whom whose

6. Verbos Modales

Can May Will Shall Must

Could Might Would Should Ought to
p.ej. I can: (puedo/sé)
Affirmative: can Negative: can't / cannot Interrogative Can ...?
I can drive I cannot read Can you speak Spanish?
Puedo/sé conducir No puedo/sé leer ¿Podés/sabés hablar español?
You can play chess You can't say that Can you play chess?
Tú puedes/sabes jugar al ajedrez No puedes decir eso ¿Podés/Sabés jugar al ajedrez?
He can go if he wants He can't finish this now Can we tell you something?
Él puede ir si quiere Él no puede terminar esto ahora ¿Podemos decirte algo?
That can be very difficult She can't read without glasses Can she go out tonight?
Eso puede ser muy difícil Ella no puede leer sin anteojos ¿Puede ella salir esta noche?
It can be raining It cannot be so easy Can it fly?
Puede estar lloviendo (algo) No puede ser tan fácil (algo)¿Puede volar?
We can do that very easily We can't understand this Can we start tomorrow?
Podemos hacer eso muy facilmente No podemos entender esto ¿Podemos empezar mañana?
Anybody can have bad luck You can't be so crazy Can I be with you?
Cualquiera puede tener mala suerte No puedes estar tan loco ¿Puedo estar contigo?
Can they stay with us?
The film can be very boring They cannot live here
¿Pueden ellos quedarse con
El film puede ser muy aburrido Ellos no pueden vivir aquí
nosotros?

 
7. Tiempos Verbales

Simple Tenses Progressive Tenses

(1) Present (4) Past Perfect (7) Conditional

What happens? What had happened? What would happen?
(2) Past (5) Future (8) Past Conditional
What happened? What will happen? What would have happened?
(3) Present Perfect (6) Future Perfect (9) Modal Verbs
What has happened? What will have happened? What (can, could...) happen?

(1) Present
What happens? Qué pasa?
Affirmative--------Subject + V1 V1 V2 V3
I go to the office - Voy a la oficina go went gone
You come from Brazil - Tu vienes de Brasil come came come
She buys everything - Ella compra todo buy bought bought
They live in Chicago - Ellos viven en Chicago live lived lived
We work here - Nosotros trabajamos aquí work worked worked
Negative----------Subject + don't/doesn't + V1      
I don't sell anything - No vendo nada sell sold sold
You don't do that work - Tú no haces ese trabajo do did done
He doesn't give the orders - Él no da las órdenes give gave given
She doesn't visit anybody - Ella no visita a nadie visit visited visited
They don't travel anywhere- Ellos no viajan a ninguna parte travel traveled traveled
Interrogative-----Do/does + subject + V1 ?      
Do I bring the beer ? - ¿ Traigo la cerveza ? bring brought brought
Do you take the books ? - ¿ Llevás los libros ? take took taken
What does he say ? - ¿ Qué dice él ? say said said
Does she accept presents ? ¿ Acepta ella regalos ? accept accepted accepted
Do they believe in God ? ¿ Creen ellos en Dios ? believe believed believed

Wh

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I go I don't go Do I go ?
You go You don't go Do you go ?
He goes He doesn't go Does he go ?
She goes She doesn't go Does she go ?
It goes It doesn't go Does it go ?
We go We don't go Do we go ?
You go You don't go Do you go ?
They go They don't go Do they go ?

8. Let's
El Let's (let us) se usa para hacer una sugerencia en la cuál uno mismo se incluye
Let's Let's not
Let's work - Trabajemos Let's not hurry - No nos apuremos
Let's make a party - Hagamos una fiesta Let's not do that - No hagamos eso
Let's buy some beers - Compremos algunas
Let's not waste time - No desperdiciemos tiempo
cervezas
Let's play basketball - Juguemos al básketbol Let's not wait any more - No esperemos más
Let's go to the movies - Vayamos al cine Let's not go so fast - No vayamos tan rápido
Let's eat some ice creams - Comamos algunos
Let's not drink so much - No tomemos tanto
helados
Let's take a walk - Tomemos un paseo Let's not talk about that - No hablemos de eso
Let's consider this problem - Consideremos este
Let's not bother them - No los molestemos
problema
Let's see what we can do - Veamos que podemos
Let's not interrupt - No interrumpamos
hacer
Let's try to do it - Tratemos de hacerlo Let's not say anything - No digamos nada
Let's start with this - Comencemos con esto Let's not argue again - No discutamos de nuevo
Let's not be upset about it - No estemos molestos
Let's finish that - Terminemos eso
por ello

9. Agreement (either) (neither)

Affirmative (too) (so) Negative (either) (neither)

I am hungry, and so are you. I am not tired, and neither are my friends.
I am hungry, and you are too. I am not tired, and my friends are not either.
My wife is a lawyer, and so am I. My sister is not here, and neither are my parents.
 My sister is not here, and my parents are not
My wife is a lawyer, and I am too.
either.
She was here yesterday, and so was he. They were not working, and neither was she.
She was here yesterday, and he was too. They were not working, and she was not either.
They were working, and so was I. She was not from Brazil, and neither are they.
They were working, and I was too. She was not from Brazil, and they are not either.
I can swim, and so can my brother. I can't play chess, and neither can you.
I can swim, and my brother can too. I can't play chess, and you can't either.
I could finish on time, and so could my colleagues.
She couldn't see the film, and neither could I.
I could finish on time, and my colleagues could
She couldn't see the film, and I couldn't either.
too.
They might go fishing, and so might we. He might not stay longer, and neither might we.
They might go fishing, and we might too. He might not stay longer, and we might not either.
We must work hard, and so must he. We must not be late, and neither must you.
We must work hard, and he must too. We must not be late, and you must not either.
I shouldn't drink so much, and neither should you.
I should study more, and so should you.
I shouldn't drink so much, and you shouldn't
I should study more, and you should too.
either.
They will go to the movies, and so will I. They won't attend the concert, and neither will I.
They will go to the movies, and I will too. They won't attend the concert, and I won't either.
We wouldn't work on Sundays, and neither would
I would earn more, and so would my partner. she.
I would earn more, and my partner would too. We wouldn't work on Sundays, and she wouldn't
either.
Mary is not going to come, and neither are her
Bill is going to rest, and so are his friends. children.
Bill is going to rest, and his friends are too. Mary is not going to come, and her children aren't
either.
Jane studies German, and so do I. Susan doesn't know you, and neither do I.
Jane studies German, and I do too. Susan doesn't know you, and I don't either.
I like to go fishing, and so does my brother. I don't like novels, and neither does my girlfriend.
I like to go fishing, and my brother does too. I don't like novels, and my girlfriend doesn't either.
John cleaned the house, and so did his wife. Bill didn't come, and neither did his brother.
John cleaned the house, and his wife did too. Bill didn't come, and his brother didn't either.
Jack didn't bring anything, and neither did his
Jack worked hard, and so did his colleagues. sister.
Jack worked hard, and his colleagues did too. Jack didn't bring anything, and his sister didn't
either.
She has not seen that film yet, and neither has her
He has lived in this city for years, and so have we.
boyfriend.
He has lived in this city for years, and we have
She has not seen that film yet, and her boyfriend
too.
hasn't either.
They have gone on vacation, and so has their Billy has not finished his work yet, and neither
son. have his companions.
They have gone on vacation, and their son has Billy has not finished his work yet, and his
too. companions haven't either.
I had heard a strange noise, and so had my
friend. He hadn't been there, and neither had his family.
I had heard a strange noise, and my friend had He hadn't been there, and his family hadn't either.
too.
They have time, and so do I. They don't have money, and neither do we.
They have time, and I do too. They don't have money, and we don't either.

10. Determiners

The Definite Article The Demonstratives The Quantifiers& Others

The Indefinite Article The Possessives The Numbers
The Definite Article: The (de / di) el, la, lo, los, las.
The boy - el niño The box - la caja
The boys - los niños The boxes - las cajas
The girl - la niña The beach - la playa
The girls - las niñas The beaches - las playas
The bus - el autobús The person - la persona
The buses - los autobuses The people - las personas
The man - el hombre The factory - la fábrica
The men - los hombres The factories - las fábricas
The woman - la mujer The foot - el pie
The women - las mujeres The feet - los pies

11. Verbos Frasales

1) ACCOUNT FOR - explicar- 4) ASK AFTER -preguntar por alguien-

2) ADD UP -tener sentido- 5) ASK FOR -preguntar por-
3) ALLOW FOR -tener en cuenta- 6) ASK OUT - invitar a salir-
Ejemplos
1) The storm accounts for the plane crash.
2) "I can't understand this. It doesn't add up".
3) All good fishermen allow for the posibility of snake bites.
4) Susan is asking after your brother.
5) He was very hungry and asked me for something to eat.
6) John likes Susan. He will ask her out tonight.

