Table of Characteristic IR Absorptions

frequency, cm–1 bond functional group

3640–3610 (s, sh) O–H stretch, free hydroxyl alcohols, phenols
3500–3200 (s,b) O–H stretch, H–bonded alcohols, phenols
3400–3250 (m) N–H stretch 1˚, 2˚ amines, amides
3300–2500 (m) O–H stretch carboxylic acids
3330–3270 (n, s) –C≡C–H: C–H stretch alkynes (terminal)
3100–3000 (s) C–H stretch aromatics
3100–3000 (m) =C–H stretch alkenes
3000–2850 (m) C–H stretch alkanes
2830–2695 (m) H–C=O: C–H stretch aldehydes
2260–2210 (v) C≡N stretch nitriles
2260–2100 (w) –C≡C– stretch alkynes
1760–1665 (s) C=O stretch carbonyls (general)
1760–1690 (s) C=O stretch carboxylic acids
1750–1735 (s) C=O stretch esters, saturated aliphatic
1740–1720 (s) C=O stretch aldehydes, saturated aliphatic
1730–1715 (s) C=O stretch α, β–unsaturated esters
1715 (s) C=O stretch ketones, saturated aliphatic
1710–1665 (s) C=O stretch α, β–unsaturated aldehydes, ketones
1680–1640 (m) –C=C– stretch alkenes
1650–1580 (m) N–H bend 1˚ amines
1600–1585 (m) C–C stretch (in–ring) aromatics
1550–1475 (s) N–O asymmetric stretch nitro compounds
1500–1400 (m) C–C stretch (in–ring) aromatics
1470–1450 (m) C–H bend alkanes
1370–1350 (m) C–H rock alkanes
1360–1290 (m) N–O symmetric stretch nitro compounds
1335–1250 (s) C–N stretch aromatic amines
1320–1000 (s) C–O stretch alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers
1300–1150 (m) C–H wag (–CH2X) alkyl halides
1250–1020 (m) C–N stretch aliphatic amines
1000–650 (s) =C–H bend alkenes
950–910 (m) O–H bend carboxylic acids
910–665 (s, b) N–H wag 1˚, 2˚ amines
900–675 (s) C–H “oop” aromatics
850–550 (m) C–Cl stretch alkyl halides
725–720 (m) C–H rock alkanes
700–610 (b, s) –C≡C–H: C–H bend alkynes
690–515 (m) C–Br stretch alkyl halides

m=medium, w=weak, s=strong, n=narrow, b=broad, sh=sharp

TABLAS PARA LA INTERPRETACIÓN BÁSICA DE ESPECTROS EN LA REGIÓN
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Tipo específico de Número de onda e

Enlace Tipo de enlace
enlace intensidad de absorción
ν 2850, 2960 cm-1 (ambos, de

δ 1460 cm-1 (fuerte), 1380 cm-1

fuerte a medio)
metilo
(débil)
ν 2850, 2925 cm-1 (ambos, de
alquilo

δ 1470 cm-1 (fuerte)

metileno fuerte a medio)

metino ν 2890 cm-1 (débil)

ν 2975, 3080 cm-1 (medio)
δ 990 y 910 cm-1 (fuerte)
C=CH2

C=CH ν 3200-3100 cm-1 (medio)

δ 900, 990 cm-1 (ambos
alqueno monosustituido
vinilo fuertes)
alqueno cis-disustituido δ 670-700 cm-1 (fuerte)
alqueno trans-disustituido δ 965 cm-1 (fuerte)
δ 800-840 cm-1 (fuerte a
C-H
alqueno trisustituido
medio)
ν 3150-3050 cm-1 (débil)
δ fuera del plano 950-650 cm-1,
benceno/benceno
sustituido
dependiendo de la sustitución:
770-730 cm-1 (fuerte) y
benceno monosustituido
aromático 700±10 cm-1 (fuerte)
benceno orto-disustituido 770-735 cm-1 (fuerte)
810-750 cm-1 (fuerte) y 710-
benceno meta-disustituido
690 cm-1 (fuerte)
benceno para-disustituido 840-790 cm-1 (fuerte)
ν 3325-3250 cm-1 (medio)
δ 750-650 cm-1
alquino

