CONCRETO ARMADO 39

6.4.5 Dimensionamiento de la sección en flexión

ΣFX ＝ 0

T - CC ＝ 0

T ＝ CC

As ⋅ fY ＝ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ a ⋅ b (a)

Despejando de (a) la profundidad en

compresión del concreto:
As ⋅ fy
a ＝ ――― (b)
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b

Ingresar el peralte efectivo de concreto "d", en (b):

As ⋅ fy ⋅ d
a ＝ ―――― (c)
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b ⋅ d

Siendo la cuantía:

As (d)
ρ ≔ ――
b⋅d

Reemplazando (d) en (c):

ρ ⋅ fy ⋅ d
a ＝ ――― (e)
0.85 ⋅ f'c

Siendo la cuantía mecánica:

fy
w≔ρ ⋅― (f)
f'c

Reemplazando (f) en (e):

w⋅d (g)
a ＝ ――
0.85

Reemplazar (g) en la formula del momento ultimo:

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⎛ w⋅d ⎞
⎜ ―― ⎟
0.85
Mu ＝ ϕ ⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ (h)
⎝ 2 ⎠

Despejando el área de acero de la cuantía:

As ≔ ρ ⋅ b ⋅ d (i)

Reemplazando (i) en (h):

⎛ w⋅d ⎞
⎜ ―― ⎟
0.85 ⎟ ( j)
Mu ＝ ϕ ⋅ ρ ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ――
⎝ 2 ⎠

Despejar la fluencia del acero "fy" de la cuantía mecánica:

w ⋅ f'c
fy ≔ ―― (k)
ρ

Reemplazar (k) en (j):

⎛ w⋅d ⎞
⎜ ―― ⎟
w ⋅ f'c 0.85 ⎟
Mu ＝ ϕ ⋅ ρ ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜d - ――
ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠

Simplificando:
⎛ w⋅d ⎞
Mu ＝ ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ w ⋅ f'c ⎜d - ―― ⎟
⎝ 1.7 ⎠

Mu ＝ ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ w ⋅ f'c ⋅ d (1 - 0.59 w)

Mu ＝ ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ w ⋅ f'c (1 - 0.59 ⋅ w) ( l)

Despejando b*d^2 de (l):

Mu
b ⋅ d 2 ＝ ――――――
ϕ ⋅ w ⋅ f'c (1 - 0.59 ⋅ w)

Despejando "d" de (l):

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‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
d ＝ ―――――――
ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ w ⋅ f'c ⋅ (1 - 0.59 ⋅ w)

Donde:
d = Peralte efectivo delo concreto.
Mu = Momento ultimo, calculado en el análisis estructural.
ϕ = Factor de reducción por flexión (0.90).
b = Base de la viga.
w = Cuantía mecánica.
f'c = Resistencia a compresión del concreto.

La base "b" y el peralte efectivo de concreto "d", son los valores desconocidos. los cuales se
determinaran apropiadamente por el ingeniero estructural.

6.4.6 Aplicación del análisis y diseño por flexión de vigas

P1: Determinar el momento nominal y momento para la sección de la viga mostrada, con
f'c=280kgf/cm^2 y acero de grado 40.

Datos

Concreto
kgf
f'c ≔ 280 ――
cm 2

Acero

Grado 40
kgf
fy ≔ 2800 ――
cm 2

Base de la viga

b ≔ 30 cm

Área de acero:

As ≔ 2 ⋅ 2.84 cm 2 + 3 ⋅ 5.10 cm 2 = 20.98 cm 2

Determinando el peralte efectivo del concreto:

h ≔ 60 cm

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r ≔ 4 cm

Diámetro del estribo:

3
ϕest ≔ ― ϕest = 0.95 cm
8
Acero longitudinal:

1
ϕ ≔ ―― ϕ = 1.27 cm
2

Siendo el peralte efectivo:

d ≔ h - ⎛⎝r + ϕest + ϕ ⎞⎠ = 53.778 cm

Determinando la cuantía balanceada:

kgf kgf
≔ 0.85 f'c ≔ 280 ―― fy ≔ 2800 ――
cm 2 cm 2

f'c ⎛ 6000 ⎞
ρbal ＝ ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ ― ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟
fy ⎝ 6000 + fy ⎠

280 ⎛ 6000 ⎞
ρbal ≔ 0.85 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.049
2800 ⎝ 6000 + 2800 ⎠

Determinando la cuantía máxima:

ρ a ≔ 0.75 ⋅ ρbal = 0.037

Determinando la cuantía de la viga:

As
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.013
b⋅d

Determinando la cuantía mínima:

14
ρ in ＝ ―
fy

14
ρ in ≔ ――= 0.005
2800
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Verificando las cuantías, para determinar el tipo de falla:

ρ a >ρ>ρ in

ρ a = 0.037

ρ = 0.013

ρ in = 0.005

0.037 > 0.013 > 0.005 Falla dúctil.