Verbos Frasales
7) BACK DOWN - echarse atrás 13) BREAK DOWN - averiarse, descomponerse
8) BACK OUT - romper una promesa 14) BREAK IN(TO) - entrar por la fuerza
9) BACK UP - apoyar 15) BREAK OUT - comenzar (una calamidad)
10) BACK UP - retroceder 16) BREAK UP - romper relaciones
11) BLOW UP - estallar 17) BRING UP - educar, criar
12) BLOW UP - llenar de aire, inflar 18) BRING UP - proponer, traer a colación
Ejemplos
7) Susan threatened to leave, but later she backed down and stayed.
8) Bill's father promised to buy him a bycicle, but he finally backed out of his promise.
9) " If you decide to present that proposal, I'll back you up ".
10) " Can you back your car up a little ?. It's blocking my driveway !".
11) The soldiers blew the bridge up . Nobody can cross now.
12) " Will you help me blow these balloons up for the party ? ".
13) Jack had a terrible day yesterday. His car broke down on his way to work.
14) Burglars broke into Jack's apartment while he was on vacation.
15) The nation was happy until a terrible war broke out.
16) Tom got very angry and broke up with Susan.
17) His parents died, so he was brought up by his grandfather.
18) A posible solution was brought up in the last meeting.
19) CALL OFF - cancelar, suspender 29) COME ACROSS - encontrar, toparse con
20) CALL ON - visitar, acudir a 30) COME ALONG - acompañar
31) COME AWAY / OFF - desprenderse,
21) CALL UP - llamar por teléfono
soltarse
22) CARE FOR - gustar (se usa negando) 32) COME DOWN WITH - enfermarse de
23) CARRY ON - continuar , seguir 33) COME LOOSE - aflojarse
24) CARRY OUT - llevar a cabo, realizar 34) COME OVER - venir a la casa de uno
25) CATCH UP (WITH) - alcanzar 35) COME ROUND / TO - recobrar la conciencia
26) CHECK IN - registrarse ( en hotel , etc) 36) COUNT ON - contar con , confiar en
27) CHECK OUT - investigar 37) CUT BACK ON - reducir en consumo de
28) CHECK OUT OF - irse ( de un hotel, etc) 38) CUT UP - cortar en pedacitos
Ejemplos
19) The football match was called off due to the heavy rain.
20) "If you have problems with your homework, you can call on me."
21) " Please, call me up when you finish that report."
22) I really like Brazil, but I don't care much for its food.
23) Although we are very tired, we must carry on with this work.
24) The work on the building was carried out in only two months.
25) Sally is so intelligent and so fast. It's really hard to catch up with her.
26) He arrived at the hotel and checked in.
27) "I think this information is wrong. Could you check it out ?"
28) He checked out of the hotel because he didn't like the service.
29) I came across an old friend yesterday.
30) " If you want, you can come along with us."
31) I caught the rope strongly with my hands, but it came off.
32) Bob didn't come to work today. He came down with the flu.
33) The rope came loose, so the boat started to drift away.
34) "We are going to have a party at home tonight. Will you come over?."
35) She fainted, but fortunately she came round very quickly.
36) "You can count on Jack. He is very honest. "
37) " You are a little overweight. You should cut back on the amount of fat in your meals."
38) In order to make this stew, cut up the meat first.
39 ) DO AWAY WITH - abolir, eliminar 44) DRAW NEAR - acercarse
40) DO UP - abrochar, atar 45) DRAW UP - redactar
41 HAVE TO DO WITH - tener que ver con 46) DRAW UP - detenerse, pararse
42) DO WITHOUT - arreglárselas sin 47) DROP IN (ON) - dar un visita
43) DRAG ON - ser interminable 48) DROP OUT (OF) - abandonar, dejar de ir a
Ejemplos
39) The police are trying to do away with crime in this city.
40) Bill's mother taught him how to do up his shoelaces.
41) That story has nothing to do with the real facts.
42) The refrigerator was empty, so I had to do without breakfast that day.
43) Time drags on when you are waiting for something
44) As summer draws near, people think about going to the beach.
45) After they had agreed on the terms, they drew up a contract.
46) Bill drew his car up when he saw children crossing the street.
47) " Next week I will have a lot of free time. Please, drop in anytime you want "
48) Many young people are dropping out of school nowadays.
49) FACE UP TO - hacer frente a 54) FEEL UP TO - sentirse capaz de
50) FALL BEHIND - quedarse atrás 55) FIGURE OUT - comprender, entender
51) FALL FOR - enamorarse de 56) FILL IN / UP - rellenar (formularios)
52) FALL THROUGH - fracasar (un plan) 57) FILL IN FOR - reemplazar, substituir
53) FEEL LIKE - tener ganas de 58) FIND OUT - averiguar, descubrir
Ejemplos
49) He had to face up to many problems during his childhood.
50) John was supposed to finish this work today, but he fell behind.
51) Jack finds Mary to be very attractive. I think he fell for her.
52) I wanted to go fishing on Sunday, but my plans fell through due to the bad weather.
53) I don't feel like working today.
54) " This is a very difficult task. Do you feel up to doing it ?."
55) Jane is still trying to figure out how to solve the math problem.
56) " Your address is missing in the form. Can you fill it in, please ?."
57) The Professor Brown is not coming . Mrs Smith will fill in for him today.
58) The firemen are trying to find out the cause of the fire
59) GET ALONG (WITH) - llevarse bien (con) 65) GIVE AWAY - regalar
60) GET BY - sobrevivir (financieramente) 66) GIVE IN - ceder, entregarse
61) GET OVER - recuperarse (de algo malo) 67) GIVE UP - rendirse, darse por vencido
62) GET THROUGH (WITH)- terminar, finalizar 68) GIVE UP - dejar de
63) GET TOGETHER - reunirse, juntarse 69) GO ALONG WITH - estar de acuerdo con
64) GET RID OF - deshacerse de, librarse de 70) GO ON (WITH) - continuar
Ejemplos
59) Dogs don't usually get along with cats.
60) The whole family had to get by on the mother's salary.
61) John got over his illness very quickly.
62) Alice won't be able to get through with her project until next year..
63) The family got together to celebrate Christmas.
64) " Why don't you get rid of these old magazines ?."
65) " You don't wear those shoes anymore. Why don't you give them away ? "
66) The boxer cannot continue fighting. He will give in at any moment.
67) " You are about to finish the race. Don't give up now !"
68) Mary is pregnant. She should give up smoking.
69) That manager never goes along with the workers' ideas.
70) We have to go on with this work.
 71) HAND IN - entregar 74) HANG UP - colgar (el teléfono)
72) HAND OUT - distribuir 75) HOLD ON TO - agarrarse a, mantener
73) HANG ON - esperar 76) HOLD UP - asaltar
Ejemplos
71) I have to hand this report in tomorrow morning.
72) The uncle is handing gifts out to his nephews.
73) " Hang on , please !. I'll be with you in a minute. "
74) " I have to hang up now ! . My mother needs to make a call ."
75) Although Mary lives in Japan now, she still holds on to European customs.
76) The convenience store was held up last night.
77) KEEP ON - seguir, continuar 79) KNOCK OUT - dejar sin sentido
78) KEEP UP WITH - mantenerse al nivel de 80) KNOCK OVER - tirar, volcar, atropellar
Ejemplos
77) John will keep on working in that firm for two more years.
78) Laura is so smart and fast. It's really difficult to keep up with her !
79) The old lady knocked the thief out with her umbrella.
80) The car knocked the boy over. Now, he is at the hospital
81) LAY OFF- despedir 90) LOOK BACK ON - recordar, mirar hacia atrás
82) LEAVE OUT - omitir, olvidar 91) LOOK DOWN ON - despreciar, menospreciar
83) LET DOWN - decepcionar , defraudar 92) LOOK FOR - buscar
84) LET IN - dejar entrar 93) LOOK FORWARD TO - esperar con ilusión
85) LET OUT - dejar salir 94) LOOK INTO - investigar
86) LET OFF - dejar ir (sin castigo) 95) LOOK OUT (FOR) - tener ciudado (de)
87) LET UP - amainar, disminuir 96) LOOK UP - buscar (una palabra, dirección etc)
88) LIVE UP TO - cumplir con, actuar de
97) LOOK UP - visitar
acuerdo a
89) LOOK AFTER - cuidar 98) LOOK UP TO - respetar, admirar
Ejemplos
81) The company has laid off ten workers this year.
82) Jack left out his address in the form.
83) " I trusted you, but you let me down !"
84) " Sally is knocking at the door. Let her in !"
85) " Sally wants to leave. Let her out !"
86) The judge felt sorry for the thief and let him off.
87) The rain started to let up.
88) Everybody thinks Robert is a good person. He tries to live up to that reputation.
89) The nanny is looking after the children.
90) Grandparents always look back on their young days.
91) Jim is so arrogant. He looks down on everybody less intelligent than he.
92) Tom is looking for a new job.
93) Billy is looking forward to going on vacation to Europe.
94) " I think this report is wrong. Can you look into it ? "
95) " Be careful !. Look out for snakes in this area !"
96) Edward is looking up a word in the dictionary.
97) " If you come to my city, don't forget to look me up !"
98) He is the smartest in the class. Everybody looks up to him.
99) MAKE FOR - dirigirse a 103) MAKE UP - maquillarse
100) MAKE OFF WITH - robar,
104) MAKE UP (WITH) - reconciliarse (con)
marcharse con
101) MAKE OUT - distinguir, descifrar,
105) MAKE UP FOR - compensar
entender
102) MAKE UP - inventar, hacer 106) MIX UP - confundir, mezclar
Ejemplos
99) The plane was making for the airport.
100) The maid made off with some of the china from the dinning room.
101) The ship was so far from the coast that nobody could make out its nationality.
102) That writer makes up fantastic stories about life in the future.
103) Becky uses red lipstick and pink powder to make up her face.
104) Laura and his boyfriend had an argument last night, but they made up today.
105) Bill couldn't visit Mary yesterday. So, he brought her a gift to make up for it.
106) The teacher mixed me up with so much information.
107) PART WITH - deshacerse de,
116) PULL DOWN - derribar, demoler
regalar
108) PASS AWAY - morir 117) PULL OVER - detenerse a un lado de la calle
109) PASS OUT - distribuir, repartir 118) PULL THROUGH - salir adelante, recobrarse
110) PASS OUT - desmayarse 119) PUT AWAY - guardar, poner en su lugar
110) PICK ON - molestar - fastidiar 120) PUT BACK - poner donde estaba
112) PICK OUT - escoger 121) PUT OFF - posponer
113) PICK UP- recoger 122) PUT ON - ponerse (ropa, joyas etc)
114) PICK UP - pasar a buscar 123) PUT OUT - apagar (fuego, luces etc)
115) POINT OUT - indicar 124) PUT UP WITH - tolerar, aguantar
Ejemplos
107) " These books are occupying too much space. I'll have to part with them ."
108) My grandfather passed away five years ago
109) James was passing out new books to everyone in class.
110) Nancy passed out when she heard the bad news.
111) Everyone in class picked on the new student.
112) Helen likes to pick out the best apples at the supermarket.
113) I found a strange coin at the beach and I picked it up.
114) Jane is going to the movies. Brian will pick her up at 7:30 p.m.
115) The president pointed out the achievements of his goverment.
116) The construction workers will pull down the old building.
117) The policeman ordered the speeding driver to pull over.
118) She was in a hard situation, but somehow she pulled through.
119) The little boy's room is a mess. His mother wants him to put his toys away.
120) I took a book from the bookcase, but I put it back at once.
121) We'll have to put off our meeting for the next week.
122) I put on a warm coat because it was cold outside.
123) The firemen put out the fire in less than an hour.
124) " That noise is bothering me. I cannot put up with it any longer "
125) RIP OFF - estafar, cobrar demasiado 128) RUN INTO - encontrarse con
126) RUN ACROSS - encontrarse con 129) RUN OUT OF - quedarse sin
127) RUN AWAY - escapar 130) RUN OVER - atropellar con el auto
Ejemplos
125) " Don't buy anything in that store. They'll rip you off "
126) Jane ran across her old friend from school at the supermarket.
127) The thief tried to run away, but the police caught him.
128) Laura ran into Mary when she was at the supermarket.
129) They wanted to go to Europe, but they had run out of money.
130) The car ran over the dog that crossed the street.
131) SEE ABOUT - atender a, encargarse de 140) SHOW OFF - fanfarronear, presumir
132) SEND FOR - mandar a buscar 141) SHOW UP - aparecer
133) SET BACK - retrasar, demorar 142) SHUT UP - callar, silenciar
134) SET IN - comenzar 143) SLIP AWAY - escabullirse
135) SET OFF – partir 144) STAND FOR - significar, representar
136) SET OUT - partir 145) STAND OUT - sobresalir, destacarse
137) SET UP – establecer 146) STAND UP - dejar ( a alguien ) plantado
147) STAND UP FOR - defender (verbalmente)
138) SETTLE DOWN - establecerce, adaptarse
a
139) SETTLE UP - pagar lo que se debe 148) STAND UP TO - hacer frente a
Ejemplos
131) " Let's organize a party !. You can see about getting the groceries. "
132) Billy was feeling sick, so his mother sent for the doctor.
133) The workers' strike set back the completion of the new building.
134) People start to wear warm clothes when the winter sets in.
135) The boat will set off early in the morning.
136) All the sailors will set out in that boat tomorrow.
137) That athlete set up a new world record.
138) Brian likes this city. He is trying to settle down .
139) He won the lottery and was able to settle up all his debts.
140) He always tries to impress people by showing off.
141) We waited for her, but she didn't show up.
142) " Be quiet !... Shut up ! "
143) When nobody was watching, he slipped away.
144) The letters U. N. stand for United Nations.
145) That boy is so smart. He always stands out in class.
146) John waited for Jane, but she didn't come. She stood him up.
147) Everyone criticized her. Nobody stood up for her.
148) You have to be brave. You have to stand up to that problem.
149) TAKE AFTER - parecerse a 159) TRY OUT - probar, poner a prueba
150) TAKE APART- desmontar, desarmar 160) TRY OUT FOR - tratar de ingresar a
151) TAKE CARE OF –cuidar 161) TURN DOWN - rechazar
152) TAKE OFF - despegar (un avión) 162) TURN IN - irse a la cama
153) TAKE OFF - quitarse (ropa) 163) TURN INTO - convertir en
154) TAKE UP – ocupar 164) TURN ON - prender, encender
155) TALK OVER – discutir 165) TURN OFF - apagar
156) THROW AWAY - tirar a la basura 166) TURN OUT TO BE - resultar ser
157) THROW UP – vomitar 167) TURN DOWN - bajar el volumen
158) TRY ON - probarse (ropa) 168) TURN UP - subir el volumen
Ejemplos
149) Mike takes after his father.
150) I have to repair this TV. I have to take it apart first.
151) The nanny is taking care of the children.
152) The plane is taking off at this moment.
153) His T-shirt was so dirty. He had to take it off.
154) The old piano takes up too much space. They will move it somewhere else.
155) This subject is important. We must talk it over.
156) He threw away all the things that he didn't use.
157) He had drunk so much that he had to throw up.
158) " I like this T-shirt. Can I try it on ? "
159) The technicians are trying out the new car.
160) Tim would like to try out for the baseball team.
161) Mike asked Jane out, but she turned him down.
162) I am tired and it is too late. I think I'll turn in.
163) This sofa turns into a bed.
164) I was bored, so I turned the TV on.
165) I got tired of watching TV, so I turned it off.
166) The film seemed good at first, but it turned out to be very boring.
167) " The music is too loud. Please, turn it down "
168) " Could you turn the TV up. I can't hear it "
1) WAIT ON - atender, servir 6) WIPE OUT - destruir completamente
2) WALK OUT ON - abandonar (novio/a) 7) WORK OUT - hacer ejercicio (en un gym)
3) WARM UP - entrar en calor 8) WORK OUT - resolver, elaborar
4) WATCH OUT (FOR) - tener ciudado (de) 9) WRITE DOWN - anotar, tomar apuntes
5) WEAR OUT - desgastar completamente 10) WRITE UP - redactar
Ejemplos
1) The salesgirl is waiting on the customer.
2) Sally is sad because her boyfriend walked out on her.
3) Runners warm up before starting a race.
4) "If you go into the jungle, watch out for tigers "
5) I have worn these shoes out. I have to buy another pair.
6) The small town was wiped out by the tornado.
7) Robert is in good shape because he works out at the gym everyday.
8) They have many problems in the company, but they will work them out.
9) The reporter wrote down everything the rock star had said.
10) They have reached an agreement and now they will write up the contract.

12. Terminaciones
Verbos terminados en... Ver Sustantivos Ver Adjetivos
ate ize ish ore oy est ess ute ose ede eve ect ase ive ist en fer fy
ine rm ort pt it ude end ent ain are ade ume ult ly ict ire use  
Verbo -ate Sustantivo
abominate - (abóminéit) abomination
accelerate - (akséleréit) acceleration
accomodate - (acómodéit) alojar accomodation
accumulate - (akiúmuléit) accumulation
activate - (áktivéit) activity
adulterate - (adólteréit) adulteration
advocate - (ádvokéit) - abogar por advocacy
aggravate - (ágravéit) aggravation
agitate - (áyitéit) agitation
alienate - (éilienéit) alienation
allocate - (álokéit) asignar allocation
alternate - (ólternéit) alternation
amalgamate - (amálgaméit) amalgamation
amputate - (ámpiutéit) amputation
animate - (ániméit) animation
annihilate - (anáieléit) annihilation
anticipate - (antícipéit) anticipation
appreciate - (aprísiéit) appreciation
appropriate - (aprópriéit) appropriation
articulate - (artíkiuléit) articulation
assassinate - (asésinéit) assassination
associate - (asóusiéit) association
calculate - (cálkiuléit) calculation
celebrate - (célebréit) celebration
circulate - (sérkiuléit) circulation
commemorate - (comémoréit) commemoration
communicate - (comiúnikéit) communication
compensate - (cómpenséit) compensation
complicate - (cómplikéit) complication
concentrate - (cóncentréit) concentration
conciliate - (consíliéit) conciliation
confiscate - (cónfiskéit) confiscation
conglomerate - (conglómeréit) conglomeration
congratulate - (congrátiuléit) congratulations
congregate - (cóngreguéit) congregation
consolidate - (consólidéit) consolidation
contaminate - (contáminéit) contamination
contemplate - (cóntempléit) contemplation
cooperate - (coóperéit) cooperation
coordinate - (coórdinéit) coordination
correlate - (córreléit) coorelation
corroborate - (corróboréit) corroboration
create - (criéit) creation
culminate - (cólminéit) culmination
cultivate - (cóltivéit) cultivation
debate - (dibéit) debate
decorate - (décoréit) decoration
dedicate - (dédicate) dedication
deflate - (dífléit) - desinflar deflation
degenerate - (deyéneréit) degeneration
delegate - (déleguéit) delegation
deliberate - (delíberéit) deliberation
demonstrate - (démonstréit) demonstration
denigrate - (dénigréit) denigration
designate - (désignéit) designation
deteriorate - (detírioréit) deterioration
detonate - (détonéit) detonation
devastate - (dévastéit) devastation
deviate - (díviéit) - desviarse deviation
dictate - (díctéit) dictation
differentiate - (diferénshiéit) differentiation
discriminate - (discríminéit) discrimination
dislocate - (dísloukéit) dislocation
disseminate - (diséminéit) dissemination
dissipate - (dísipéit) dissipation
dissociate - (disóushiéit) dissociation
domesticate - (doméstikéit) domestication
dominate - (dóminéit) domination
donate - (dóunéit) donation
duplicate - (dúplikéit) duplication
educate - (édchukéit) education
elaborate - (eláboréit) elaboration
elevate - (élevéit) elevation
eliminate - (elíminéit) elimination
elongate - (élonguéit) elongation
elucidate - (elúcidéit) elucidation
emanate - (émanéit) emanation
emancipate - (imáncipéit) emancipation
emigrate - (émigréit) emigration
enunciate - (inónciéit) enunciation
equate - (íkuéit) - equiparar equation
eradicate - (errádikéit) erradication
escalate - (éscaléit) - intensificarse escalation
estimate - (éstiméit) estimation
evacuate - (ivákiuéit) evacuation
evaluate - (eváliuéit) evaluation
evaporate - () evaporation
exaggerate - () exaggeration
exasperate - () exasperation
excavate - () excavation
execrate - () execration
exonerate - () exoneration
exterminate - () extermination
extortionate - () extortion
facilitate - () facilitation
fascinate - () fascination
fluctuate - () fluctuation
formulate - () formulation
frustate - () frustration
germinate - () germination
gesticulate - () gesticulation
graduate - () graduation
hesitate - () hesitation
humiliate - () humiliation
illustrate - () illustration
imitate - () imitation
impersonate - () impersonation
implicate - () implication
incarnate - () incarnation
incinerate - () incineration
incorporate - () incorporation
incriminate - () incrimination
indicate - () indication
infiltrate - () infiltration
inflate - () inflation
initiate - () initiation
insinuate - () insinuation
instigate - () instigation
insulate - () insulation
integrate - () integration
intimidate - () intimidation
intoxicate - () intoxication
invalidate - () invalidation
investigate - () investigation
irrigate - () irrigation
isolate - () isolation
lacerate laceration
legislate legislation
liberate liberation
liquidate liquidation
litigate litigation
locate location
lubricate lubrication
mitigate mitigation
moderate moderation
motivate motivation
mutilate mutilation
narrate narration
navigate navigation
negotiate negotiation
nominate nomination
obliterate obliteration
originate origination
oscillate oscillation
overestimate overestimation
penetrate penetration
perforate perforation
perpetrate perpetration
perpetuate perpetuity
placate placation
postulate postulation
precipitate precipitation
predominate predominance
procrastinate procrastination
radiate radiation
refrigerate refrigeration
rehabilitate rehabilitation
regenerate regeneration
regulate regulation
relate relation
repudiate repudiation
retaliate retaliation
resuscitate resuscitation
reverberate reverberation
rotate rotation
saturate saturation
segregate degregation
separate separation
speculate speculation
stimulate stimulation
stipulate stipulation
suffocate suffocation
tabulate tabulation
tolerate toleration
translate translation
underestimate underestimation
urinate urination
vegetate vegetation
venerate veneration
ventilate ventilation
vibrate vibration
vindicate vindication
Verbo - ize Sustantivo
acclimatize acclimatization
advertise advertisement
analyze analysis
antagonize antagonism
apologize apology
authorize authorization
baptize baptism
catechize catechism
centralize centralization
characterize characterization
circumcise circumcision
civilize civilization
colonize colonization
comprise  
compromise compromise
criticize criticism
demoralize demoralization
despise  
disguise disguise
economize economy
emphasize emphasis
exercise exercise
familiarize familiarity
fertilize fertilization
finalize finality
fraternize fraternization
harmonize harmonization
humanize humanity
hypnotize hypnotism
idolize idolatry
immobilize immobilization
immortalize immortality
immunize immunization
improvise improvisation
itemize  
jeopardize jeopardy
legitimize legitimation
liberalize liberalization
memorize memorization
minimize  
modernize modernization
naturalize naturalization
neutralize neutralization
organize organization
penalize penalty
popularize popularization
publicize publication
rationalize rationalization
realize  
recognize recognition
satirize satire
scandalize scandal
scrutinize scrutiny
socialize socialization
solemnize solemnity
standarize standardization
subsidize subsidy
supervise supervision
surprise surprise
sympathize sympathy
terrorize terrorism
tranquilize tranquility
utilize utilization
 victimize victimization

Verbo -ish Sustantivo

abolish abolition
accomplish accomplishment
admonish admonition
astonish astonishment
banish banishment
cherish  
diminish diminution
distinguish distinction
embellish embellishment
establish establishment
extinguish extinction
finish finish
flourish flourish
furnish furniture
garnish garnishment
languish languor
nourish nourishment
perish  
polish polish
punish punishment
relinquish relinquishment
replenish replenishment
vanish  
 