Resonancia de Fermi 2720,

aldehído
2820 cm-1 (medio)
TABLAS PARA LA INTERPRETACIÓN BÁSICA DE ESPECTROS EN LA REGIÓN
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Tipo específico de Número de onda e

Enlace Tipo de enlace
enlace intensidad de absorción
ν 3650-3200 cm-1 banda

δ 1500-1300 cm-1 y 650 cm-1

alcoholes, fenoles ancha por polimerización

ν 3000-2500 cm-1
O-H

δOH 1420 cm-1

ácidos
δCOOH 1300-1200 cm-1
carboxílicos

ν 3500 cm-1 (2 bandas fuertes

en aminas primarias, 1 banda
R-NH2 de medio a débil en aminas
secundarias

ν 3400 cm-1 (2 bandas fuertes

aminas en aminas primarias, 1 banda
N-H Ar-NH2 de medio a débil en aminas

δ 1560-1640 cm-1 (fuerte)

secundarias

δ en el plano 1560-1640 cm-1

δ fuera del plano 900-650 cm-1

-NH2 (fuerte)

se ensancha con múltiples

iones amonio
picos entre 2400-3200 cm-1

ν 1640-1680 cm-1 (medio)

Vinilo, metileno terminal,
cis, trans
C=C acíclico
ν 1670 cm-1 (débil)
alqueno tri y
tetrasustituido
Dienos, polienos ν 1600-1650 cm-1 (fuerte)
ν 1625 cm-1 (fuerte)
C=C C=C conjugado con anillo de benceno

C≡C con C=O ν 1600 cm-1 (fuerte)

ν 1450, 1500, 1580, 1600 cm-1
C=C aromático
(fuerte a débil) - siempre los 4
alquino terminal ν 2100-2140 cm-1 (débil)
C≡C ν 2190-2260 cm-1 (muy débil,
alquino disustituido
a veces no visible)
TABLAS PARA LA INTERPRETACIÓN BÁSICA DE ESPECTROS EN LA REGIÓN
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Tipo específico de Número de onda e

Enlace Tipo de enlace
enlace intensidad de absorción

ν 1720 cm-1
alifáticos saturados/ciclos
de 6 miembros
ν 1685 cm-1 (también va para
α,β-insaturado
cetonas aromáticas)
cetona/aldehído ciclo de 5 miembros ν 1750 cm-1
ciclo de 4 miembros ν 1775 cm-1
ν 1725 cm-1 (influencia de la
aldehído conjugación como en las
cetonas)
ácido carboxílico saturado ν 1725-1700 cm-1

ν 1680-1690 cm-1
ácido carboxílico
C=O insaturado/aromático
ν 1750-1735 cm-1 (influencia
ésteres y lactonas de la conjugación y el tamaño
del anillo como en las cetonas)
derivados de ν 1760 (sim) y 1820 (asim)
anhídridos
ácido carboxílico cm-1 (ambos)
halogenuros ν 1800 cm-1
ν 1670-1640 cm-1 (amidas
amidas
asociadas)
ν 1550-1610 cm-1 (también va
sales de carboxilatos para zwitteriones
aminoacídicos)
alcoholes primarios ν 1050±10 cm-1
secundarios ν alrededor de 1100 cm-1
terciarios ν 1150-1200 cm-1
fenoles ν 1200 cm-1
éteres Alifáticos y cíclicos ν 1150-1070 cm-1
Aromáticos y vinílicos 1275-1200 cm-1

δ 1250-1300 cm-1
C-O ácidos
carboxílicos
ν simétrico y asimétrico. Dos
bandas entre 1300-1050 cm-1
Banda de mayor intensidad:
1180 cm-1 formiato
ésteres
1240 cm-1 acetato
1190 cm-1 alquil éster
1165 cm-1 metil éster
TABLAS PARA LA INTERPRETACIÓN BÁSICA DE ESPECTROS EN LA REGIÓN
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Tipo específico de Número de onda e

Enlace Tipo de enlace
enlace intensidad de absorción
ν 1020-1220 cm-1
aminas alifáticas (frecuentemente
sobrepuestas)
Grupo nitro ν 870 cm-1

C-N ν 1615-1700 cm-1 (efectos

C=N C=N de conjugación similares a
C≡C C=O)
ν 2210-2260 cm-1 (no
nitrilos (enlace
conjugado 2250, conjugado
triple C-N)
2230 cm-1)
isonitrilos (enlace ν 2165-2110 cm-1 (2140 -
R-N-C) 1990 cm-1 para R-N=C=S)

