¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
¿Cómo extender la
vida de una caldera?
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
Contenido:
Capitulo I. Introducción a la generación de vapor.
√ Aplicaciones de las calderas en la Industria
√ Legislación venezolana sobre el uso de calderas
√ Otras Normas y Códigos relacionados
Capitulo II. Calderas y su funcionamiento.
√ Principio de funcionamiento funciones de una caldera
√ Tipos de calderas
√ Selección de un generador de vapor
Capitulo III. Partes de la caldera.
√ Economizadores y fallas típicas
√ Sistemas refractarios
√ Tubos del hogar y sus fallas típicas
√ Elementos de separación Agua / vapor
√ Factores que afectan la separación
√ Tubos de sobrecalentadotes / recalentadores
Capitulo IV. Conceptos Importantes.
√ Combustión
√ Circulación
Capitulo V. Estadística sobre Mecanismos de Fallas y su Ubicación en
las Calderas
√ Análisis de las Estadísticas de Fallas
√ Preferencias de Ubicación de las Fallas
√ Preferencia de los Mecanismos de Fallas
√ Fallas Mecánicas
√ Creep – Termofluencia Lenta
√ Termo fluencia Rápida
√ Carburización
√ Fragilización
√ Fatiga Térmica
√ Erosión
Fallas Mixtas – Mecánico Químicas
√ Corrosión Fatiga
√ Corrosión Bajo Tensión
√ Fragilización cáustica
Fallas por Corrosión
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
√ Corrosión por O2
√ Corrosión por CO2
√ Corrosión Cáustica
√ Corrosión por Ácidos
√ Corrosión Bajo Depósitos
√ Corrosión por Cenizas de Combustión
√ Corrosión Atmosférica Ambiental
Fallas por Calidad de Materiales
Fallas por Practicas de Mantenimiento
• Influencia de las Operaciones y las Prácticas de Mantenimiento Sobre las
Fallas mas Frecuentes
NOTA: Cada mecanismo de fallas será analizado y relacionado con las
Operaciones y Prácticas de Mantenimiento Rutinarias, Diseño y Controles de
Calidad.
Discusión Sobre los Cuidados de las Calderas
√ Operaciones Rutinarias
√ Programa de Mantenimiento
√ Preservación de Calderas Fuera de Servicio
Análisis de las Causas de Envejecimiento Prematuro
√ Fuentes
√ Medios de Prevención
Auditoria de un Sistema de Generación de Vapor
√ Instalaciones
√ Procedimientos
√ Operación
√ Mantenimiento
√ Control Químico
√ Registros y Manejo de la Información
√ Personal Involucrado – Formación – Identificación – Motivación
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
OBJETIVOS
Al finalizar este módulo, los participantes deberán contar con:
Un claro conocimiento de las Causas de fallas Prematuras en unas calderas.
Conocimiento de los Métodos Convencionales de Prevención de fallas
prematuras
Manejo de los Puntos a ser Auditados en un Sistema de Generación de Vapor
Manejar los cuidados básicos y prácticas adecuadas en cuanto a operación y
Mantenimiento de las Calderas.
Estrategias Metodológicas
9 El Programa se lleva a cabo a través de una Exposición Oral a cargo del Instructor
encargado, utilizando recursos audiovisuales.
9 Durante el transcurso del Programa se realizan diversos ejercicios y discusiones del
tema, para afianzar los conocimientos que se van adquiriendo.
9 Al culminar el Programa se realiza un examen final, para evaluar los conocimientos que
adquiridos por el participante. En caso de obtener una calificación mayor o igual a 14
sobre 20pts., el participante recibe un Certificado de Aprobación, de lo contrario sólo
recibe Certificado de Asistencia.
Dirigido a
9 Profesionales – Ingenieros y Técnicos – principiantes (menos de 2 años de
experiencia) relacionados con el uso de calderas (Mecánicos, Industriales, Químicos,
Materiales, Instrumentistas, entre otros).
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
Capitulo I .Introducción a la generación de vapor
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
Normas Covenin aplicables a Calderas
Nº Título
2217-84 Generadores de vapor.Instalación.
2218-84 Genereadores de vapor en servicio-Inspeccíon.
2220-84 Símbolos convencionales y Esquemas de distribución
para instalaciones de energía teémica.
2262-85 Generadores de vapor-reparaciones y alteraciones.
LEGISLACIÓN VENEZOLANA SOBRE RECIPIENTES
A PRESIÓN LEY DEL TRABAJO
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
ASME
(American Society of Mechanicals Engineers)
CODIGO PARA CALDERAS Y RECIPIENTES A PRESION
(BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE)
FIRST REPORT ASME – REGION XIII LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN
SUBREGION TECHNICAL CHAPTER ON OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
OF BOILERS SUBJECT: REGULATION OF THE STEAM GENERATION IN
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN ASME SUBREGION
Countries involved: Argentina Bermudas Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba
Ecuador Jamaica Panamá Perú Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela
Collaborators: Bernardo Daniel Kurcbart / Carlos Carlassare / Andres Taverna / Oscar
Sanmillán / Ernesto Freuler / Patrick D. Caton / Oscar Rodríguez Vargas / Viviana Rojo
/ Juan David Arango Velez / Cesar Roberto Triviño / Juan Carlos Cobos / Carlos E.