Verbo -ore Sustantivo

adore adoration
deplore  
explore exploration
ignore ignorance
implore  
restore restoration
Verbo -oy Sustantivo
annoy annoyance
deploy deployment
destroy destruction
employ employment
enjoy enjoyment
Verbo - est Sustantivo
arrest arrest
attest attestation
detest detestation
digest digestion
molest molestation
rest rest
test test
Verbo - ess Sustantivo
assess assessment
caress caress
compress compression
confess confession
depress depression
distress distress
express expression
obsess obsession
possess possession
press pressure
process process
progress progress
stress stress
suppress suppression
Verbo - ute Sustantivo
attribute attribution
commute commutation
constitute constitution
contribute contribution
destitute destitution
dilute dilution
dispute disputation
distribute distribution
execute execution
persecute persecution
prosecute prosecution
salute salutation
substitute substitution
Verbo -ose Sustantivo
compose composition
decompose decomposition
depose deposition
diagnose diagnosis
disclose disclosure
dispose disposal
enclose enclosure
expose exposition
impose imposition
oppopse opposition
propose proposal
suppose supposition
Verbo -ede Sustantivo
impede impediment
intercede intercession
precede precedence
recede recession
Verbo -eve Sustantivo
achieve achievement
believe belief
conceive conception
 deceive deceit
grieve grievance
perceive perception
receive reception
relieve relief
retrieve retrieval

on.com.ar

Verbo -ect Sustantivo

affect affectation
collect collection
connect connection
correct correction
defect defection
deflect deflection
detect detection
direct direction
disconnect disconnection
disinfect disinfection
dissect dissection
eject ejection
elect election
erect erection
expect expectation
infect infection
inject injection
intersect intersection
inspect inspection
neglect neglect
object objection
perfect perfection
project projection
protect protection
recollect recolección
reflect reflection
reject rejection
respect respect
select selection
suspect suspicion
Verbo -ase Sustantivo
appease appeasement
cease cease
crease crease
decrease decrease
erase erasure
grease grease
increase increase
lease lease
please pleasure
purchase purchase
release release
Verbo -ive Sustantivo
arrive arrival
connive connivance
contrive contrivance
deprive deprivation
derive derivation
revive revival
  Verbo -ist Sustantivo
assist assistance
consist consistency
enlist enlistment
exist existence
insist insistence
persist persistence
resist resistance
 Verbo -en Sustantivo
awaken awake
blacken black
brighten bright
broaden broad
cheapen cheap
darken dark
deafen deaf
deepen deep
enlighten light
fatten fat
flatten flat
frighten fright
harden hard
hasten haste
heighten height
lessen less
lighten light
loosen loose
madden mad
moisten moisture
quicken quick
quieten quiet
ripen ripe
sharpen sharp
shorten short
slacken slack
soften soft
stiffen stiff
sweeten sweet
thicken thick
threaten threat
tighten tight
widen wide
worsen worse
 Verbo -fer Sustantivo
confer conferment
defer deferment
differ difference
infer inference
offer offer
prefer preference
refer reference
suffer suffering
transfer transference

Verbo -fy Sustantivo

amplify amplification
beaufity beautification
certify certification
clarify clarification
classify classification
crucify crucifixion
defy defiance
disqualify disqualification
diversify diversification
electrify electrification
falsify falsification
fortify fortification
glorify glorification
gratify gratification
horrify horror
identify identification
indemnify indemnification
intensify intensification
justify justification
magnify magnification
modify modification
mortify mortification
mystify mystification
notify notification
pacify pacification
personify personification
purify purification
qualify qualification
ratify ratification
rectify rectification
satisfy satisfaction
signify signification
simplify simplification
specify specification
unify unification
verify verification
 Verbo -ine Sustantivo
combine combination
confine confinement
decline decline
define definition
destine destination
determine determination
examine examination
incline inclination
recline  
refine refinement
underline underlining
Verbo -rm Sustantivo
Affirm affirmation
Confirm confirmation
Conform conformation
Form formation
Inform information
Perform performance
Reform reformation
Verbo -ort Sustantivo
abort abortion
comfort comfort
contort contortion
deport deportation
distort distortion
escort escort
export export
import import
report report
resort resort
retort retort
support suppoprt
transport transportation
Verbo -pt Sustantivo
accept acceptance
adapt adaptation
adopt adoption
attempt attempt
corrupt corruption
disrupt disruption
erupt eruption
except exception
exempt exemption
prompt prompt
tempt temptation
Verbo -it Sustantivo
 Acquit acquittal
Admit admission
Audit audit
Commit commitment
Deposit deposit
Edit editing
Emit emission
Exhibit exhibition
Exit exit
Exploit exploitation
Inherit inheritance
Inhibit inhibition
Limit limitation
Omit omission
Permit permission
Prohibit prohibition
Remit remittance
Transmit transmission
Visit visit
Verbo -ude Sustantivo
Allude allusion
Conclude conclusion
delude delusion
elude  
exclude exclusion
include inclusion
intrude intrusion
preclude  
protrude protrusion
Verbo -end Sustantivo
apprehend apprehension
ascend ascension
attend attendance
commend commendation
contend contention
defend defense
depend dependence
extend extension
intend intention
offend offence
pretend pretension
recommend recommendation
suspend suspension
transcend transcendency
Verbo -ent Sustantivo
 assent assent
comment comment
consent consent
dissent dissent
ferment ferment
invent invention
lament lament
present presentation
prevent prevention
rent rent
represent representation
resent resentment
Verbo -ain Sustantivo
 abstain abstention
attain attainment
complain complaint
constrain constraint
contain containment
detain detainment
drain drainage
entertain entertainment
explain explanation
gain gain
maintain maintenance
obtain obtainment
ordain ordainment
refrain  
regain  
remain  
restrain restraint
retain  
stain stain
sustain sustenance
Verbo -are Sustantivo
compare comparison
declare declaration
prepare preparation
despair despair
impair impairment
repair repair
Verbo -ade Sustantivo
dissuade  
evade evasion
invade invasion
persuade persuasion
parade parade
trade trade
Verbo -ume Sustantivo
assume assumption
consume consumption
presume presumption
resume resumption
fume fume
Verbo -ult Sustantivo
 assault assault
consult consultation
exult exultation
insult insult
result result
revolt revolt
Verbo -ly Sustantivo
apply application
comply compliance
imply implication
multiply multiplication
rely reliance
reply reply
supply supply
Verbo -ict Sustantivo
 afflict affliction
convict conviction
depict depiction
evict eviction
indict indictment
inflict infliction
predict prediction
restrict restriction
Verbo -ire Sustantivo
acquire acquirement
admire admiration
aspire aspiration
conspire conspiration
desire desire
 enquire inquiry
expire expiration
inspire inspiración
perspire perspiration
require requirement
retire retirement
Verbo -use Sustantivo
abuse abuse
accuse accusation
amuse amusement
confuse confusion
deduce deduction
diffuse diffusion
excuse excuse
induce inducement
introduce introduction
produce production
reduce reduction
refuse refusal
reproduce reproduction
seduce seduction

13. To Do / To Make

Losake significan "hacer" pero se utilizanuí hay lgunos ejemplos:

 Mrs. Jones is a housewife
La señora Jones es una ama de casa
She has to do the housework She has to make the beds
Ella tiene que hacer el trabajo de la casa Ella tiene que hacer las camas
She has to do the cooking She has to make breakfast
Ella tiene que cocinar Ella tiene que hacer el desayuno
She has to do the washing up She has to make lunch
Ella tiene que fregar los platos Ella tiene que hacer el almuerzo
She has to do the washing/the laundry She has to make dinner
Ella tiene que lavar la ropa sucia Ella tiene que hacer la cena
She has to do the shopping She has to make coffee/tea
Ella tiene que hacer las compras Ella tiene que hacer café/té
She has to do the ironing She has to make a cake
Ella tiene que planchar la ropa Ella tiene que hacer un torta
She has to make sure that the house is in order
She has to do the dusting
Ella tiene que asegurarse que la casa esté en
Ella tiene que quitar el polvo a las cosas
orden

Mr. Jones is a businessman

El señor Jones es un empresario
He is doing business with important companies He would like to make a long trip/journey
Él está haciendo negocios con firmas importantes Le gustaría hacer un largo viaje
He is doing well in his job His employees make fun of him
Va bien en su trabajo Sus empleados se burlan de él
He does his best to improve his company He has to make a speech for a meeting
Hace lo mejor que puede para mejorar su empresa Tiene que hacer un discurso para una reunión
He has to make decisions every day
 
Tiene que tomar desiciones todos los días
He is making a lot of money His secretary makes appointments for him
Está haciendo un montón de dinero Su secretaria arregla citas para él
He is making a fortune She also makes telephone calls and reservations
Está haciendo una fortuna También hace llamadas telefónicas y reservas
He doesn't like to make mistakes He says that his employees make trouble
No le gusta equivocarse Él dice que sus empleados causan problemas
Sometimes he makes a fuss when something goes He also says that women make a lot of noise
wrong También dice que las mujeres hacen mucho ruido
Algunas veces arma un lío cuando algo sale mal
He rarely makes jokes He often makes a fool of himself
Casi nunca hace chistes A menudo se pone en ridículo
He doesn't have much time to make friends He makes use of his authority to threaten people
No tiene mucho tiempo para hacer amigos Utiliza su autoridad para amenazar a las personas
He is making an effort to increase sales
Some of his decisions don't make sense
Está haciendo un esfuerzo para aumentar las
Algunas de sus decisiones no tienen sentido
ventas

Otros Ejemplos
John is doing badly at school (he is not doing well) - John no va bien en la escuela
He doesn't like to do his homework - No le gusta hacer su tarea
The hurricane did a lot of damage in the area - El huracán causó mucho daño en la zona
The policeman was doing his duty when he arrested the thief - El policía estaba cumpliendo con su
deber cuando arrestó al ladrón
Mary did her hair and her face and left for the party - Mary se peinó, se maquilló y salió para la fiesta
"Can you do me a favor ?"- ¿Me podés hacer un favor?
"I want to make a complaint about the service in this hotel" - Quiero presentar una queja sobre el servicio
en este hotel
The man and the woman were making love in the back seat of their car - El hombre y la mujer estaban
haciendo el amor en el asiento trasero de su auto
Johnny made a mess in his room - Johnny hizo un desorden en su cuarto
Bill made his way to the university - Bill se dirigió a la universidad
Jane made an excuse and left - Jane se disculpó y se marchó
"What are you doing here?" - ¿Qué estás haciendo aquí?

14. Reported Speech

Para cambiar una oración de Direct Speech a Reported Speech, tendremos que tener en cuenta
1. Verbos para reportar
2. Tiempos Verbales
 3. Verbos Modales
4. Pronombres Personales
5. Referencias al Tiempo y al Lugar

14.1. Algunos Verbos Para Reportar

tell (tél) decir, contar
say (séi) decir
ask (ásk) preguntar, pedir
admit (admít) admitir
"OK, OK. Yeah. I broke that window"
He admitted that he had broken the window
agree (agríi) estar de acuerdo
"Yeah, of course. I will give you the money"
He agreed to loan me some money
answer (ánser) responder
"Oh, not now. I am too busy at this moment"
She answered that she was too busy at that moment
invite (inváit) invitar
"Hey guys!. Don't you want to go to the beach with me?"
He invited us to go to beach with him
complain (compléin) quejarse
"Oh, no. I have this terrible toothache again!"
He complained of a toothache
offer (ófer) ofrecer
"I could help you with that math problem if you want"
She offered to help me with the math problem
suggest (soyést) sugerir
"It's a nice day. We could go to the country and have a picnic"
Bill suggested that we have a picnic
demand (dimánd) exigir
"I want to see the manager of this company inmediately!"
The man demanded to see the manager of the company
request (rikuést) solicitar
"Excuse me, Madam. Could I use your telephone for a minute?"
He requested permission to use the woman's telephone
 remind (rimáind) hacer acordar
"Hey Bill. Don't forget to mail this letter today!"
Jack reminded Bill that he had to mail a letter that day
describe (discráib) describir
"The house is white. It has three bedrooms and a beautiful garden"
He described his house
confess (confés) confesar
"I must tell you something Jane... I love you with all my heart"
He confessed that he loved her
blame (bléim) culpar
"It was your fault that I couldn't arrive on time"
The girl blamed the boy for her arriving late
propose (propóus) proponer
"Sir, I think we should have a meeting this afternoon"
He proposed to have a meeting for that afternoon
refuse (rifiús) rehusarse
"I won't do this job any longer"
He refused to continue working
congratulate (congrátchiuléit) felicitar
"Congratulations Jack. Your performance was excellent!"
He congratulated Jack on giving a good performance at the theater
greet (gríit) saludar
"Hi everybody"
Bill greeted everybody as he entered the room
introduce (introdiús) presentar
"This is my mother. Her name is Nancy"
He introduced me to his mother
warn (uórn) advertir
"Don't drink so much or you'll get drunk"
Bill warned Jack not to drink too much
insist (insíst) insistir
"You must take me there!. Come on. I really want to go there!"
She insisted that she wanted to go
insult (insólt) insultar
"You... damned fat cow!. You ate all my cookies!"
She insulted her friend calling her a 'fat cow'
apologize (apóloyáis) pedir disculpas
"I am very sorry for having insulted you in that way"
She apologized to her friend for having insulted her
thank (záenk) agradecer
"Thank you so much for your help, Mary"
Jack thanked Mary for her help
protest (protést) protestar
"Come on. It was not my fault. You are accusing the wrong person!"
The girl protested against the unfair accusation
threaten (zréten) amenazar
"If you don't give me the money, I will kill you"
The robber threatened to kill the man
advise (adváis) aconsejar
"If you don't want to have problems with your health, you should stop smoking"
His doctor advised him to stop smoking
inquire (inkuáir) preguntar
"Could you tell me where the main library is?"
She inquired the way to get to the library
praise (préis) elogiar
"I really think that the work you are doing is excellent"
Bill's boss praised him for the work he was doing
deny (dinái) negar
"I don't know what you think, but I didn't break that window"
Billy denied that he had broken the window
assure (ashúur) asegurar
"Don't worry. I will finish my work on time"
He assured me that he would finish his work on time
persuade (persuéid) persuadir
"Come on. You'll have a great time a the party. Let's go!"
Jack persuaded Bill to go to the party
convince (convíns) convencer
"Instead of going to France we should go to Brazil on vacation. It's cheaper, nearer and warmer"
She convinced her husband to go to Brazil instead of France
beg (beg) rogar, suplicar
"Oh please, Mom, please, let me go. I promise I'll be back before midnight!"
She begged her mother to let her go the party
dissuade (disuéid) disuadir
"I don't think it is a good idea to fly now. The conditions are dangerous"
The man dissuaded him from flying under those weather conditions
confide (confáid) confiar
"I am terribly afraid of storms"
He confided his fear about storms to his companion
recommend (rékoménd) recomendar
"I think you should take these shoes. They are very nice and have a good quality"
The salesgirl recommended that I buy those shoes
scold (skóuld) regañar
"Look what you have done!. You broke the vase!. You must be more careful with things in the house"
Jack's mother scolded him for breaking the vase
order (órder) ordenar
"Fire!!"
The sergeant ordered the soldiers to fire at the enemy
accuse (akiús) acusar
"I saw you when you stole my money!"
The man accused his colleague of stealing his money
explain (expléin) explicar
"I couldn't call you because there was no phone nearby"
He explained why he couldn't call me
mention (ménshon) mencionar
"By the way, I am a bit tired after this trip"
Bill mentioned that he was tired after the trip
compliment (cómplemént) felicitar, piropear, hacer un cumplido
"Jane.What elegant you are tonight !"
The man complimented Jane on being so elegant that night
encourage (enkáridch) alentar
"Come on. Don't quit now!. You are about to win the game"
Bill's father encouraged him to continue with the game
discourage (diskáridch) desalentar
"It is cold and it is raining. I think you shouldn't go out tonight"
Mary's mother discouraged her from going out that night
 console (consóul) consolar
"Don't feel so bad. It is not so terrible to fail an exam. You'll pass it next time!"
Bill's companion tried to console him for having failed at the exam

14.2 Tiempos Verbales

Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple Present Simple Past
"I work in Argentina" He said that he worked in Argentina
"I am a teacher" He said that he was a teacher
Simple Past Simple Past Perfect
"We saw a good film on TV" They said that they had seen a good film on TV
"I was tired" He said that he had been tired
Simple Perfect Simple Past Perfect
"We have gone to that place before" They said that they had gone to that place before
"I have been here many times" She said that she had been there many times
Simple Future Simple Conditional
"I will visit my mother" He said that he would visit his mother
"She will be happy to see me" He said that she would be happy to see him
Simple Future perfect Simple Conditional Perfect
"I will have arrived there by 5 pm" He said he would have arrived here by 5 pm
He said that he would have sent all the products by
"I will have sent all the products by tomorrow"
tomorrow
Present Continuous Past Continuous
"I am doing my job" He said that he was doing his job
"We are living in New York" They said that they were living in New York
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I was dancing with Mary" He said that he had been dancing with Mary
"We were talking" They said that they had been talking
Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I have been doing this for two years" He said that he had been doing that for two years
"We have been trying to phone him" They said that they had been trying to phone him
Future Continuous Conditional Continuous
"I will be flying to Chicago" He said that he would be flying to Chicago
"I will be staying at a good hotel" He said that he would be staying at a good hotel"
 Future Perfect Continuous Conditional Perfect Continuous
He said that he would have been selling books for
"I will have been selling books for two years"
two years
"I will have been having a good life" He said that he would have been having a good life