ν 1000-1100 cm-1
C-X
(X=F, fluoroalcanos ordinarios
Cl, Br, I)
ν dos fuertes, se ensancha
trifluorometilo
entre 1100-1200 cm-1
ν 540-760 cm-1 (medio to
cloroalcanos
débil)
bromoalcanos ν abajo de 600 cm-1
iodoalcanos ν abajo de 600 cm-1
ν 1550 cm-1 (asim) (más
fuerte) y 1370 cm-1 (sim)
N-O compuestos nitro alifático
(más débil) - Siempre
ambas.
ν 1520 (asim), 1350 cm-1
(sim) (la conjugación
aromático
usualmente baja el número
de onda)
 IR Tables, UCSC

Table 1. Characteristic IR Absorption Peaks of Functional Groups*

Vibration Position (cm-1) Intensity* Notes

Alkanes
C-H stretch 2990 – 2850 m to s

Alkenes
=C-H stretch 3100 – 3000 m
C=C stretch 1680 – 1620 (sat.) w to m
1650 – 1600 (conj.)
=C-H bend 995 – 685 s See Table 2 for detail

Alkynes
≡C-H stretch 3310 – 3200 s
C≡C stretch 2250 – 2100 m to w

Aromatic Compounds
C-H stretch 3100 – 3000 m to w
C=C stretch 1625 – 1440 m to w Hidden in fingerprint region
C-H bend 900 – 680 s See Table 2 for detail

Alcohols**
O-H stretch 3550 – 3200 br, s Hydrogen bonded (typical)

Amines
N-H stretch 3550 – 3250 br, m Primary (two bands)
Secondary (one band)
Nitriles
C≡N stretch 2280 – 2200 s

Aldehydes
C-H stretch 2900 – 2800 & s H-C=O Fermi doublet
2800 – 2700
C=O stretch 1740 – 1720 (sat.) s
1715 – 1680 (conj.)
Ketones
C=O stretch 1750 – 1705 (sat.) s
1700 – 1665 (conj.)
Esters**
C=O stretch 1765 – 1735 (sat.) s
1730 – 1715 (conj.)

Carboxylic Acids**
O-H stretch 3200 – 2500 br, m to w
C=O stretch 1725 – 1700 (sat.) s
1715 – 1680 (conj.)

Amides
N-H stretch 3500 – 3150 m Primary (two bands)
Secondary (one band)
C=O stretch 1700 – 1630 s
 IR Tables, UCSC

Table 1 cont’d
Vibration Position (cm-1) Intensity Notes
Anhydrides**
C=O stretch 1850 – 1800 & s
1790 – 1740

Acid Chlorides
C=O stretch 1815 – 1770 s

Nitro Compounds
NO2 stretch 1570 – 1490 & s
1390 – 1300
Thiols†
R-S-H stretch 2550 – 2600

Alkyl & Aryl Halides†

C-F stretch 1000 – 1400 Hidden in fingerprint region
C-Cl stretch < 600 – 840
C-Br stretch < 700
C-I stretch < 600
* Abbreviations: s = strong; m = medium; w = weak; br = broad; sat. = saturated; conj. = conjugated
** Alcohols, Esters, Carboxylic Acids, and Anhydrides also absorb in the fingerprint region due to the C-O
stretch (1300 – 1000, s).

Table 2. Out-of-Plane C-H Bending Vibrations in Alkenes and Aromatics

Alkene Structure Position (cm-1) Phenyl Structure Position (cm-1)
Mono-substituted Mono-substituted 770 – 730
997 – 985
R H R &
&
720 – 680
915 – 905
H H
Disubstituted, trans Disubstituted, ortho
R H R
980 – 960 770 – 735
H R R
Disubstituted, cis Disubstituted, meta 810 – 750
R R 730 – 665 R R &
725 – 680
H H
Disubstituted, symm.
R H
895 – 885 Disubstituted, para
R H
860 – 800
Trisubstituted
R R
R R
840 – 790
R H

*
Adapted from…Mohrig, J. R.; Hammond, C. N.; Schatz, P. F. “Infrared Spectroscopy” in Techniques in
Organic Chemistry. Freeman: New York, 2006.
†
Palleros, D. R. “Infrared Spectroscopy” in Experimental Organic Chemistry. Wiley: New York, 2000. p.
688.
CHEM 108M, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) UCSC, Binder