Determinando la profundidad del bloque en compresión "a":

kgf kgf
As = 20.98 cm 2 fy = 2800 ―― f'c = 280 ―― b = 30 cm
cm 2 cm 2

As ⋅ fy
a ≔ ―――― = 8.23 cm
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b

Determinando el momento nominal:

d = 53.778 cm

⎛ a⎞
Mn ≔ As ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 2917448.77 kgf ⋅ cm Mn = 29174.488 kgf ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠

Determinado el momento ultimo:

ϕ ≔ 0.90

Mu ≔ ϕ ⋅ Mn

Mu = 2625703.893 kgf ⋅ cm Mu = 26257.039 kgf ⋅ m

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2: Dise ar la i a mostrada en la fi ura tiene el cual tiene una lon itud de 5 m.

onociendo que la car a muerta es 2100 f m la car a i a es de 900 f m. a calidad
del concreto es de 280 f cm 2 el acero de rado 60. a i a estar estribado con ϕ 3 8
in.

DAT

≔ 5.00 m
kgf
f'c ≔ 210 ――
cm 2

kgf
fy ≔ 4200 ――
cm 2
kgf kgf
D ≔ 2100 ―― ≔ 900 ――
m m

Determinando la car a ultima, amplificando se ún los coeficientes de la . . . 060:

kgf
≔ 1.4 ⋅ D + 1.7 ⋅ = 4470 ――
m

eali ando el an lisis estructural:

Determinando la reacción:

ΣMA ＝ 0
⎛ ⎞
Y ⋅ - ( ⋅ ) ⎜―⎟＝0
⎝2⎠
⎛ ⎞
( ⋅ ) ⎜―⎟
⎝2⎠
Y ≔ ―――― = 11175 kgf

ΣFY ＝ 0
YA + Y - ⋅ ＝0

YA ≔ ⋅ - Y = 11175 kgf

bicación de la distancia donde la cortante es nula:

YA
⋅ a ＝ YA a ≔ ―― = 250 cm

Distribución de la lon itud de la i a por 0.01m:

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⎡0⎤
≔ 0 , 0.01 m ‥ = ⎢⎣ ⋮ ⎥⎦ cm
≔ stac ( )

lanteando la ecuación de la cortante momento:

1: ( )≔ YA - ⋅

⎛ 2⎞
M M 1: M( )≔- YA ⋅ + ⋅ ⎜―⎟
⎝2 ⎠
≔ stac ( ( ))

M ≔ stac (M ( ))

ra ando el dia rama de fuer a cortante momento flector:

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 (kgf)
-4000
-6000
-8000
-10000
-12000

( m)

1000
-500
-2000 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3500
-5000
-6500
-8000 M (kgf ⋅ m)
-9500
-11000
-12500
-14000

(m)

Determinando momento ultimo:

YA = 11175 kgf

a = 250 cm
kgf
= 4470 ――
m
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⎛ xmax 2 ⎞
Mu ≔ RYA ⋅ xmax - U ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 13968.75 kgf ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠

Mu = 1396875 kgf ⋅ cm

DISEÑO ESTRUCTURAL

Determinando la cuantía balanceada:

210 ⎛ 6000 ⎞
ρbal ≔ β1 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ ――⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.021
4200 ⎝ 6000 + 4200 ⎠

Determinado la cuantía máxima:

ρmax ≔ 0.75 ⋅ ρbal = 0.016

Determinado la cuantía mecánica:

fy
w ≔ ρmax ⋅ ― = 0.319
f'c

Dimensionando la viga por flexión:

Mu
b ⋅ d 2 ＝ ――――――
ϕ ⋅ w ⋅ f'c (1 - 0.59 ⋅ w)

x＝b ⋅ d2
kgf
Mu = 1396875 kgf ⋅ cm ϕ ≔ 0.90 w = 0.319 f'c = 210 ――
cm 2

1396875 kgf ⋅ cm
x ≔ ―――――――――――― = 28540.486 cm 3
kgf (
0.90 ⋅ 0.319 ⋅ 210 ―― ⋅ 1 - 0.59 ⋅ 0.319)
cm 2

x ≔ x = 28540.486 cm 3

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b ≔ 25 cm Dimensión mínima en vigas en el sistema aporticado.