14.3 Verbos Modales

Direct Speech Reported Speech
can could
"I can stay here until Sunday" He said he could stay there until Sunday
"I can do this alone" He said that he could do that alone
may might
"I may go fishing next weekend" He said he might go fishing next weekend
"We may travel to Europe" They said that they might travel to Europe
will would
"I will stay here" He said that he would stay there
"I will not go away" He said that he wouldn't go away
must had to
"I must work everyday" He said he had to work everyday
"I must not arrive late" He said he didn't have to arrive late

14.4 Tiempo y Lugar

Direct Speech Reported Speech
now then, at that moment
today that day
tonight that night
last night the previous night, the night before
this morning that morning
tomorrow the next day, the following day
yesterday the previous day, the day before
this week that week
next week the following week, the week after
last year the previous year, the year before
next year the following year, the year after
here there
 
©1999 Adolfo E. Bieri
Todos los Derechos Reservados
15. Adjetivos

Comparativos & Adjetivos & Adjetivos & Adjetivos &

Contrastes
Superlativos Verbos Adverbios Sustantivos

15.1 Contrastes
Awake - despierto Asleep - dormido
Beautiful - hermoso Ugly - feo
Big - grande Small - pequeño
Bitter - amargo Sweet - dulce
Black - negro White - blanco
Careful - cuidadoso Careless - descuidado
Dark - oscuro Light - claro
Dead - muerto Alive - vivo
Deep - profundo Shallow - superficial
Difficult - difícil Easy - fácil
Dirty - sucio Clean - limpio
Drunk - borracho Sober - sobrio
Expensive - caro Cheap - barato
Far - lejano Near - cercano
Fast - rápido Slow - lento
Fat - gordo Thin - flaco
Full - lleno Empty - vacío
Glad - contento Sad - triste
Good - bueno Bad - malo
Happy - feliz Sorry - apenado
Hard - duro Soft - blando
Healthy - saludable Sick - enfermo
Heavy - pesado Light - liviano
High - alto Low - bajo
Hot - caliente Cold - frío
Interesting - interesante Boring - aburrido
Late - tarde Early - temprano
Long - largo Short - corto
New - nuevo Old - viejo
On - encendido Off - apagado
Past - pasado Future - futuro
Polite - cortés, atento Rude - grosero
Rich - rico Poor - pobre
Right - derecho Left - izquierdo
Right - correcto Wrong - equivocado
Rough - áspero Smooth - suave, liso
Safe - seguro Dangerous - peligroso
Same - mismo Different - diferente
Simple - simple Complex - complejo
Single - soltero Married - casado
Straight - derecho Crooked - torcido
Strong - fuerte Weak - débil
Tall - alto Short - bajo
Thick - grueso Thin - delgado
True - verdadero False - falso
Useful - útil Useless - inútil
Warm - cálido Cool - fresco
Wet - mojado Dry - seco
Wide - ancho Narrow - angosto, estrecho
Young - joven Old - viejo
 

15.2 Comparativos Superlativos

Adjetivos de 1 sílaba Comparativo --->adj + er Superlativo ---> adj + est
small - pequeño smaller - más pequeño (the) smallest
tall - alto taller - más alto (the) tallest
young - joven younger - más joven (the) youngest
long - largo longer - más largo (the) longest
big - grande bigger - más grande (the) biggest
fat - gordo fatter - más gordo (the) fattest
2 sílabas terminados en (ly) Comparativo ---> adj + ier Superlativo ---> adj + iest
lazy - perezoso, vago lazier - más vago the laziest
funny - gracioso, divertido funnier - más divertido the funniest
happy - feliz, alegre happier - más feliz the happiest
crazy - loco crazier - más loco the craziest
noisy - ruidoso noisier - más ruidoso the noisiest
Resto de adjetivos Comparativo ---> more + adj Superlativo -->the most + adj
expensive - caro more expensvie the most expensive
modern - moderno more modern the most modern
beautiful - hermoso more beautiful the most beautiful
elegant - elegante more elegant the most elegant
interesting - interesante more interesting the most interesting
dangerous - peligroso more dangerous the most dangerous

15.2.1 Comparativos y Superlativos Irregulares

Adjetivo o Adverbio Comparativo Superlativo
good/ well - bueno, bien better - mejor (the) best - el mejor
bad/ badly - mal worse - peor (the) worst - el peor
much/many -mucho/ muchos more - más (the) most - el/ los más
little - poco less - menos (the) least - el menos
far - lejos farther / further - más lejos (the) farthest / furthest
 

15.3 Adjetivo Verbo

Alive - vivo To live- vivir
Asleep - dormido To sleep - dormir
Beauty- hermoso To beautify - embellecer
Sweet - dulce To sweeten - endulzar
Black - negro To blacken - ennegrecer
White - blanco To whiten - blanquear
Dark - oscuro To darken - oscurecer
Dead - muerto To die - morir
Deep - profundo To deepen - profundizar
Difficult - difícil To complicate - dificultar
Dirty - sucio To dirty - ensuciar
Clean - limpio To clean - limpiar
Fat - gordo To fatten - engordar
Full - lleno To fill - llenar
Empty - vacío To empty - vaciar
Hard - duro To harden - endurecer
Soft - blando To soften - ablandar
Sick - enfermo To Sicken - enfermar
Low - bajo To lower - bajar
Hot - caliente To heat - calentar
Long - largo To lengthen - alargar
Short - corto To shorten - acortar
Rich - rico To enrich - enriquecer
Poor - pobre To impoverish - empobrecer
Simple - simple To simplify - simplificar
Straight - derecho To straighten - enderezar
Strong - fuerte To strenghen - débil
Wide - ancho To widen - ensanchar
 

15.4 Adjetivo Adverbio

Careful - ciudadoso Carefully - cuidadoso
Slow - lento Slowly - lentamente
Strong - fuerte Strongly - fuertemente
Simple - simple Simply - simplemente
Bad - mal Badly - malamente
Frecuent - frecuente Frecuently - frecuentemente
Clear - claro Clearly - claramente
Possible - posible Possibly - posiblemente
Probable - probable Probably - probablemente
Deep - profundo Deeply - profundamente
Quick - rápido Quickly - rápidamente
Normal - normal Normally - normalmente
Pero ....
Good - bueno Well - bien
Hard - duro Hard - duramente
Fast - rápido Fast - rápidamente
 
15.5 Adjetivos Sustantivos
Long - largo / Short - corto Length - longitud
Big - grande / Small - pequeño Size - tamaño
Heavy - pesado / Light - liviano Weight - peso
Deep - profundo / Shallow - poco profundo Depth - profundidad
Wide - ancho / Narrow - angosto Width - anchura
Fast - rápido / Slow - lento Speed - velocidad
Tall - alto / Short - bajo Height - altura
White - blanco / Black - negro Color - color
Far - lejano / Near - cercano Distance - distancia
Bitter - amargo / Sweet - dulce Taste - sabor
Careful - cuidadoso / Careless - descuidado Care - cuidado
Otra forma de verlo...
Difficult - difícil Difficulty - dificultad
Sad - triste Sadness - tristeza
Beautiful - hermoso Beauty - belleza
Strong - fuerte Strength - fuerza
Weak - débil Weakness - debilidad
Dirty - sucio Dirt - suciedad
Clean - limpio Cleanliness - limpieza
Safe - seguro Safety - seguridad
Dangerous - peligroso Danger - peligro
True - verdadero Truth - verdad

16. Adverbios

Se clasifican en adverbios de:

TIEMPO LUGAR FRECUENCIA MODO GRADO ASERCIÓN RACIOCINIO

16.1 TIEMPO
After - después Never - nunca
Afterwards - después Newly - recién
Again - otra vez Next - luego
Already - ya No longer - ya no
Always - siempre Now - ahora
As soon as - tan pronto como Now and then - de vez en cuando
At last - al fin Often - a menudo
Before - antes Presently - luego
Early - temprano Seldom - rara vez
Ever - siempre, alguna vez Shortly - en breve
Finally - finalmente Since then - desde entonces
First - primeramente Sometimes - algunas veces
Formerly - anteriormente Soon - pronto
Hereafter - después Then - entonces
Last - por último Till now - hasta ahora
Lastly - finalmente Today - hoy
Late - tarde Tomorrow - mañana
Lately - últimamente Until now - hasta ahora
Latterly - últimamente When - cuando
Long - mucho tiempo Yesterday - ayer
Meanwhile - entretanto Yet - todavía

16.2 LUGAR
Above - arriba Here - aquí
Anywhere - en alguna parte Home - a casa
Aside - a un lado Inside - dentro
Away - fuera Near - cerca
Backwards - hacia atrás Nearby - cerca
Before - delante, adelante Nowhere - en (a) ninguna parte
Behind - detrás, atrás Opposite - en frente
Below - abajo Out - afuera
Beneath - abajo, por debajo Outside - fuera
Beyond - más allá, más lejos Somewhere - en (a) alguna parte
Downtown - en el centro (ciudad) There - allí, ahí
Downwards - hacia abajo Under - debajo
Elsewhere - en (a) otra parte Underneath - debajo
Everywhere - en (a) todas partes Up - arriba
Far - lejos Upwards - hacia arriba
Forward - hacia adelante Within - dentro
Hence - de aquí Yonder - allá (a lo lejos)

16.3 FRECUENCIA
Always - siempre Once - una vez
Daily – diariamente Rarely - pocas veces
Frequently – frecuentemente Seldom - rara vez
Hardly ever - casi nunca Sometimes - algunas veces
Monthly - mensualmente Three times - tres veces
Never - nunca Twice - dos veces
Normally - normalmente Usually - generalmente
Occasionally - ocasionalmente Weekly - semanalmente
Often - a menudo Yearly - anualmente

16.4 MODO
Badly - malamente Quietly - tranquilamente, silenciosamente
Better - mejor Rather - bastante
Completely - completamente Scarcely - apenas
Easily - fácilmente Separately - por separado
Fast - rápidamente Slowly - lentamente
Finally - finalmente So - así, de este modo
Hard - duro Softly - suavemente
Hardly - apenas Thus - así, de este modo
Ill - mal Together - juntos
Loudly - fuerte, en voz alta Well - bien
Quickly - rápidamente Worse - peor

16.5 GRADO
Absolutely - totalmente Much - mucho
Almost - casi Nearly - casi
Altogether - del todo Partly - en parte
Awfully - terriblemente Pretty - bastante
Chiefly - principalmente Quite - bastante
Completely - completamente Rather - bastante
Enough - suficiente Really - realmente
Entirely - totalmente Simply - solo, sencillamente
Extremely - sumamente So - tan
Fairly - bastante So much - tanto
Greatly - mucho Strongly - fuertemente
Just - solamente Too - demasiado
Largely - en gran parte Too much - demasiado
Less - menos Totally - totalmente
Little - poco Utterly - completamente
Mainly - principalmente Very - muy
More - más Wholly - enteramente

16.6  ASERCION
Certainly - desde luego, por supuesto Perhaps - quizá, tal vez
Definitely - sin duda Possibly - posiblemente, tal vez
Indeed - efectivamente, de veras Probably - probablemente
Even - hasta, incluso Really - realmente
Likely - probablemente Surely - ciertamente, seguramente
Likewise - igualmente Too - también
Maybe - quizá Truly - realmente
Neither - tampoco Undoubtedly - indudablemente
Obviously - evidentemente Yes - sí

16.7 RACIOCINIO
Accordingly - por consiguiente Moreover - además, por otra parte
Besides - además Nevertheless - sin embargo, no obstante
Consequently - por consiguiente Notwithstanding - sin embargo, no obstante
Furthermore - además Therefore - por lo tanto
Hence - por lo tanto Thereby - así, de este modo
Instead - en cambio Thus - así, de este modo

17. To Be: ser o estar To Have: haber o tener

   Verbo To Be Verbo To Have
TIEMPO Forma Afirmativa
I am a farmer I have a farm
You are tired You have to rest
He/ She/ It is sick He/ She / It has fever
We are musicians We have instruments
You are shouting You have to shut up
They are rich They have money
Present
Traducción
Soy un granjero Tengo una granja
Estás cansado Tenés que descansar
(//) Está enfermo (//) Tiene fiebre
Somos músicos Tenemos instrumentos
(Uds) están gritando (Uds) tienen que callarse
Son ricos Tienen dinero
Forma Negativa
I am not a farmer I don't have a farm
You are not tired You don't have to rest
He/ She/ It is not sick He/ She / It doesn't have fever
We are not musicians We don't have instruments
You are not shouting You don't have to shut up
Present They are not rich They don't have money
Traducción
No soy un granjero No tengo una granja
No estás cansado No tenés que descansar
(//) no está enfermo (//) no tiene fiebre
No somos músicos No tenemos instrumentos
Uds no están gritando Uds no tienen que callarse
No son ricos No tienen dinero

  Forma Interrogativa
 Am I a farmer ? Do I have a farm?
Are you tired ? Do you have to rest ?
Is He/ She/ It sick ? Does he/ she / it have fever?
Are we musicians ? Do we have instruments ?
Are you shouting ? Do you have to shut up ?
 Present Are they rich ? Do they have money ?
Traducción
  ¿ Soy un granjero ? ¿ Tengo una granja ?
¿ Estás cansado ? ¿ Tenés que descansar ?
¿ Está enfermo/a ? ¿ Tiene fiebre ?
¿ Somos músicos ? ¿ Tenemos instrumentos ?
¿ Están Uds gritando ? ¿ Tienen Uds que callarse ?
¿ Son ricos (ellos) ? ¿ Tienen dinero ?
Forma Afirmativa
I was a farmer I had a farm
You were tired You had to rest
He/ She/ It was sick He/ She / It had fever
We were musicians We had instruments
You were shouting You had to shut up
Past They were rich They had money
Traducción
Era (fui) un granjero Tenía (tuve) una granja
Estabas (estuviste) cansado Tenías (tuviste) que descansar
(//) estaba (estuvo) enfermo (//) tenía (tuvo) fiebre
Eramos (fuimos) músicos Teníamos (tuvimos) instrumentos
Uds estaban (estuvieron) gritando Uds tenían (tuvieron) que callarse
Ellos eran (fueron) ricos Ellos tenían (tuvieron) dinero

Past Forma Negativa

 I was not a farmer I didn't have a farm
You were not tired You didn't have to rest
He/ She/ It was not sick He/ She / It didn't have fever
We were not musicians We didn't have instruments
You were not shouting You didn't have to shut up
 
  They were not rich They didn't have money
  Traducción
  No era (fui) un granjero No tenía (tuve) una granja
 
No estabas (estuviste)cansado No tenías (tuviste) que descansar
(//) no estaba (estuvo) enfermo (//) no tenía (tuvo) fiebre
No eramos (fuimos) músicos No teníamos (tuvimos) instrumentos
Uds no estaban gritando No tenían (tuvieron) que callarse
Ellos no eran (fueron) ricos Ellos no tenían (tuvieron) dinero

Forma Interrogativa
Was I a farmer ? Did I have a farm ?
Were you tired ? Did you have to rest ?
Was he/ she/ it sick ? Did he/ she / it have fever ?
Were we musicians ? Did we have instruments ?
Were you shouting ? Did you have to shut up ?
Past Were they rich ? Did they have money ?
Traducción
¿ Era (fui) yo un granjero ? ¿ Tenía (tuve) yo una granja ?
¿ Estabas (estuviste) cansado ? ¿ Tenías (tuviste) que descansar ?
¿ Estaba (estuvo) (//) enfermo ? ¿ Tenía (tuvo) (//) fiebre ?
¿ Eramos (fuimos) músicos ? ¿ Teníamos (tuvimos) instrumentos ?
¿ Estaban (estuvieron) Uds gritando ? ¿ Tenían (tuvieron) que callarse ?
¿ Eran (fueron) ricos ? ¿ Tenían (tuvieron) dinero ?
 Forma Afirmativa
I have been a farmer I have had a farm
You have been tired You have had to rest
He/ She/ It has been sick He/ She / It has had fever
We have been musicians We have had instruments
Present Perfect You have been shouting You have had to shut up
They have been rich They have had money
Ejemplos
He sido un granjero He tenido una granja
Tú has estado cansado Has tenido que descansar
(//) ha estado enfermo (//) ha tenido fiebre
Hemos sido músicos hemos tenido instrumentos
Uds han estado gritando Uds han tenido que callarse
Ellos han sido ricos Han tenido dinero
Forma Negativa
I have not been a farmer I have not had a farm
You have not been tired You have not had to rest
He/ She/ It has not been sick He/ She / It has not had fever
We have not been musicians We have not had instruments
Present Perfect You have not been shouting You have not had to shut up
 