Figures from Mohrig’s Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. 3

CHEM 108M, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) UCSC, Binder

Figures from Mohrig’s Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. 4

CHEM 108M, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) UCSC, Binder

Figures from Mohrig’s Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. 5

CHEM 108M, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) UCSC, Binder

Figures from Mohrig’s Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. 6

 CHARACTERISTIC INFRARED ABSORPTION BANDS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Class of Compounds Absorption, cm-1 Intensity Assignment Class of Compounds Absorption, cm-1 Intensity Assignment

Alkanes and 2850-3000 s C-H stretch Carboxylic Acids 2500-3500 s, broad O-H stretch
Alkyls 1450-1470 s C-H bend R-C(O)-OH 1710-1715 s, broad C=O stretch
1370-1390 m CH3 C-H bend C=C-C(O)-OH or 1680-1710 s C=O stretch
1365 + 1395 m -CH(CH3)2 or Ar-C(O)-OH
(two bands) -(CH3)3 bend
715-725 w -(CH2)n bend Esters aliphatic 1160-1210 s-vs O=C-O-C
acetates ~1240 stretch
aromatic 1250-1310
Alkenes 3020-3140 w-m =C-H stretch R-C(O)-O-R 1735-1750 s C=O stretch
1640-1670 vw-m C=C stretch C=C-C(O)-O-R or 1715-1730 s C=O stretch
RCH=CH2 910 + 990 m+s =C-H bend Ar-C(O)-O-R
(two bands) R-C(O)-O-Ar 1760-1790 s C=O stretch
RR’C=CH2 885-895 s =C-H bend
cis-RCH=CHR’ 665-730 m-s, broad =C-H bend Acyl Chlorides
trans-RCH=CHR’ 960-980 s =C-H bend R-C(O)-Cl 1785-1815 s C=O stretch
RCH=CR’R” 790-840 s =C-H bend Ar-C(O)-Cl 1770-1800 s C=O stretch

Alkynes Anhydrides
R-C≡C-H 3265-3335 s, sharp ≡C-H stretch R-C(O)-O-C(O)-R ~1750 + ~1815 s,s C=O symmetric
2100-2140 m C≡C stretch Ar-C(O)-O-C(O)-Ar ~1720 + ~1775 s,s & asym. stretch
610-700 s, broad ≡C-H bend (both two bands)
R-C≡C-R’ 2190-2260 vw-w C≡C stretch Nitriles
R-C≡N 2240-2260 m-s C≡N stretch
Alkyl halides C=C-C≡N or 2220-2240 s C≡N stretch
Ar-C≡N
R-F 1000-1350 vs C-F stretch
R-Cl 750-850 s C-Cl stretch Amines
R-Br 500-680 s C-Br stretch R-NH2 ~3400 + ~3500 w N-H symmetric
R-I 200-500 s C-I stretch (two bands) & asym. stretch
1580-1650 w-m N-H bend
Alcohols 3300-3400 s, broad O-H stretch RR’N-H 3310-33350 w N-H stretch
C=C-CH2-OH 1035-1050 m-s C-O stretch
R-CH2-OH (1o) or 1050-1085 m-s C-O stretch Amides
C=C-CH(R)-OH R-C(O)-NH2 3200-3400 and w-m N-H symmetric
RR’CH-OH (2o) or 1085-1125 m-s C-O stretch 3400-3500 & asym. stretch
C=C-CRR’-OH (two bands)
RR’R”C-OH (3o) 1125-1205 m-s C-O stretch 1650-1690 s, broad C=O stretch
Ar-O-H 1180-1260 m-s C-O stretch 1590-1655 m-s N-H bend
R-C(O)-NH-R 3400-3500 w-m N-H stretch
Ethers 1640-1690 s, broad C=O stretch
R-O-R’ 1085-1150 s C-O-C stretch 1510-1560 m-s N-H bend
Ar-O-R 1020-1075 and m-s =C-O-C sym. R-C(O)-NR’R” 1630-1680 m-s C=O stretch
1200-1275 & asym. stretch
(two band) Nitro Compounds
R-NO2 ~1550 and s N-O symmetric
Aldehydes 2700-2725 m H-C=O stretch ~1370 s & asym. stretch
R-CH=O 1720-1740 s C=O stretch C=C-NO2 or ~1525 and s N-O symmetric
C=C-CH=O or 1685-1710 s C=O stretch Ar-NO2 ~1335 s & asym. stretch
Ar-CH=O (both two bands)