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
d ≔ ―――――――
ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ w ⋅ f'c ⋅ (1 - 0.59 ⋅ w)

d = 33.8 cm

Siendo la dimensión de la viga:

Base: b = 25 cm

Recubrimiento: r ≔ 4 cm
3
Diámetro estribo #3: ϕ ≔ ― = 0.953 cm
8
⎛3 ⎞
⎜― ⎟
⎝4 ⎠
Acero longitudinal #6: ϕL ≔ ――― = 0.953 cm
2

Recubrimiento total: r ≔ r + ϕ + ϕL = 5.905 cm

Peralte de la viga: ≔ d + r = 39.7 cm

≔ 40 cm

Peralte efectivo del concreto: d ≔ - ⎛⎝r + ϕ + ϕL⎞⎠

d = 34.1 cm

Determinando el área de acero:

kgf d
Mu = 1396875 kgf ⋅ cm f'c = 210 ―― d = 34.095 cm a≔―
cm 2 5

kgf
ϕ = 0.9 fy = 4200 ―― b = 25 cm a = 6.819 cm
cm 2

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 12.04 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 11.33 cm
⎛ a ⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ― ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

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Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 13 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 12.23 cm
⎛ a ⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ― ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 13.21 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 12.43 cm
⎛ a ⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ― ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 13.26 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 12.48 cm
⎛ a⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 13.27 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 12.49 cm
⎛ a⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 13.27 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 12.49 cm
⎛ a ⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ― ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Distribución del área de acero:

4 As1 ≔ 4 ⋅ 2.84 cm 2 = 11.36 cm 2

1 As ≔ 1 ⋅ 2 cm 2 = 2 cm 2

As ≔ As1 + As = 13.36 cm 2

Determinando la cuantía:
As
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.016
b⋅d

Determinando la cuantía mínima:

14
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.003
4200

ipo de falla de la viga:

ρmax = 0.016

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ρ = 0.016

ρmin = 0.003

0.016 > 0.016 > 0.003 s recomendable incrementar la sección de la viga para
asegurar una falla d ctil en la viga.

ncrementando el peralte de la viga en 5cm para tener una falla sub armada usando acero #8:

≔ 45 cm

d ≔ - r = 39.095 cm

alculando nuevamente el área de acero:

kgf d
Mu = 1396875 kgf ⋅ cm f'c = 210 ―― d = 39.095 cm a≔―
cm 2 5

kgf
ϕ = 0.9 fy = 4200 ―― b = 25 cm a = 7.819 cm
cm 2

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 10.5 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 9.88 cm
⎛ a⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 10.82 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 10.18 cm
⎛ a⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 10.87 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 10.23 cm
⎛ a ⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ― ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 10.88 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 10.24 cm
⎛ a⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Mu As ⋅ fy
As ≔ ―――― = 10.88 cm 2 a ≔ ―――― = 10.24 cm
⎛ a⎞ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b
ϕ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟
⎝ 2⎠

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erificando el área de acero:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
⎛ Mu ⎞
1-
1 - 2.36 ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟
2
⎝ ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ f'c ⎠
w ≔ ――――――――― = 0.223
1.18

w ⋅ f'c ⋅ b ⋅ d
As ≔ ―――― = 10.88 cm 2
fy

Distribución del área de acero:

2 As1 ≔ 2 ⋅ 2.84 cm 2 = 5.68 cm 2

1 As ≔ 1 ⋅ 5.1 cm 2 = 5.1 cm 2

As ≔ As1 + As = 10.78 cm 2

Determinando la cuantía:
As
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.011
b⋅d

Determinando la cuantía mínima:

14
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.003
4200

ipo de falla de la viga:

ρmax = 0.016

ρ = 0.011

ρmin = 0.003

0.016 > 0.011 > 0.003 alla d ctil.

erificando la base mínima:

b = 25 cm
⎛1 ⎞
bmin ≔ 2 ⋅ r + 2 ⋅ ϕ + 2 ⋅ 2.54 cm + 1 ⋅ ⎜― ⎟ + 2 ⋅ 2.54 cm
⎝2 ⎠

bmin = 21.335 cm
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bmin 21.335 cm

b > bmin No se producirá cangrejeras en la viga

Determinando acero para por proceso constructivo en zona en compresión:

Asmin ≔ ρmin ⋅ b ⋅ d = 3.258 cm 2

Distribución del área de acero mínimo:

3 #4 As1 ≔ 3 ⋅ 1.29 cm 2 = 3.87 cm 2

Detalle del acero transversal en la viga:

kgf
f'c = 210 ――
cm 2

kgf
fy = 4200 ――
cm 2

r = 4 cm

d = 39.095 cm

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