  They have not been rich They have not had money
  Ejemplos
  No he sido un granjero No he tenido una granja
No has estado cansado No has tenido que descansar
// no ha estado enfermo // no ha tenido fiebre
No hemos sido músicos No hemos tenido instrumentos
Uds ho han estado gritando Uds no han tenido que callarse
No han sido ricos No han tenido dinero
 Forma Interrogativa
Have I been a farmer ? Have I had a farm?
Have you been tired ? Have you had to rest ?
Has he/ she/ it been sick ? Has he/ she / it had fever ?
Have we been musicians ? Have we had instruments ?
Have you been shouting ? Have you had to shut up ?
Present Perfect Have they been rich ? Have they had money ?
Ejemplos
¿ He sido un granjero ? ¿ He tenido una granja ?
¿ Has estado cansado ? ¿ Has tenido que descansar ?
¿ Ha // estado enfermo ? ¿ Ha // tenido fiebre ?
¿ Hemos sido músicos ? ¿ Hemos tenido instrumentos ?
¿ Han Uds estado gritando ? ¿ Han tenido que callarse ?
¿ Han sido ricos ? ¿ Han tenido dinero
Forma Afirmativa
I had been a farmer I had had a farm
You had been tired You had had to rest
He/ She/ It had been sick He/ She / It had had fever
We had been musicians We had had instruments
Past Perfect You had been shouting You had had to shut up
They had been rich They had had money
Ejemplos
Yo había sido un granjero Yo había tenido una granja
Tú habías estado cansado Tú habías tenido que descansar
// había estado enfermo // había tenido fiebre
Nosotros habíamos tenido
Nosotros habíamos sido músicos
instrumentos
Uds habían estado gritando Uds habían tenido que callarse
Ellos habían sido ricos Ellos habían tenido dinero
 Forma Negativa
I had not been a farmer I had not had a farm
You had not been tired You had not had to rest
He/ She/ It had not been sick He/ She / It had not had fever
We had not been musicians We had not had instruments
Past Perfect You had not been shouting You had not had to shut up
They had not been rich They had not had money
Ejemplos
Yo no había sido un granjero Yo no había tenido una granja
Tú no habías estado cansado Tú no habías tenido que descansar
// no había estado enfermo // no había tenido fiebre
Nosotros no habíamos sido músicos No habíamos tenido instrumentos
Uds no habían estado gritando Uds no habían tenido que callarse
Ellos no habían sido ricos Ellos no habían tenino dinero

Forma Interrogativa
Had I been a farmer ? Had I had a farm ?
Had you been tired ? Had you had to rest ?
Had he/ she/ it been sick ? Had he/ she / it had fever ?
Had we been musicians ? Had we had instruments ?
Past Perfect Had you been shouting ? Had you had to shut up ?
Had they been rich ? Had they had money ?
Ejemplos
¿Yo había sido un granjero ? ¿Yo había tenido una granja ?
¿ Tú habías estado cansado ? ¿Tú habías tenido que descansar ?
¿ // había estado enfermo ? ¿ // había tenido fiebre ?
¿ Nosotros habíamos sido músicos? ¿ Habíamos tenido instrumentos ?
¿ Uds habían estado gritando ? ¿Uds habían tenido que callarse ?
¿ Ellos habían sido ricos ? ¿ Ellos habían tenido dinero ?
 Forma Afirmativa
I will be a farmer I will have a farm
You will be tired You will have to rest
He/ She/ It will be sick He/ She / It will have fever
We will be musicians We will have instruments
Future (will) You will be shouting You will have to shut up
They will be rich They will have money
Ejemplos
Seré un granjero Tendré una granja
Tú estarás cansado Tendrás que descansar
// estará enfermo/a // tendrá fiebre
Seremos músicos Tendremos instrumentos
Uds estarán gritando Tendrán que callarse
Ellos serán ricos Tendrán dinero
Forma Negativa
I will not be a farmer I will not have a farm
You will not be tired You will not have to rest
He/ She/ It will not be sick He/ She / It will not have fever
We will not be musicians We will not have instruments
You will not be shouting You will not have to shut up
Future (will)
They will not be rich They will not have money
Ejemplos
No seré un granjero No tendré una granja
No estarás cansado No tendrás que descansar
// no estará enfermo/a // no tendrá fiebre
No seremos músicos No tendremos instrumentos
Uds no estarán gritando No tendrán que callarse
Ellos no serán ricos No tendrán dinero
 Forma Interrogativa
Will I be a farmer ? Will I have a farm ?
Will you be tired ? Will you have to rest ?
Will he/ she/ it be sick ? Will he/ she / it have a fever ?
Will we be musicians ? Will we have instruments ?
Will you be shouting ? Will you have to shut up ?
Future (will)
Will they be rich ? Will they have money ?
Ejemplos
¿ Seré un granjero ? ¿ Tendré una granja ?
¿ Estarás cansado ? ¿ Tendrás que descansar ?
¿ // estará enfermo/a ? ¿ // tendrá fiebre ?
¿ Seremos músicos ? ¿ Tendremos instrumentos ?
¿ Uds estarán gritando ? ¿ Tendrán que callarse ?
¿ Ellos serán ricos ? ¿ Tendrán dinero ?
Forma Afirmativa
I am going to be a farmer I am going to have a farm
You are going to be tired You are going to have to rest
He/ She/ It is going to be sick He/ She / It is going to have fever
We are going to be musicians We are going to have instruments
Fut (be+going You are going to be shouting You are going to have to shut up
to)
They are going to be rich They are going to have money
Ejemplos
Voy a ser una granjero Voy a tener una granja
Vas a estar cansado Vas a tener que descansar
// va a estar enfermo/a // va a tener fiebre
Vamos a ser músicos Vamos a tener intrumentos
Uds van a estar gritando Van a tener que callarse
Ellos van a ser ricos Van a tener dinero
 Forma Negativa
I am not going to be a farmer I am not going to have a farm
You are not going to be tired You are not going to have to rest
He/ She/ It is not going to be sick He/ She / It is not going to have fever
We are not going to be musicians We are not going to have instruments
Fut (be+going to) You are not going to be shouting You are not going to have to shut up
They are not going to be rich They are not going to have money
Ejemplos
No voy a ser un granjero No voy a tener una granja
Tú no vas a estar cansado No vas a tener que descansar
// no va estar enfermo/a // no va a tener fiebre
No vamos a ser músicos No vamos a tener instrumentos
Uds no van a estar gritando No van a tener que callarse
Ellos no van a ser ricos No van a tener dinero
Forma Interrogativa
Am I going to be a farmer ? Am I going to have a farm ?
Are you going to be tired ? Are you going to have to rest ?
Is he/ she/ it going to be sick ? Is he/ she / it going to have fever ?
Are we going to be musicians ? Are we going to have instruments ?
Fut (be+going to) Are you going to be shouting ? Are you going to have to shut up ?
Are they going to be rich ? Are they going to have money ?
Ejemplos
¿ Voy a ser una granjero ? ¿ Voy a tener una granja ?
¿ Vas a estar cansado ? ¿ Vas a tener que descansar ?
¿ // va a estar enfermo/a ? ¿ // va a tener fiebre ?
¿ Vamos a ser músicos ? ¿ Vamos a tener intrumentos ?
¿ Uds van a estar gritando ? ¿ Van a tener que callarse ?
¿ Ellos van a ser ricos ? ¿ Van a tener dinero ?
 Forma Afirmativa
I will have been a farmer I will have had a farm
You will have been tired You will have had to rest
He/ She/ It will have been sick He/ She / It will have had fever
We will have been musicians We will have had instruments
Future Perfect You will have been shouting You will have had to shut up
They will have been rich They will have had money
Ejemplos
Habré sido un granjero Habré tenido una granja
Habrás estado cansado Habrás tenido que descansar
// habrá estado enfermo/a // habrá tenido fiebre
Habremos sido músicos Habremos tenido instrumentos
Uds habrán estado gritando Habrán tenido que callarse
Ellos habrán sido ricos Ellos habrán tenido dinero
Forma Negativa
I will not have been a farmer I will not have had a farm
You will not have been tired You will not have had to rest
He/ She/ It will not have been sick He/ She / It will not have had fever
We will not have been musicians We will not have had instruments
Future Perfect You will not have been shouting You will not have had to shut up
They will not have been rich They will not have had money
Ejemplos
No habré sido un grajero No habré tenido una granja
Tú no habrás estado cansado No habrás tenido que descansar
// no habrá estado enfermo/a // no habrá tenido fiebre
No habremos sido músicos No habremos tenido instrumentos
Uds no habrán estado gritando No habrán tenido que callarse
Ellos no habrán sido ricos No habrán tenido dinero
 Forma Interrogativa
Will I have been a farmer ? Will I have had a farm ?
Will you have been tired ? Will you have had to rest ?
Will he/ she/ it have been sick ? Will he/ she / it have had fever ?
Will we have been musicians ? Will we have had instruments ?
Future Perfect Will you have been shouting ? Will you have had to shut up ?
Will they have been rich ? Will they have had money ?
Ejemplos
¿ Habré sido un granjero ? ¿ Habré tenido una granja ?
¿ Habrás estado cansado ? ¿ Habrás tenido que descansar ?
¿ // habrá estado enfermo/a ? ¿ // habrá tenido fiebre ?
¿ Habremos sido músicos ? ¿ Habremos tenido instrumentos ?
¿ Uds habrán estado gritando ? ¿ Habrán tenido que callarse ?
¿ Ellos habrán sido ricos ? ¿ Ellos habrán tenido dinero ?
Forma Afirmativa
I would be a farmer I would have a farm
You would be tired You would have to rest
He/ She/ It would be sick He/ She / It would have fever
We would be musicians We would have instruments
Conditional You would be shouting You would have to shut up
They would be rich They would have money
Ejemplos
Sería un granjero Tendría una granja
Tú estarías cansado Tendrías que descansar
// estaría enfermo/a // tendría fiebre
Seríamos músicos Tendríamos instrumentos
Uds estarían gritando Tendrían que callarse
Ellos serían ricos Tendrían dinero
 Forma Negativa
I would not be a farmer I would not have a farm
You would not be tired You would not have to rest
He/ She/ It would not be sick He/ She / It would not have fever
We would not be musicians We would not have instruments
Conditional You would not be shouting You would not have to shut up
They would not be rich They would not have money
Ejemplos
No sería un granjero No tendría una granja
No estarías cansado No tendrías que descansar
// no estaría enfermo/a // no tendría fiebre
No seríamos músicos No tendríamos instrumentos
Uds no estarían gritando No tendrían que callarse
Ellos no serían ricos No tendrían dinero
Forma Interrogativa
Would I be a farmer ? Would I have a farm ?
Would you be tired ? Would you have to rest ?
Would he/ she/ it be sick ? Would he/ she / it have a fever ?
Would we be musicians ? Would we have instruments ?
Conditional Would you be shouting ? Would you have to shut up ?
Would they be rich ? Would they have money ?
Ejemplos
¿ Sería un granjero ? ¿ Tendría una granja ?
¿ Estarías cansado ? ¿ Tendrías que descansar ?
¿ // estaría enfermo/a ? ¿ // tendría fiebre ?
¿ Seríamos músicos ? ¿ Tendríamos instrumentos ?
¿ Uds estarían gritando ? ¿ Tendrían que callarse ?
¿ Ellos serían ricos ? ¿ Tendrían dinero
 Forma Afirmativa
I would have been a farmer I would have had a farm
You would have been tired You would have had to rest
He/ She/ It would have been sick He/ She / It would have had fever
We would have been musicians We would have had instruments
Past
Conditional You would have been shouting You would have had to shut up
They would have been rich They would have had money
Ejemplos
Habría sido un granjero Habría tenido una granja
Habrías estado cansado Habrías tenido que descansar
// habría estado enfermo/a // habría tenido fiebre
Habríamos sido músicos Habríamos tenido instrumentos
Uds habrían estado gritando Habrían tenido que callarse
Ellos habrían sido ricos Ellos habrían tenido dinero
Forma Negativa
I would not have been a farmer I would not have had a farm
You would not have been tired You would not have had to rest
He/ She/ It would not have been
He/ She / It would not have had fever
sick
We would not have been
Past We would not have had instruments
musicians
Conditional
You would not have been shouting You would not have had to shut up
They would not have been rich They would not have had money
Ejemplos
No habría sido un grajero No habría tenido una granja
Tú no habrías estado cansado No habrías tenido que descansar
// no habría estado enfermo/a // no habría tenido fiebre
No habríamos sido músicos No habríamos tenido instrumentos
Uds no habrían estado gritando No habrían tenido que callarse
Ellos no habrían sido ricos No habrían tenido dinero
 Forma Interrogativa
Would I have been a farmer ? Would I have had a farm ?
Would you have been tired ? Would you have had to rest ?
Would he/ she/ it have been sick ? Would he/ she / it have had fever ?
Would we have been musicians ? Would we have had instruments ?
Past Would you have been shouting ? Would you have had to shut up ?
Conditional Would they have been rich ? Would they have had money ?
Ejemplos
¿ Habría sido un granjero ? ¿ Habría tenido una granja ?
¿ Habrías estado cansado ? ¿ Habrías tenido que descansar ?
¿ // habrías estado enfermo/a ? ¿ // habrías tenido fiebre ?
¿ Habríamos sido músicos ? ¿ Habríamos tenido instrumentos ?
¿ Uds habrían estado gritando ? ¿ Habrían tenido que callarse ?
¿ Ellos habrían sido ricos ? ¿ Ellos habrían tenido dinero ?

18.Conditional Sentences

Type IF clause Main Clause

Type I Present will/ can/ may /must + V1
Type II Past would/ could/ might + V1
Type III Past Perfect would/ could/ might + have V3
Habitual Present Present
Imperativo Present Imperative
Type I Present will/ can/ may /must + V1
Sentence Translation
If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow Si está ocupado ahora, regresaré mañana
If I have time, I'll visit my parents this afternoon Si tengo tiempo, visitaré a mis padres esta tarde
If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach Si está caluroso mañana, iremos a la playa
If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes Si está frío, debes usar ropa abrigada
If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go to
Si él no hace su tarea, no puede ir a la fiesta
the party
If she doesn't call you, you can call her Si ella no te llama, tu puedes llamarla
If you work hard, you may become a millonaire Si trabajas duro, puede que te conviertas en un
someday millonario algún día
If you spend more than you earn, you'll become Si gastas más de lo que ganas, te convertirás en un
a poor man hombre pobre
If they don't invite you, you must not go Si ellos no te invitan, no debes ir
If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus Si no nos apuramos, perderemos nuestro autobus
If you pay now, you'll get a discount Si pagas ahora, obtendrás un descuento
If they don't want to go out, they can stay home Si no quieren salir, se pueden quedar en casa
If you drink too much, you'll get drunk Si bebes demasiado, te emborracharás
If you feel sick, you must stay in bed Si te sientes enfermo, debes quedarte en cama
If they don't come here, we'll have to go there Si ellos no vienen aquí, tendremos que ir allí

Type II Past would/ could/ might + V1

Sentence Translation
If I were in Brazil, I would go to Río de Janeiro Si yo estuviese en Brasil, iría a Río de Janeiro
If I were you, I would buy that car Si yo fuera vos, compraría ese auto
If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this Si él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría esto
If I had more money, I would buy a nice Si yo tuviese más dinero, me compraría un lindo
appartment apartamento
If she had more time, she would travel more
Si ella tuviese más tiempo, viajaría más a menudo
often
If it were not raining, we could go out Si no estuviese lloviendo, podríamos salir
If we didn't have to work today, we could have a Si no tuviésemos que trabajar hoy, podríamos tener
picnic un picnic
If they won the lottery, they wouldn't work any
Si ellos ganaran la lotería, no trabajarían más
more
If I saw her, I would ask her out Si la viera, la invitaría a salir
If you went to Brazil, you wouldn't want to come
Si fueras a Brazil, no querrías regresar
back
If they spoke Spanish, we would understand
Si ellos hablasen español, los entenderíamos
them
If he didn't live by the river, he couldn't go
Si el no viviera cerca del río, no podría ir a pescar
fishing
If I didn't want to go, I would tell you Si no quisiera ir, te lo diría
If they worked for that company, they might Si ellos trabajaran para esa compañía, podrían
have better salaries tener mejores sueldos
If she wrote a book, it would be a best-seller Si ella escribiese un libro, sería un best-seller

Type III Past Perfect would/ could/ might + have V3

Sentence Translation
If I had seen him, I would have told him about
Si lo hubiese visto, le habría contado acerca de ti
you
If I had known the answer, I would have raised Si hubiese sabido la respuesta, habría levantado mi
my hand mano
If she had come on Saturday, I would have seen
Si ella hubiese venido el sábado, la habría visto
her
If they had left earlier, they would have arrived Si ellos hubiesen salido más temprano, habrían
on time llegado a tiempo
If we had studied harder, we might have passed Si hubiésemos estudiado más duro, podríamos
the test haber aprobado la prueba
If you had gone to Brazil, you would have had Si tu hubieses ido a Brasil, habrías tenido mucha
lots of fun diversión
Si no hubiese estado tan ocupado, te podría haber
If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you
ayudado
If you had phoned me, I would have known you Si tu me hubieses telefoneado, habría sabido que
were here estabas aquí
If they had invited us, we would have accepted Si ellos nos hubiesen invitado, habríamos aceptado
at once de inmediato
If she had explained me the problem, I would Si ella me hubiese explicado el problema, lo habría
have understood it entendido
If I hadn't forgotten his number, I would have Si no hubiese olvidado su número, lo habría
phoned him llamado
If it hadn't rained, we would have gone fishing Si no hubiese llovido, habríamos ido a pescar
If my sister had been here, she would have Si mi hermana hubiese estado aquí, habría
enjoyed this disfrutado esto
If they hadn't drunk so much last night, they Si no hubiesen tomado tanto anoche, no se habrían
wouldn't have felt sick today sentido enfermos hoy
If he had worked more, he could have saved Si él hubiese trabajado más, podría haver ahorrado
more money más dinero