Ketones Aromatic Compounds 3010-3100 m Ar C-H stretch

RR’C=O 1710-1720 s C=O stretch 1450-1600 m-s ring C=C stretch
C=C-C(O)-R 1665-1685 s C=O stretch (two to four bands) sharp
Ar-C(O)-R 1675-1695 s C=O stretch monosubstituted 730-770 and s C-H bend
four member 1770-1780 s C=O stretch 690-710 s C-H bend
cyclic (two bands)
five member 1740-1755 s C=O stretch o-disubstituted 735-770 s C-H bend
cyclic m-disubstituted 750-810 and s C-H bend
six member 1710-1720 s C=O stretch 690-710 s C-H bend
cyclic p-disubstituted 810-840 s C-H bend

Intensity abbreviations: vw = very weak, w = weak, m = medium, s = strong, vs = very strong

26
 Typical Infrared Absorption Frequencies
Stretching Vibrations Bending Vibrations
Functional Class Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment
Alkanes 2850-3000 str CH3, CH2 & CH 1350-1470 med CH2 & CH3 deformation
2 or 3 bands 1370-1390 med CH3 deformation
720-725 wk CH2 rocking
Alkenes 3020-3100 med =C-H & =CH2 (usually sharp) 880-995 str =C-H & =CH2
1630-1680 var C=C (symmetry reduces intensity) 780-850 med (out-of-plane bending)
675-730 med cis-RCH=CHR
1900-2000 str C=C asymmetric stretch
Alkynes 3300 str C-H (usually sharp) 600-700 str C-H deformation
2100-2250 var C≅C (symmetry reduces intensity)
Arenes 3030 var C-H (may be several bands) 690-900 str-med C-H bending &
1600 & 1500 med-wk C=C (in ring) (2 bands) ring puckering
(3 if conjugated)
Alcohols & Phenols 3580-3650 var O-H (free), usually sharp 1330-1430 med O-H bending (in-plane)
3200-3550 str O-H (H-bonded), usually broad 650-770 var-wk O-H bend (out-of-plane)
970-1250 str C-O
Amines 3400-3500 (dil. soln.) wk N-H (1°-amines), 2 bands 1550-1650 med-str NH2 scissoring (1°-amines)
3300-3400 (dil. soln.) wk N-H (2°-amines) 660-900 var NH2 & N-H wagging
1000-1250 med C-N (shifts on H-bonding)
Aldehydes & Ketones 2690-2840 (2 bands) med C-H (aldehyde C-H)
1720-1740 str C=O (saturated aldehyde) 1350-1360 str α-CH3 bending
1710-1720 str C=O (saturated ketone) 1400-1450 str α-CH2 bending
1100 med C-C-C bending
1690 str aryl ketone
1675 str α,β-unsaturation
1745 str cyclopentanone
1780 str cyclobutanone
Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives 2500-3300 (acids) overlap C-H str O-H (very broad) 1395-1440 med C-O-H bending
1705-1720 (acids) str C=O (H-bonded)
1210-1320 (acids) med-str O-C (sometimes 2-peaks)

1785-1815 ( acyl halides) str C=O

1750 & 1820 (anhydrides) str C=O (2-bands)
 1040-1100 str O-C
1735-1750 (esters) str C=O
1000-1300 str O-C (2-bands) 1590-1650 med N-H (1¡-amide) II band
1630-1695 (amides) str C=O (amide I band) 1500-1560 med N-H (2¡-amide) II band
Nitriles 2240-2260 med C≅N (sharp)

Isocyanates,Isothiocyanates, 2100-2270 med -N=C=O, -N=C=S

Diimides, Azides & Ketenes -N=C=N-, -N3, C=C=O

Other Functional Groups

Infrared absorption data for some functional groups not listed in the preceding table are given below. Most of the absorptions cited are associated with stretching
vibrations. Standard abbreviations (str = strong, wk = weak, brd = broad & shp = sharp) are used to describe the absorption bands.

Functional Class Characteristic Absorptions

Sulfur Functions
S-H thiols 2550-2600 cm-1 (wk & shp)
S-OR esters 700-900 (str)
S-S disulfide 500-540 (wk)
C=S thiocarbonyl 1050-1200 (str)
S=O sulfoxide 1030-1060 (str)
sulfone 1325± 25 (as) & 1140± 20 (s) (both str)
sulfonic acid 1345 (str)
sulfonyl chloride 1365± 5 (as) & 1180± 10 (s) (both str)
sulfate 1350-1450 (str)
Phosphorous Functions
P-H phosphine 2280-2440 cm-1 (med & shp)
950-1250 (wk) P-H bending
(O=)PO-H phosphonic acid 2550-2700 (med)
P-OR esters 900-1050 (str)
P=O phosphine oxide 1100-1200 (str)
phosphonate 1230-1260 (str)
 phosphate 1100-1200 (str)
phosphoramide 1200-1275 (str)
Silicon Functions
Si-H silane 2100-2360 cm-1 (str)
Si-OR 1000-11000 (str & brd)
Si-CH3 1250± 10 (str & shp)
Oxidized Nitrogen Functions
=NOH oxime
O-H (stretch) 3550-3600 cm-1 (str)
C=N 1665± 15
N-O 945± 15
N-O amine oxide
aliphatic 960± 20
aromatic 1250± 50
N=O nitroso 1550± 50 (str)
nitro 1530± 20 (as) & 1350± 30 (s)

Alkene Absorption Frequencies

Stretching Vibrations Bending Vibrations

Alkene Substitution Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment
Mono-Alkyl (vinyl group) 3010-3040 & 3075-3095 med =C-H (2-bands) 905-920 & 985-1000 str & str =C-H bending
R-CH=CH2 1645 med C=C 1280-1320 & 1410-1420 med & med
Di-Alkyl (cis) 3010-3040 med =C-H 680-730 str =C-H bending
RCH=CHR 1658 med C=C (symmetry reduces intensity)
Di-Alkyl (trans) 3010-3040 med =C-H 960-970 & 1295-1310 str & med =C-H bending
RCH=CHR 1675 med C=C (symmetry reduces intensity)
Di-Alkyl (geminal) 3075-3095 med =C-H 885-895 & 1410-1420 both str =C-H bending
R2C=CH2 1653 med C=C
Tri-Alkyl 3010-3040 med =C-H 790-840 str =C-H bending
R2C=CHR 1670 med C=C
 Arene Absorption Frequencies

Stretching Vibrations Bending Vibrations

Arene Substitution Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment
Mono-Alkyl (R-C6H5) 3000-3070 med C-H (2 or 3-bands) 730-770 & 680-720 str & str =C-H bending
1500-1600 med-var C=C (ring, 2 or 3-bands) (out-of-plane)
950-1225 (2 or 3 bands) wk & sharp (in-plane & ring torsion)
Di-Alkyl (R2C6H4) 3000-3070 med C-H (2 or 3-bands)
ortho 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, 2 or 3-bands) 735-770 str C-H bending
meta 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, 2 or 3-bands) 685-720 & 750-810 & 810-900 str & str & med (out-of-plane)
para 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, usually 2-bands) 800-860 str & ring torsion
(esp. meta)
Tri-Alkyl (R3C6H3) 3000-3070 med C-H (2 or 3-bands)
1,2,3- 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, 2 or 3-bands) 685-720 & 750-810 med & str =C-H bending
1,2,4- 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, 2 or 3-bands) 800-860 & 820-900 str & med (out-of-plane)
1,3,5- 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, usually 2-bands) 685-720 & 820-900 med & str & ring torsion
(esp. sym. subst.)
Tetra-Alkyl (R4C6H2) 3000-3070 med C-H (2 or 3-bands)
1,2,3,4- 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, 2 or 3-bands) 800-840 str =C-H bending
1,2,3,5- 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, 2 or 3-bands) 840-880 str (out-of-plane)
1,2,4,5- 1500-1600 med C=C (ring, usually 2-bands) 840-880 str
Penta-Alkyl (R5C6H) 3010-3040 med =C-H 840-880 str =C-H bending
1670 med C=C (out-of-plane)