Habitual Present Present

 Sentence Translation
If I have time, I usually go to the movies Si tengo tiempo, generalmente voy al cine
If she eats hamburgers, she gets an allergy Si ella come hamburguesas, le da alergia.
If they come here, they always bring a
Si ellos vienen aquí, siempre traen un regalo
present
If she doesn't know the answer, she keeps
Si ella no sabe la respuesta, se mantiene en silencio
silent
If we don't go out on Saturdays, we rent a Si no salimos los sábados, alquilamos un video y nos
video and stay home quedamos en casa

Imperativo Present Imperative

Sentence Translation
If they are busy, don't disturb them Si ellos están ocupados, no los molestes
If it is raining, please bring me my umbrella Si está lloviendo, por favor, traéme mi paraguas
If she phones, don't tell her I was here Si ella llama, no le digas que estuve aquí
If you don't want to go, don't go Si no querés ir, no vayas
If you feel sick, stay in bed Si te sientes enfermo, quédate en la cama

19. Conjunciones

According to - de acuerdo a Namely - a saber

After - después que Neither... nor - ni... ni
Although - aunque, si bien Nevertheless - sin embargo, no obstante
And - y Nor - ni
As - cuando, mientras, a medida que, como Notwithstanding - no obstante
As if - como si Or - o
As long as - mientras, con tal que Or else - sino
As soon as - en cuanto Otherwhise - de otra manera, si no
As though - como si Provided - siempre que , con tal de que
As well as - además de Providing - siempre que , con tal de que
Because - porque Since - puesto que, ya que, desde que
Because of - debido a So as to - para
Before - antes que So as not to - para no
Both...and - tanto...como So that - para que
But - pero Still - sin embargo, no obstante
But - sino Than - que ( en comparaciones )
Either... or - o... o Therefore - por lo tanto
Even though - aunque Though - aunque
Except - excepto, salvo Unless - a menos que
For - porque Until - hasta que
Furthermore - además Whenever - cada vez que, cuando
However - sin embargo Whereas - siendo que, mientras
If - si Whether - si
In case of - en caso de Whether... or - si... o
In order to - para While - mientrar, mientras que, aunque
Moreover - además, por otra parte Yet - sin embargo, no obstante

20. Preposiciones 

About - de, sobre, acerca de Into - en, a, dentro

Above - encima de Near - cerca de
Across - al otro lado de, a través de Next to - al lado de, junto a
After - después de, detrás de, tras Of - de
Against - contra Off - de, fuera de
Along - a lo largo de On - en, sobre, encima
Amid - entre, en medio de Onto - encima de, sobre, en
Among - entre, en medio de On top of - sobre, encima de
Around - alrededor de Out of - fuera de, sin
At - en, a, de Over - sobre, más de, durante, al otro lado de
Before - delante de, antes de Per - por
Behind - detrás de Round - alrededor de
Below - debajo de Since - desde
Beneath - debajo de Through - A través de, por
Beside - al lado de Throughout - por todo, durante
Besides - además de Till - hasta
Between - entre (dos) To - a, hasta, hacia
Beyond - más allá de Toward - hacia
But - menos, salvo, excepto Under - debajo de
By - por, de Underneath - debajo de
Down - por Until - hasta
During - durante Up - arriba de
For - por, para Upon - sobre, encima de
From - de, desde With - con, de
In - en, a, dentro, de Within - dentro de, a menos de
In front of - en frente de Without - sin

 e

EJEMPLOS
About (abáut) - de, sobre, acerca de
- We are talking about the film we saw last night -- Estabamos hablando acerca de la película que
vimos anoche
- What was it about ? -- ¿ De qué se trataba ?
Above (abóv) - encima de
- There was an UFO above the house -- Había un OVNI encima de la casa
Across (acrós) - al otro lado de, a través de
- My apartment is across the street from the bank -- Mi departamento está al otro lado de la calle
desde el banco
- We ran across our neighbor's garden -- Corrimos a través del jardín de nuestro vecino
After (áfter) - después de, detrás de, tras
- The dog is running after the cat -- El perro está corriendo tras el gato
- It is 5 minutes after 4 o'clock -- Es 5 minutos después de las 4 (es las cuatro y cinco minutos)
Against (eguénst) - contra, en contra de
- The journalist wrote an article against the goverment -- El periodista escribió un artículo en contra
del gobierno
- The plane crashed against the control tower - El avión se estrelló contra la torre de control
- He placed the ladder against the wall -- Él puso la escalera contra la pared
Along (alóng) - a lo largo de, por
- There are palm trees along the avenue -- Hay palmeras a lo largo de la avenida
- Many people walk along this corridor every day -- Muchas personas caminan por este pasillo todos
los días
Amid (amíd) - entre, en medio de
- He was standing amid the crowd -- El estaba parado en medio de la multitud
Among (amóng) - entre, en medio de
- I parked my car am
21.There Be (impersonal)
ver + - ?
Conjugaciones Significado Ejemplos
THERE IS (singular) HAY There is a house
THERE ARE (plural) HAY There are two houses
THERE WAS (s) HUBO, HABÍA There was a party last night
THERE WERE (p) HUBO, HABÍA There were many people
THERE HAS BEEN (s) HA HABIDO There has been a hurricane
THERE HAVE BEEN (p) HA HABIDO There have been two hurricanes
THERE HAD BEEN HABÍA HABIDO There had been many problems
THERE WILL BE HABRÁ There will be a party tonight
THERE IS GOING TO BE (s) VA A HABER There is going to be a celebration
THERE ARE GOING TO BE (p) VA A HABER There are going to be many guests
There was going to be a party
THERE WAS GOING TO BE (s) IBA A HABER
yesterday
There were going to be many
THERE WERE GOING TO BE (p) IBA A HABER
guests
THERE WILL HAVE BEEN HABRÁ HABIDO There will have been much money
THERE WOULD BE HABRÍA There would be an orchestra
There would have been many
THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN HABRÍA HABIDO
musicians
THERE CAN BE PUEDE HABER There can be a fire
THERE COULD BE PODRÍA/ PUDO HABER There could be many injured people
THERE MAY BE PUEDE HABER There may be a storm
THERE MIGHT BE PODRÍA HABER There might be blackouts
THERE SHOULD BE DEBERÍA HABER There should be a warning
THERE MUST BE DEBE HABER There must be a way out
THERE HAS TO BE (s) TIENE QUE HABER There has to be a solution
THERE HAVE TO BE (p) TIENE QUE HABER There have to be several solutions
TUVO/ TENÍA QUE
THERE HAD TO BE There had to be a cause
HABER
PODRÍA/PUDO HABER
THERE COULD HAVE BEEN There could have been a mistake
HABIDO
There might have been an
THERE MIGHT HAVE BEEN PODRÍA HABER HABIDO
explosion
THERE SHOULD HAVE BEEN DEBERÍA HABER There should have been warnings
 HABIDO
THERE MUST HAVE BEEN DEBE HABER HABIDO There must have been an error
TIENE QUE HABER
THERE HAS TO HAVE BEEN (s) There has to have been a reason
HABIDO
TIENE QUE HABER There have to have been many
THERE HAVE TO HAVE BEEN (p)
HABIDO reasons
TUVO/TENÍA QUE HABER
THERE HAD TO HAVE BEEN There had to have been a purpose
HABIDO

  There Be (impersonal) anterior

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

THERE IS (singular) THERE IS NOT IS THERE ?
THERE ARE (plural) THERE ARE NOT ARE THERE ?
THERE WAS (s) THERE WAS NOT WAS THERE ?
THERE WERE (p) THERE WERE NOT WERE THERE ?
THERE HAS BEEN (s) THERE HAS NOT BEEN HAS THERE BEEN ?
THERE HAVE BEEN (p) THERE HAVE NOT BEEN HAVE THERE BEEN ?
THERE HAD BEEN THERE HAD NOT BEEN HAD THERE BEEN ?
THERE WILL BE THERE WILL NOT BE WILL THERE BE ?
THERE IS GOING TO BE (s) THERE IS NOT GOING TO BE IS THERE GOING TO BE ?
THERE ARE GOING TO BE (p) THERE ARE NOT GOING TO BE ARE THERE GOING TO BE ?
THERE WAS GOING TO BE (s) THERE WAS NOT GOING TO BE WAS THERE GOING TO BE ?
THERE WERE GOING TO BE (p) THERE WERE NOT GOING TO BE WERE THERE GOING TO BE ?
THERE WILL HAVE BEEN THERE WILL NOT HAVE BEEN WILL THERE HAVE BEEN ?
THERE WOULD BE THERE WOULD NOT BE WOULD THERE BE ?
THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN THERE WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN WOULD THERE HAVE BEEN ?
THERE CAN BE THERE CANNOT BE CAN THERE BE ?
THERE COULD BE THERE COULD NOT BE COULD THERE BE ?
THERE MAY BE THERE MAY NOT BE MAY THERE BE ?
THERE MIGHT BE THERE MIGHT NOT BE MIGHT THERE BE ?
THERE SHOULD BE THERE SHOULD NOT BE SHOULD THERE BE ?
THERE MUST BE THERE MUST NOT BE MUST THERE BE ?
THERE COULD HAVE BEEN THERE COULD NOT HAVE BEEN COULD THERE HAVE BEEN ?
THERE MIGHT HAVE BEEN THERE MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN MIGHT THERE HAVE BEEN ?
THERE SHOULD HAVE BEEN THERE SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN SHOULD THERE HAVE BEEN ?
THERE MUST HAVE BEEN THERE MUST NOT HAVE BEEN MUST THERE HAVE BEEN ?
 

22. Voz Pasiva

Tiempos Simples Tiempos Progresivos

Present Past Perfect Present Continuous
Past Future Past Continuous
Present Perfect Modals Future Continuous
Present
Fórmula : Subject + (am/are/is) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products are inspected Se inspeccionan los productos
Workers are replaced by robots Se reemplazan los obreros por robots
Thieves are arrested Se arresta a los ladornes
That car is washed very week Se lava ese auto todas las semanas
He is asked to be quiet Se le pide que esté callado
He is told not to make noise Se le dice que no haga ruido
A solution is found Se encuentra una solución
Those houses are painted every year Se pintan esas casas todos los años
I am given a good advice Se me dá un buen consejo
The student is ordered to leave the room Se le ordena al estudiante que salga del aula
The kid is told not to cross the street Se le dice al niño que no cruce la calle
I am asked to give a speech Se me pide que dé un discurso
A million copies are sold every year Se venden un millón de copias todos los años
The suspect is investigated Se investiga al sospechoso
Bill is asked to pay what he owes Se le pide a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer is sentenced to death Se sentencia a muerte al asesino
Rules are changed Se cambian las reglas
A skyscraper is built Se construye un rascacielos
 PAST
Fórmula : Subject + (was/were) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products were inspected Se inspeccionaron los productos
Workers were replaced by robots Se reemplazaron los obreros por robots
Thieves were arrested Se arrestó a los ladrones
That car was washed very week Se lavaba ese auto todas las semanas
He was asked to be quiet Se le pidió que esté callado
He was told not to make noise Se le dijo que no haga ruido
A solution was found Se encontró una solución
Those houses were painted Se pintaron esas casas
I was given a good advice Se me dió un buen consejo
The student was ordered to leave the
Se le ordenó al estudiante que salga del aula
room
The kid was told not to cross the street Se le dijo al niño que no cruce la calle
I was asked to give a speech Se me pidió que dé un discurso
A million copies were sold every year Se vendieron un millón de copias todos los años
The suspect was investigated Se investigó al sospechoso
Bill was asked to pay what he owes Se le pidió a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer was sentenced to death Se sentenció a muerte al asesino
Rules were changed Se cambiaron las reglas
A skyscraper was built Se construyó un rascacielos
 PRESENT PERFECT
Fórmula : Subject + (have/has been) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products have been inspected Se han inspeccionado los productos
Workers have been replaced by robots Se han reemplazado los obreros por robots
Thieves have been arrested Se ha arrestado a los ladrones
That car has been washed Se ha lavado ese auto
He has been asked to be quiet Se le ha pedido que esté callado
He has been told not to make noise Se le ha dicho que no haga ruido
A solution has been found Se ha encontrado una solución
Those houses have been painted Se han pintado esas casas
I have been given a good advice Se me ha dado un buen consejo
The student has been ordered to leave the
Se le ha ordenado al estudiante que salga del aula
room
The kid has been told not to cross the street Se le ha dicho al niño que no cruce la calle
I have been asked to give a speech Se me ha pedido que dé un discurso
A million copies have been sold Se han vendido un millón de copias
The suspect has been investigated Se ha investigado al sospechoso
Bill has been asked to pay what he owes Se le ha pedido a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer has been sentenced to death Se ha sentenciado a muerte al asesino
Rules have been changed Se han cambiado las reglas
A skyscraper has been built Se ha construído un rascacielos
 PAST PERFECT
Fórmula : Subject + (had been) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products had been inspected Se habían inspeccionado los productos
Workers had been replaced by robots Se habían reemplazado los obreros por robots
Thieves had been arrested Se había arrestado a los ladrones
That car had been washed Se había lavado ese auto
He had been asked to be quiet Se le había pedido que esté callado
He had been told not to make noise Se le había dicho que no haga ruido
A solution had been found Se había encontrado una solución
Those houses had been painted Se habían pintado esas casas
I had been given a good advice Se me había dado un buen consejo
The student had been ordered to leave the
Se le había ordenado al estudiante que salga del aula
room
The kid had been told not to cross the street Se le había dicho al niño que no cruce la calle
I had been asked to give a speech Se me había pedido que dé un discurso
A million copies had been sold Se habían vendido un millón de copias
The suspect had been investigated Se había investigado al sospechoso
Bill had been asked to pay what he owes Se le había pedido a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer had been sentenced to death Se había sentenciado a muerte al asesino
Rules had been changed Se habían cambiado las reglas
A skyscraper had been built Se había construído un rascacielos
 FUTURE
Fórmula : Subject + (will be) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products will be inspected Se inspeccionarán los productos
Workers will be replaced by robots Se reemplazarán los obreros por robots
The thieves will be arrested Se arrestará a los ladrones
That car will be washed Se lavará ese auto
He will be asked to be quiet Se le pedirá que esté callado
He will be told not to make noise Se le dirá que no haga ruido
A solution will be found Se encontrará una solución
Those houses will be painted Se pintarán esas casas
I will be given a good advice Se me dará un buen consejo
The student will be ordered to leave the room Se le ordenará al estudiante que salga del aula
The kid will be told not to cross the street Se le dirá al niño que no cruce la calle
I will be asked to give a speech Se me pedirá que dé un discurso
A million copies will be sold Se venderán un millón de copias
The suspect will be investigated Se investigará al sospechoso
Bill will be asked to pay what he owes Se le pedirá a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer will be sentenced to death Se sentenciará a muerte al asesino
Rules will be changed Se cambiarán las reglas
A skyscraper will be built Se construirá un rascacielos
MODALS
Fórmula : Subject + (can/could/may/might/will/would/must/should be) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products would be inspected Se inspeccionarían los productos
Workers could be replaced by robots Se podrían reemplazar los obreros por robots
The thieves must be arrested Se debe arrestar a los ladrones
That car should be washed Se debería lavar ese auto
He would be asked to be quiet Se le pediría que esté callado
He will be told not to make noise Se le dirá que no haga ruido
A solution can be found Se puede encontrar una solución
Those houses might be painted Se podrían pintar esas casas
I should be given a good advice Se debería dar un buen consejo
Se le debería mandar al estudiante que salga del
The student should be ordered to leave the room
aula
The kid must be told not to cross the street Se le debe decir al niño que no cruce la calle
I might be asked to give a speech Se me podría pedir que dé un discurso
A million copies could be sold Se podrían vender un millón de copias
The suspect should be investigated Se debería investigar al sospechoso
Bill will be asked to pay what he owes Se le pedirá a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer might be sentenced to death Se podría sentenciar a muerte al asesino
Rules may be changed Se podrían cambiar las reglas
A skyscraper may be built Se podría construir un rascacielos
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Fórmula : Subject + (am/are/is being) + V3
 Sentence Translation
The products are being inspected Se están inspeccionando los productos
Workers are being replaced by robots Se están reemplazando los obreros por robots
Thieves are being arrested Se está arrestando a los ladrones
That car is being washed Se está lavando ese auto
He is being asked to be quiet Se le está pidiendo que esté callado
He is being told not to make noise Se le está diciendo que no haga ruido
A solution is being found Se está encontrando una solución
Those houses are being painted Se están pintando esas casas
I am being given a good advice Se me está dando un buen consejo
Se le está mandando al estudiante que salga del
The student is being ordered to leave the room
aula
The kid is being told not to cross the street Se le está diciendo al niño que no cruce la calle
I am being asked to give a speech Se me está pidiendo que dé un discurso
Se están vendiendo un millón de copias todos los
A million copies are being sold every year
años
The suspect is being investigated Se está investigando al sospechoso
Bill is being asked to pay what he owes Se le está pidiendo a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer is being sentenced to death Se está sentenciando a muerte al asesino
Rules are being changed Se están cambiando las reglas
A skyscraper is being built Se está construyendo un rascacielos
 PAST CONTINUOUS
Fórmula : Subject + (was/were being) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products were being inspected Se estaban inspeccionando los productos
Workers were being replaced by robots Se estaban reemplazando los obreros por robots
Thieves were being arrested Se estaba arrestando a los ladornes
That car was being washed Se estaba lavando ese auto
He was being asked to be quiet Se le estaba pidiendo que esté callado
He was being told not to make noise Se le estaba diciendo que no haga ruido
A solution was being found Se estaba encontrando una solución
Those houses were being painted Se estaban pintando esas casas
I was being given a good advice Se me estaba dando un buen consejo
The student was being ordered to leave the Se le estaba mandando al estudiante que salga del
room aula
The kid was being told not to cross the street Se le estaba diciendo al niño que no cruce la calle
I was being asked to give a speech Se me estaba pidiendo que dé un discurso
Se estaban vendiendo un millón de copias todos los
A million copies were being sold every year
años
The suspect was being investigated Se estaba investigando al sospechoso
Bill was being asked to pay what he owes Se le estaba pidiendo a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer was being sentenced to death Se estaba sentenciando a muerte al asesino
Rules were being changed Se estaban cambiando las reglas
A skyscraper was being built Se estaba construyendo un rascacielos
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Fórmula : Subject + (will be being) + V3
Sentence Translation
The products will be being inspected Se estarán inspeccionando los productos
Workers will be being replaced by robots Se estarán reemplazando los obreros por robots
Thieves will be being arrested Se estará arrestando a los ladornes
That car will be being washed Se estará lavando ese auto
He will be being asked to be quiet Se le estará pidiendo que esté callado
He will be being told not to make noise Se le estará diciendo que no haga ruido
A solution will be being found Se estará encontrando una solución
Those houses will be being painted Se estarán pintando esas casas
I will be being given a good advice Se me estará dando un buen consejo
The student will be being ordered to leave the Se le estará mandando al estudiante que salga del
room aula
The kid will be being told not to cross the street Se le estará diciendo al niño que no cruce la calle
I will be being asked to give a speech Se me estará pidiendo que dé un dé un discurso
Se estarán vendiendo un millón de copias todos los
A million copies will be being sold every year
años
The suspect will be being investigated Se estará investigando al sospechoso
Bill will be being asked to pay what he owes Se le estará pidiendo a Bill que pague lo que debe
The murderer will be being sentenced to death Se estará sentenciando a muerte al asesino
Rules will be being changed Se estarán cambiando las reglas
A skyscraper will be being built Se estará construyendo un rascacielos

 
23. Situaciones 

Common Expressions Expresiones comunes

At the Airport En el aeropuerto
At the Hotel En el Hotel
At the Restaurant En el Restaurante
Traveling by Bus (Train) Viajando en Tren
Public Transportation Transporte Público
Shopping De compras
At the Post Office En el correo
Speaking on the telephone Hablando por teléfono
At the Doctor´s En el consultorio del doctor
At the Drugstore En la farmacia
At the Bank En el banco
Movies - Theater - Concerts Cine y Teatro

English Español
Good morning Buen día
Good afternoon Buenas tardes
Good evening Buenas noches
Good night Buenas noches (al despedirse)
Good bye Chau
So long! Hasta luego!
Hi (Hello)! Hola!
How are you? ¿Cómo estás?
How are you doing? ¿Cómo te va?
I am well (fine), thank you Estoy bien, gracias
Where are you from? ¿De dónde es Ud?
What do you do? ¿Qué hace Ud? ¿A qué se dedica?
Do you speak Spanish? ¿Habla Ud español?
What's your name? ¿Cuál es su nombre? ¿Cómo se llama Ud?
It doesn't matter No importa
Never mind No importa
Congratulations! ¡Felicitaciones!
May I introduce myself? ¿Puedo presentarme?
Thank you. ---You are welcome Gracias --- De nada
Excuse me, please Disculpe, por favor
I am sorry Lo siento
Really? ¿En serio?
Of course! ¡Por supuesto!
Sure Seguro
That's too bad ¡Qué lástima!
What happened? ¿Qué pasó?
What does that mean? ¿Qué significa eso?
You are right Ud. tiene razón
You are wrong Ud. está equivocado
I guess so Creo que sí
I don't think so Creo que no

English Español
Is it necessary to make a reservation? ¿Es necesario hacer una reserva?
Do you have any rooms available? ¿Tiene Ud. habitaciones disponibles?
What's the daily (weekly) rate? ¿Cuál es la tarifa diaria (semanal)?
¿Hay aire acondicionado (calefección) en la
Is there air conditioning (heating) in the room?
habitación?
I would like a single (double) room Quisiera una habitación individual (para dos)
I'd like a room with twin beds Quisiera un cuarto con camas gemelas
Is breakfast included in the price? ¿El desayuno está incluído en el precio?
Where can I park my car? ¿Donde puedo estacionar mi auto?
Could I see the room? ¿Podría ver la habitación?
OK, I'll take it OK. La tomaré
My room key please La llave de mi cuarto, por favor
La habitación es demasiado pequeña (ruidosa,
This room is too small (noisy/dark)
oscura)
Could you wake me up at 7 a.m.? ¿Podría despertarme a las 7 de la mañana?
Where can I leave my valuables? ¿Dónde puedo dejar mis objetos de valor?
What time do I have to check out? ¿A qué hora tengo que irme del hotel?
Can I pay with traveler's checks (by credit ¿Puedo pagar con cheques de viajero (tarjeta de
card)? crédito)
Could someone bring some extra towels up to ¿Podría alguien traer algunas toallas adicionales a
my room? mi cuarto?
Is there a laundry (dry-cleaning) service? ¿Hay un servicio de lavandería (tintorería)?

English Español
I would like to make a reservation for this
Quisiera hacer una reserva para esta noche
evening
I would like a table near the window Quisiera una mesa cerca de la ventana
Could you call the waiter (waitress) please? ¿Podría llamar al camarero (camarera) por favor?
¿Podría traerme el menú (la lista de vinos) por
Could you bring me the menu (wine list) please?
favor?
Where are the rest rooms? ¿Donde están los baños?
I would like to order now Quisiera ordenar ahora
What do you recommend? ¿Qué recomienda Ud?
¿Podría traerme una botella de vino (cerveza,
May I have a bottle of wine (beer, soda)?
gaseosa)?
Excuse me, I have no spoon (knife,fork) Disculpe. No tengo cuchara (cuchillo, tenedor)
These napkins are dirty Las servilletas están sucias
¿Podría traerme más panecillos (tostadas) por
May you bring more rolls (toasts) please?
favor?
I'll have a steak with French fries Comeré un bife con papas fritas
Would you like anything to drink? ¿Desea Ud. algo para tomar?
What kind of desserts do you have? ¿Qué clase de postres tienen?
Waiter, the check please Camarero, la cuenta por favor
Can we pay separately? ¿Podemos pagar separadamente?
Thank you. Keep the change Gracias. Guárdese el cambio

English Español
How much is the round-trip (one-way) ticket? ¿Cuánto cuesta un boleto de ida y vuelta (de ida)?
What's the fare to Chicago? ¿Cuánto cuesta el boleto a Chicago?
What time does the bus (train) leave (arrive)? ¿A qué hora sale (llega) el autobús (tren)?
From what platform does the bus (train) leave? ¿De qué plataforma sale el autobús (tren)?
How long does it take from here to Chicago? ¿Cuánto tiempo toma desde aquí hasta Chicago?
Is this the bus to New York? ¿És este el autobús a New York?
Will I have to change buses (trains)? ¿Tendré que cambiar autobuses (trenes)?
Could you show me the route (schedule)
¿Podría mostrarme el itinerario (horario), por favor?
please?
Is the bus (train) delayed (on schedule)? ¿Está el autobús (tren) retrasado (en tiempo)?
Can I buy a map here? ¿Puedo comprar un mapa aquí?
I missed the bus (train) Perdí el autobús (tren)
Excuse me, but you are sitting in my seat Disculpe, pero Ud. está sentado en mi asiento
Where are you heading for? ¿Hacia adónde se está dirigiendo Ud.?
Must we change buses at this terminal? ¿Debo cambiar de autobús en esta terminal?
How long does the bus (train) stop here? ¿Cuánto tiempo se detiene el autobús (tren) aquí?
What's the next stop? ¿Cuál es la próxima parada?
How many more stops before we arrive? ¿Cuántas paradas más antes de que lleguemos?
I can't find my baggage! It is missing No puedo encontrar mi equipaje! Está faltando
Do I have to get off here? ¿Tengo que bajarme aquí?

English Español
Is there a bus stop around here? ¿Hay una parada de autobús por aquí?
Where can I get a taxi (cab)? ¿Dónde puedo conseguir un taxi?
¿Hay alguna entrada al subterráneo por aquí
Is there a subway entrance nearby?
cerca?
How often do the buses run? ¿Con qué frecuencia pasan los autobuses?
I think every 10 minutes Creo que cada 10 minutos
I need to take the subway (a bus, a taxi-cab) Necesito tomar el subterráneo (un autobús, un taxi)
How much is the bus fare? ¿Cuánto está el precio del boleto del autobús?
¿Podría darme un pase para transbordar, por
Can you give me a transfer please?
favor?
How many passengers can you take in this cab? ¿Cuántos pasajeros puede llevar en este taxi?
I want to go to... Quiero ir a...
Please take me to... Por favor, lléveme a...
I need to get to the airport as quick as possible Necesito llegar al aeropuerto lo antes posible
Could you drive faster please? ¿Podría conducir más rápido por favor?
Do you mind if I open the window? ¿Le importa si abro la ventanilla?
I get off here Me bajo aquí
What is the next stop? ¿Cuál es la próxima parada?
How much is it? ¿Cuánto es?
Thanks. Keep the change! Gracias. Guarde el cambio
English Español
Where is the nearest shopping center ¿Dónde queda el shopping center (supermercado)
(supermarket)? más cercano?
How do I get there? ¿Cómo llego hasta allí?
What time does the market open (close)? ¿A qué hora abre (cierra) el mercado?
Where is the men's (ladies') clothing ¿Dónde queda el departamento de ropa de
department? hombres (de mujeres)?
(Furniture/baggage/footware/cosmetics/lingerie) Departamento de (muebles, equipaje, calzados,
department cosméticos, lencería)
Tome la escalera mecánica (el ascensor) al tercer
Take the escalator (elevator) to the third floor
piso
I want to buy a gift for my girlfriend Quiero comprar un regalo para mi novia
How much is this article? ¿A cuánto está este artículo?
Ask the saleswoman (salesman) Pregúntele a la vendedora (vendedor)
How much is it? ¿Cuánto es?
How much does it cost? ¿Cuánto cuesta?
How much do you charge for this? ¿Cuánto cobran por esto?
This is too expensive. Don't you have something Esto es demasiado caro. ¿No tiene algo más
cheaper? barato?
Could you show me a bigger (smaller/nicer) ¿Podría mostrarme uno más grande (más pequeño/
one? más lindo)?
May I try this dress on? ¿Podría probarme este vestido?
Where are the trying rooms? ¿Dónde están los probadores?
This doesn't fit me. I want a bigger one Este no me queda. Quiero uno más grande
Are these articles on sale ? ¿Estos artículos están en oferta?
I don't care for any of these No me gusta ninguno de estos
Please, can you wrap it up? Por favor. ¿Puede envolverlo?
Can I pay by credit card? ¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta de crédito?

English Español
Is there a post office nearby? ¿Hay una oficina postal cerca de aquí?
What time does it open? ¿A qué hora abre?
I need some stamps for this letter Necesito algunas estampillas para esta carta
Is there any mail for me? ¿Hay alguna correspondencia para mí?
I want to send it via air-mail please Quiero enviarla por correo aéreo, por favor
Could you weigh this package (letter) for me ¿Podría Ud. pesarme este paquete (carta) por
please? favor?
How long does it take to get to Argentina? ¿Cuánto tiempo tarda en llegar a Argentina?
Where is the mailbox? ¿Dónde está el buzón?
I don't know the Zip-Code of this city No sé el código postal de esta ciudad
I want to register these letters Quiero certificar estas cartas
Can I send a money order from here? ¿Puedo enviar un giro postal desde aquí?
¿Puede Ud ayudarme a rellenar este formulario por
Can you help me fill out this form please?
favor?
Where can I buy envelopes? ¿Dónde puedo comprar sobres para cartas?
How can I send this the quickest? ¿Cómo puedo enviar esto, lo más rápido posible?

Speaking on the Telephone

English Español
Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada de larga
Operator, I wish to make a long distance call.
distancia
Operator, I wish to make a collect call. Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada por cobrar
Quisiera hablar con el señor, señora, sta. Simpson
I'd like to speak to Mr./Mrs./Ms Simpson please.
por favor
Could you speak louder please? ¿Podría Ud.hablar más fuerte por favor?
Could you speak more slowly please? ¿Podría Ud. hablar más lento por favor?
Could you spell that for me please? ¿Podría deletrearme eso por favor?
Could you call back later please? ¿Podría Ud. llamar de nuevo más tarde por favor?
Could I leave a message? ¿Podría dejar un mensaje?
I need a phone directory Necesito una guía de teléfonos
I need to know the area-code for Miami Necesito saber el código de área de Miami
Where can I find a pay phone? ¿Dónde puedo encontrar un teléfono público?
Hold on! Don't hang up! ¡Aguarde! ¡No corte!
Who is calling? ¿Quién está llamando?
Wrong number Número equivoacado
The line is busy La línea está ocupada
You must dial this number... Ud debe marcar este número...

At the Doctor's
English Español
I would like to make an appointment to see the
Quisiera un turno para ver al doctor
doctor
I am not feeling well No me estoy sintiendo bien
I am feeling very sick (ill) Me esoty sintiendo muy enfermo
What are the symptoms? ¿Cuáles son los síntomas?
I've got a terrible (earache, stomach ache, Tengo un terrible dolor (de oído, de estómago, de
headache, toothache) cabeza, de muelas)
Tengo una terrible (gripe, resfriado, dolor de
I've got a terrible (flu, cold, sore throat, cough)
garganta, tos)
I've got a broken (fractured, dislocated) arm
Tengo un brazo (pierna) rota (fracturada, dislocada)
(leg)
My whole body hurts Me duele todo mi cuerpo
I have a pain in my back (chest) Tengo un dolor en mi espalda (pecho)
I have chills (nausea, diarrhea, fever, allergy) Tengo escalofríos (náuseas, diarrea, fiebre, alergia)
Tengo una quemadura (un corte, una picadura de
I have a burn (a cut, an insect bite)
insecto)
I have been feeling dizzy and sweating a lot Me he estado sintiendo mareado y sudando mucho
I will check your blood pressure Revisaré su presión sanguínea
Is it serious? ¿Es grave?
Must I follow a diet? ¿Debo seguir una dieta?
Must I stay in bed? ¿Debo quearme en cama?
Will you give me a prescription? ¿Me dará una receta para la farmacia?
What medicine should I take? ¿Qué remedio debo tomar?