Amines

Amine
Stretching Vibrations Bending Vibrations
Class
Primary (1°) The N-H stretching absorption is less sensitive to hydrogen bonding than are O-H Strong in-plane NH2 scissoring absorptions
absorptions. In the gas phase and in dilute CCl4 solution free N-H absorption is at 1550 to 1650 cm-1, and out-of-plane
observed in the 3400 to 3500 cm-1 region. Primary aliphatic amines display two wagging at 650 to 900 cm-1 (usually broad)
well-defined peaks due to asymmetric (higher frequency) and symmetric N-H are characteristic of 1°-amines.
 stretching, separated by 80 to 100 cm-1. In aromatic amines these absorptions are
usually 40 to 70 cm-1 higher in frequency. A smaller absorption near 3200 cm-1
(shaded orange in the spectra) is considered to be the result of interaction between
an overtone of the 1600 cm-1 band with the symmetric N-H stretching band.
C-N stretching absorptions are found at 1200 to 1350 cm-1 for aromatic amines,
and at 1000 to 1250 cm-1 for aliphatic amines.
Secondary Secondary amines exhibit only one absorption near 3420 cm-1. Hydrogen bonding A weak N-H bending absorption is
(2°) in concentrated liquids shifts these absorptions to lower frequencies by about 100 sometimes visible at 1500 to 1600 cm-1. A
cm-1. Again, this absorption appears at slightly higher frequency when the broad wagging absorption at 650 to 900
nitrogen atom is bonded to an aromatic ring. cm-1 may be discerned in liquid film
The C-N absorptions are found in the same range, 1200 to 1350 cm-1(aromatic) samples.
and 1000 to 1250 cm-1 (aliphatic) as for 1°-amines.
Tertiary (3°) No N-H absorptions. The C-N absorptions are found in the same range, 1200 to Aside from the C-N stretch noted on the
1350 cm-1 (aromatic) and 1000 to 1250 cm-1 (aliphatic) as for 1°-amines. left, these compounds have spectra
characteristic of their alkyl and aryl
substituents.

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Carbonyl Carbonyl
Comments
Derivative Absorption
Acyl Halides C=O stretch Conjugation lowers the C=O frequencies reported here, as with aldehydes & ketones.
(RCOX) 1860 ± 20 cm-1 In acyl chlorides a lower intensity shoulder or peak near 1740 cm-1 is due to an overtone interaction.
X=F 1800 ± 15
X = Cl 1800 ± 15
X = Br
Acid Anhydride, C=O stretch (2 Conjugation lowers the C=O frequencies reported here, as with aldehydes & ketones.
(RCO)2O bands) The two stretching bands are separated by 60 ± 30 cm-1, and for acyclic anhydrides the higher frequency
acyclic 1750 & 1820 cm-1 (asymmetric stretching) band is stronger than the lower frequency (symmetric) absorption.
6-membered ring 1750 &1820 Cyclic anhydrides also display two carbonyl stretching absorptions, but the lower frequency band is the
5-membered ring 1785 & 1865 strongest.
One or two -CO-O-CO- stretching bands are observed in the 1000 to 1300 cm-1 region.
Esters & Lactones C=O stretch Conjugation lowers the C=O frequencies reported here, as with aldehydes & ketones
(RCOOR') 1740 cm ± 10 cm- Strong CO-O stretching absorptions (one ot two) are found from 1150 to 1250 cm-1
 1
esters
6-membered 1740 cm ± 10
lactone 1765 cm± 5
5-membered 1840 cm ± 5
lactone
4-membered
lactone
Amides & C=O bands The effect of conjugation is much less than for aldehydes & ketones.
Lactams 1510 to 1700 cm-1 The higher frequency absorption (1665± 30) is called the Amide I band. The lower frequency Amide II band
(RCONR2) (2 bands) (1620± 30 in 1° amides & 1530± 30 in 2° amides) is largely due to N-H bending trans to the carbonyl oxygen. In
1° & 2°-amides 1650± 15 (one concentrated samples this absorption is often obscured by the stronger amide I absorption. Hydrogen bonded
3°-amides band) association shifts some of these absorptions, as well as the prominent N-H stretching absorptions.
6-membered 1670 ± 10 (one N-H stretch: 3170 to 3500 cm-1. Two bands for 1°-amides, one for 2°-amides.
lactams band)
5-membered 1700 ± 15
lactams 1745 ± 15
4-membered
lactams