English Español
May I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarlo?
I would like something for a sunburn (a sore Quisiera algo para una quemadura (un dolor de
throat, a cold, a fever, an indigestion, a garganta, un resfriado, fiebre, una indigestión, un
constipation, a headhache) dolor de cabeza)
Could I have some sleeping pills? ¿Podría tener pastillas para dormir?
May I have a bottle of vitamin C? ¿Podría tener una botella de vitamina C?
I would like some aspirins and a laxative Quisiera algunas aspirinas y un laxante
Do you want a large or small bottle (package, ¿Quiere Ud. un frasco grande o chico (paquete,
box, tube)? caja, pomo)?
I want a tube of shaving cream (toothpaste) Quiero un pomo de crema de afeitar (dentífrico) por
please favor
Do you have some painkillers? ¿Tiene algunos calmantes?
Do I need a prescription for this medicine? ¿Necesito una receta médica para este remedio?
I need a bandage, alcohol and iodine please Necesito un vendaje, alcohol y yodo, por favor
I would like a box of cough drops Quisiera una cajita de pastillas para la tos
I'd like box of condoms Quisiera una cajita de condones
Here you are. That'll be $12.50 Aquí tiene Ud. Eso suma $12.50
 At the Bank
English Español
Where is the nearest bank? ¿Dónde queda el banco más cercano?
Where can I find an ATM? ¿Dónde puedo encontrar un cajero electrónico?
Can I cash these traveler's checks here? ¿Puedo cobrar aquí estos cheques de viajero?
Can I cash personal checks here? ¿Puedo cobrar aquí cheques personales?
I would like to open up a current account Quisiera abrir una cuenta corriente
Could you give me some change? ¿Me podría dar algo de cambio?
I need some coins (small bills) Necesito algunas monedas (billetes chicos)
I want to withdraw (deposit) some money Quiero retirar (depositar) algo de dinero
How much is the rate of exchange? ¿A cuánto está el tipo de cambio?
Do I have to endorse (sign) this check? ¿Tengo que endosar (firmar) este cheque?
I need to make a bank draft Necesito hacer un giro bancario
I would like to send money to Argentina Quisiera enviar dinero a Argentina
Which window should I go to? ¿A qué ventanilla debería ir?
I would like to apply for a loan Quisiera solicitar un préstamo
What are the interest rates? ¿Cuáles son las tasas de interés?

English Español
Where can I get an entertainment guide of this ¿Dónde puedo obtener una guía de
city? entretenimientos de esta ciudad?
Where is the ticket-office? ¿Dónde está la boletería?
Are there any seats left? ¿Quedan asientos?
I want two tickets please Quiero dos boletos, por favor
¿Tenemos que hacer cola para comprar los
Do we have to wait in line to buy the tickets?
boletos?
Where are our seats? ¿Dónde están nuestros asientos?
Must we tip the usher? ¿Debemos dar propina al acomodador?
Which orchestra (band) is playing? ¿Qué orquesta (banda) está tocando?
What's on at the movies tonight? ¿Qué hay en el cine esta noche?
¿A qué hora comienza (termina) la película (el
What time does the film (show) start (end)?
espectáculo)?
How long does it last? ¿Cuánto tiempo dura?
What kind of film is it? ¿Qué clase de película es?
Es una película de terror (de ciencia ficción, de
It is a horror (science fiction, war) film
guerra)
It is a thriller (western, cartoon, comedy, Es una película de acción (una del oeste, una de
musical) dibujos animados, una comedia, un musical)
What is it about? ¿De qué se trata?
The plot (script) is very good La trama (el guión) es muy bueno
Who is the main actor (actress)? ¿Quién es el actor (actriz) principal?

() H

Pronunciación

n términos que tienen idéntica pronunciación

all (óol) todo/a, todos/as awl (óol) lezna, punzón

air (éer) aire heir (éer) heredero
altar (ólter) - altar alter (ólter) alterar, cambiar, modificar
ant (ánt) hormiga aunt (ánt) tía
ate (éit) pasado de eat eight (éit) ocho
capital (cápital) capital capitol (cápital) capitolio
cent (sént) centavo sent pasado de send scent (sént) perfume, rastro, pista
cereal (sírial) cereal serial (sírial) serie de TV
chili (chíli) ají, chile chilly (chíli) frío
chord (córd) acorde cord (córd) cable, cuerda
cite (sáit) mencionar, citar site sitio, escenario sight (sáit) vista, visión
coarse (cóors) tosco, grosero course (cóors) curso, camino, recorrido
colonel (kérnel) coronel kernel (kérnel) núcleo, meollo
complement (cómplement) complemento compliment (cómplement) halago, lisonja
core (cóor) centro, núcleo, esencia corps (cóor) cuerpo
counsel (cáunsel) consejo, aconsejar council (cáunsel) concilio, ayuntamiento
creak (críik) crujir, chirriar, rechinar creek (críik) riachuelo
cymbals (símbols) platillos symbols (símbols) símbolos
bail (béil) fianza bale (béil) fardo
ball (bóol) bawl (bóol) chillar, gritar
bare (béer) desnudo, descubierto bear (béer) oso/a
baron (báren) barón barren (báren) estéril, yermo, árido
berth (béerz) litera, camarote birth (béerz) nacimiento
blue (blú) azul blew (blú) pasado de blow
boar (bóor) jabalí bore (bóor) perforar, aburrir, pelmazo
bough (báu) rama bow (báu) proa
break (bréik) romper, quebrar, descanso brake (bréik) frenar, freno
bread (bréd) pan bred (bréd) pasado de breed
but (báat) pero, sino, excepto butt (báat) culata, colilla, dar cabezadas contra
buy (bái) comprar by (bái) por, cerca de, junto a
dam (dám) dique, embalse, presa damn (dám) condenar, maldecir
dear (díir) estimado, querido deer (díir) ciervo, venado
descent (disént) descenso, descendencia dissent (disént) disensión
die (dái) morir dye (dái) tinte, teñir
doe (dóu) coneja, cierva dough (dóu) masa, pasta
dual (diúel) dual duel (diúel) duelo
earn (éern) ganar, merecer urn (éern) urna
ewe (iú) oveja you (iú) tú, ustedes
eye (ái) ojo I (ái) yo
eyelet (áilit) abertura islet (áilit) isleta
faint (féint) desmayarse, débil, lánguido feint (féint) ficción, amagar
fair (fér) justo, rubio, feria, bastante fare (fér) pasaje, tarifa
feat (fíit) acción, hecho, hazaña, proeza feet (fíit) pies
fir (féer) abeto fur (féer) piel, pelo
flair (flér) instinto, olfato flare (flér) llamarada, bengala
flea (flíi) pulga flee (flíi) huir, escapar de
flew (flú) pasado de fly flu (flú) gripe
floe (flóu) témpano flow (flóu) flujo, fluír, manar
for (fóor) para, por - fore delantero, anterior four (fóor) cuatro
forth (fóorz) adelante, delante fourth (fóorz) cuarto
fowl (fául) ave de corral foul (fául) asqueroso, falta
gait (guéit) modo de andar gate (guéit) puerta
gorilla (gueríla) gorila guerrilla (gueríla) guerrillero/a
great (gréit) grande, gran grate (gréit) reja, verja, parrilla, rallar
hair (jér) pelo, cabello, cabellera hare (jér) liebre
hall (jóol) vestíbulo, sala de espectáculos haul (jóol) transportar, arrastrar, tirón
halve (jáv) partir en dos have (jáv) tener, haber
hanger (jánguer) percha hangar (jánguer) hangar
here (jíir) aquí, acá hear (jíir) oír, escuchar
herd (jéerd) manada, rebaño heard (jéerd) pasado de hear
heal (jíil) curar , sanar heel (jíil) talón, tacón
heroin (jérouin) heroína - la droga - heroine (jérouin) heroína - la protagonista -
him (jím) hymn (jím) himno
hoard (jóord) depósito, tesoro, acumular horde (jóord) horda
hole (jóul) agujero, hueco, hoyo whole (jóul) entero, total, completo
hostel (jóstl) albergue juvenil hostile (jóstl) hostil
hour (áur) hora our (áur) nuestro/a nuestros/as
idle (áidl) ocioso, perder el tiempo idol (áidl) ídolo
isle (áil) ísla I'll (áil)
key (kíi) llave, clave, tecla quay (kíi) muelle, desembarcadero
knead (níid) amasar need (níid) necesitar
knot (nót) nudo, lazo, anudar, enlazar not (nót)
lain (léin) pasado de lie lane (léin) carril, senda
leak (líik) gotera, filtración, gotear leek (líik) puerro
lessen (lésen) disminuir, reducir lesson (lésen) lección, enseñanza
load (lóud) carga, cargar lode (lóud) veta - en una mina -
loan (lóun) prestar, préstamo lone (lóun) solo, solitario
loot (lúut) botín, saqueo lute (lúut) laúd
made (méid) pasado de make maid (méid) empleada doméstica
male (méil) masculino, macho mail (méil) correspondencia, enviar por correo
mane (méin) melena, crín main (méin) principal, primero
meat (míit) carne meet (míit) encontrarse con
medal (médl) medalla meddle (médl) entrometerse
might (máit) poder, fuerza mite (máit) ácaro
moan (móun) gemido, quejarse, gemir mown (móun) cortar, segar
morning (móorning) mañana mourning (mórning) luto, duelo
mussel (másl) mejillón muscle (másl) músculo
naval (néivl) naval navel (néivl) ombligo
nay (néi) no neigh (néi) relinchar, relincho
night (náit) noche knight (náit) caballero
know (nóu) saber, conocer no (nóu) no
none (náan) niguno, nada nun (náan) monja
one (uán) uno/a won (uán) pasado de win
or (óor) o - oar remo ore (óor) mineral
oh (óu) owe (óu) deber, adeudar
pail (péil) cubo, balde pale (péil) pálido
pain (péin) dolor, aflicción, pena pane (péin) vidrio, hoja de vidrio
pair (pér) par - pare (pér) cortar, recortar pear (pér) pera
palette (pálet) paleta palate (pálet) paladar
peace (píis) paz piece (píis) pedazo, trozo
peak (píik) pico, cumbre, punta peek (píik) atisbar, mirar a hurtadillas
peal (píil) repique, estruendo peel (píil) pelar, cáscara
pedal (pédl) pedal, pedalear peddle (pédl) vender de puerta en puerta
peer (píir) par, igual, compañero pier (píir) muelle, desembarcadero
pi (pái) pi pie (pái) pastel
pistil (pístl) pistilo pistol (pístl) pistola
plain (pléin) claro, evidente, sencillo plane (pléin) avión
plumb (pláam) sondar, plomada plum (pláam) ciruela
pole (póul) polo, asta, palo, poste, mástil poll (póul) encuesta, votación
pore (póor) poro pour (póor) verter, echar
pray (préi) rezar, orar, suplicar prey (préi) presa
principal (príncipl) principal, director principle (príncipl) principio
prophet (prófit) profeta profit (prófit) ganancia, beneficio
rap (ráp) dar un golpecito wrap (ráp) envolver, envoltura
read (ríid) leer reed (ríid) junco, caña
rein (réin) rienda - rain (réin) lluvia reign (réin) reino, soberanía
ring (ríng) anillo, ring wring (ríng) retorcer
road (róud) camino, carretera rode (róud) pasado de ride
route (rúut) ruta root (rúut) raíz
rye (rái) centeno wry (rái) irónico
sale (séil) venta sail (séil) navegar
scene (síin) escena seen (síin) pasado de see
sea (síi) mar see (síi) ver
seam (síim) costura seem (síim) parecer
shear (shíir) esquilar sheer (shíir) puro, completo
sleigh (sléi) trineo slay (sléi) matar
sole (sóul) suela soul (sóul) alma
son (sáan) hijo sun (sáan) sol
some (sáam) algún, algo de sum (sáam) suma, cantidad
sore (sóor) herida, llaga, dolorido soar (sóor) remontarse, volar
stake (stéik) estaca, apuesta steak (stéik) biftect
stair (stér) escalón stare (stér) mirada fija,
steal (stíil) robar, hurtar steel (stíil) acero
step (stép) paso, pisada steppe (stép) estepa
strait (stréit) estrecho (geog) straight (stréit) directo, derecho, recto
suite (suíit) cuarto sweet (suíit) dulce
tail (téil) cola, rabo tale (téil) cuento, chisme, fábula
taught (tót) pasado de teach taut (tót) tenso, tirante
team (tíim) equipo teem (tíim) rebozar
tier (tíir) grada, piso tear (tíir) lágrima
there (dér) allí, allá, ahí their (der) su
threw (zrú) pasado de throw through (zrú) a través de
throne (zróun) trono thrown (zróun) pasado de throw
to (tchú) a, para - two (tchú) dos too (tchú) también, demasiado
toe (tóu) dedo del pie tow (tóu) remolcar, remolque
vane (véin) aspa, paleta, veleta vain (véin) vano, presumido
waist (wéist) cintura waste (wéist) derrochar, basura, pérdida
wait (wéit) esperar, servir weight (wéit) peso
war (wór) guerra wore (wór) pasado de wear
way (wéi) manera, modo, dirección, sentido weigh (wéi) pesar
weak (wíik) débil week (wíik) semana
wholly (jóuli) completamente holy (jóuli) santo, sagrado
would (wúud) wood (wúud) madera, bosque
write (ráit) escribir right (ráit) derecho, apropiado, justo
yoke (ióuk) yugo yolk (ióuk) yema

Estas palabras No se pronuncian igual

pronunciar con "i" latina pronunciar con "i" gutural

leave (líiv) irse, dejar live (liv) vivir
seek (síik) buscar sick (sik) enfermo
feel (fíil) fill (fil)
steal (stíil) robar, hurtar still (stil)
feet (fíit) pies fit (fit) caber
beet (bíit) bit (bit) pedacito
cheek (chíik) mejilla chick (chik) pollito, chica
heel (jíil) talón, tacón hill (jil) colina
keel (kíil) quilla kill (kil) matar
heat (jíit) calor hit (jit) golpear, golpe
leap (líip) saltar, brincar lip (lip) labio
meal (míil) comida mill (mil) molino
peel (píil) pelar, cáscara pill (pil) píldora, pastilla
wheel (wíil) rueda will (wil) voluntad, testamento
cheap (chíip) barato chip (chip) papa frita, ficha
leak (líik) gotear, gotera lick (lik) lamer
heap (jíip) montón hip (jip) cadera
 pronunciar con "a" gutural pronunciar con "ae"
but (báat) pero, sino bat (bat) murciélago
cut (cáat) cortar, corte cat (cat) gato
bud (báad) capullo bad (bad) malo
mud (máad) barro mad (mad) loco
bug (báag) bicho, chinche bag (bag) bolsa, bolso
cup (cáap) copa, tasa cap (cap) gorro, gorra
fun (fáan) divertido, diversión fan (fan) ventilador, abanico
hut (jáat) choza hat (jat) sombrero
rug (ráag) alfombra rag (rag) trapo, harapo
la pronunciación de los verbos terminan
la "ed" se pronuncia como "id"
con d o t
to visit (vísit) visitar visited (vísitid)
to start (stáart) empezar started (stáartid)
to want (wónt) querer wanted (wóntid)
to add (ád) añadir, agregar added (ádid)
to hate (jéit) odiar, detestar hated (jéitid)
to rent (rént) alquilar rented (réntid)
to arrest (arrést) arrestar arrested (arréstid)
to wait (wéit) esperar waited (wéitid)
to rest (rést) descanzar rested (réstid)
to accept (aksépt) aceptar accepted (akséptid)
to eliminate (elíminéit) eliminar eliminated (elíminéitid)
to decide (disáid) decided (disáidid)
to repeat (ripít) repeated (ripítid)
la pronunciación de los verbos terminan
la "ed" se pronuncia como "d"
en r, n, i , l
to discover (discóver) descubrir discovered (discóverd)
to conquer (cónker) conquistar conquered (cónkerd)
to notify (nóutifái) notificar notified (nóutifáid)
to specify (spécifái) especificar specified (spécifáid)
to explore (eksplóor) explorar explored (eksplóord)
to destroy (distrói) destruir destroyed (distróid)
to sweeten (suíten) endulzar sweetened (suítend)
to blacken (bláken) ennegrecer blackened (blákend)
to prefer (priféer) preferir prefered (priféerd)
to combine (combáin) combinar combined (combáind)
to study (stáadi) estudiar studied (stáadid)
to pay (péi) pagar payed (péid)
to stay (stéi) permanecer stayed (stéid)
to answer (ánser) responder answered (ánserd)
to clean (clíin) limpiar cleaned (clíind)
to call (cóol) llamar called (cóold)
to listen (lísn) escuchar listened (lísnd)
En el resto de los verbos la "ed" se pronuncia como "t"
to talk (tók) hablar talked (tókt)
to walk (uók) caminar walked (uókt)
to work (wéerk) trabajar worked (wéerkt)
to love (lóv) amar loved (lóvt)
to receive (ricíiv) recibir received (ricíivt)
to help (jélp) ayudar, socorrer helped (jélpt)
to cook (kúk) cocinar cooked (kúkt)
to live (lív) vivir lived (lívt)
to dance (dáns) bailar danced (dánst)
to smoke (smóuk) fumar smoked (smóukt)
to arrive (arráiv) llegar arrived (arráivt)
to wash (wósh) lavar washed (wósht)
to fix (fíks) arreglar, preparar fixed (fíkst)
to park (páark) estacionar parked (páarkt)
to miss (mis) extrañar, perder missed (míst)
to exercise (éksersáis) hacer ejercicio exercised (éksersáist)