Rodríguez D. / Orlando Chinchilla / Alberto Calvo / Gonzalo González Rey / Fernando
Dávila / Aldane Stennett / Antonio A. Alarcón Candia / Ricardo Domínguez / Aldwyn
Lequay / José Pereiro / Gonzalo Lebón.
Introduction In the present report is shown the way on which the use of the boilers is
handled or regulated in the countries that form the ASME – Latin America & Caribbean
(LAC) Sub Region. The information here organized was received through surveys and
from direct comunications with users, advisors, representatives of engineers societies
and government functionaries related with the steam generation in the countries
indicated above. So, the intention of the next points in this first report is to try to
summarize the information related with the existence of formal regulations and
certification of the technical personnel.
involved with the operation and maintenance of the boilers in the LAC SubRegion
countries.
General Information Even if in almost all the countries there are boilers and pressure
vessels manufacturers – some of them with ASME stamp, most of the boilers are
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
imported from North America, Asia or Europe. Due to the different origins, not all the
boilers are designed and manufactured in agreement with the ASME Codes. As the use
of the ASME Codes is not a mandatory regulation in the LAC countries and even if
some of the boilers were originally stamped and there are ASME R-Stamp contractors
or workshops, in most of the countries the boilers are not repaired under the ASME
Code requirements. The ASME Codes are generally known, but its use is not common,
so even the user practices and procedures for repair – welding and others – are normally
adopted from the manufacturer. The more diffused certification program between the
users of boilers is those related with the welding works offered by the AWS. In all the
countries there are all the range of boilers, from the fire tube boilers of low pressure up
to large industrial and power station boilers – not reaching critical pressures. There are
direct fuels firing and heat recovery boilers and the type of fuels (range from) natural
gas, Fuel Oil # 2, Fuel Oil # 6, (Bunker C), Coal, Bagasse, wood, nutmeg shells,
different type of refuse, seeds, skin and black liqour, depending on the type of industry
and the natural resources. It is necessary for the technical persons engaged in the use of
boilers (operation, inspection, maintenance and chemical control) be knowledgeable
about their specific type of boilers and the process on which the steam generation is
utilised. Government Regulations and Laws Thirteen (13) countries were involved in
this first step of the work related with the ASME LAC Sub Region Technical Chapter
on Operation and Maintenance of Boilers. The conditions in these countries vary in the
extreme. For example, there are countries where the Laws establish the requirements for
the installation, periodic inspections by a Certified Inspector. The minimum
requirements for the Inspector are defined. The minimum requirements for a Boiler
Operator are also defined. In contrast with other countries where, there are no
regulations or minimum requirements for installation, operation or inspection. Here is
shown a table with almost all the details – an abstract - of the information received from
each country:
COUNTRY LEGAL REGULATIONS Argentina There are no a Legal National
Regulation or Law Depending on the Province or City there are particular regulations
that define the requirements for the installation of new boilers – introduction of
drawings, calculations, inspections and tests and then a regular - periodic inspection of
the boiler in service – there is no an official-government body of inspection which
control that. Some of the Provinces and Cities that have this type of regulations are: •
Buenos Aires • Santa Fe • Buenos Aires City • Cordoba City Additionally the users
have their own internal procedures to operate, inspect and maintain their boilers, based
on the manufacturer manuals, International codes and their own experiences. There are
a couple of government Institutes for the training of Operators – which certification “if
any” is not well diffused and mandatory between the users. There is no school or
certification for boiler inspectors, but there is a training program and certification for
NDT and Welding Inspectors, since 1.979 – developed by the CNEA (Comision
Nacional de Energía Atomica). An Institute which name is IRAM (Instituto Argentino
de Racionalización de Materiales) has issued a non-mandatory standard more oriented
to the use of fire tubes boilers.
Bermudas The use of boilers is regulated by the requirements of the Ministry of Works
and Engineering and the Health and Safety Office – Professional Engineers Council.
The frequency of inspection required is every two years. There are no official inspectors
to control the safe working conditions of the boilers – in process. The boiler operators
of the Power Stations are certified by the Canadian Steam Certification, managed by the
Ministry of Works and Engineering – this is not a mandatory requirement for all the
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
boiler users. The welders can be certified, but there is no a mandatory regulation. The
ASME Code and its recommendations for the Care of boilers in use are not so diffused.
Brazil The use of the boilers is ctroled by the Regulation Standard NR – 13 “Boilers
and Pressure Vessels”. Its last version was issued on November 1.994. On this standard
is defined a “Qualified Professional” which is a legal qualification exercise the
engineering profession in the activities related with design codes, operational and
maintenance examination, inspection and inspection supervision. The qualification of
the boilers is defined by their location in the facility: Boilers intalled indoors – in a
Boiler House Boilers installed outdoors – in a Boiler Area In each case are well
established the madatory safety conditions and the it´s even indicated the “Alternative
Installation Design”. The more important subject in this regulation is the Safety in
Conditions and Operations and establish requirements as: • The “Operational Manual” –
indicating guidelines or procedures for startup and shutdown, routine operational
parameters, • The rwequirements of calibration of devices and controls • Water Quality
Safety Operation: • The requirements of a certificate Operators who satisfies “Safety
Training in Boiler Operation” in agree with the Brazilian Regulation Number 02/84
dated on May 8, 1.984. The supervisión of the certified operators have to be manage by
a Qualified Professional - all the general and training requirements to reach the level of
operator are well established in the regulation. Safety in Maintenance: The regulation
also give guidelines for the maintenance, repairs or changes in the boilers – the
corresponding construction design codes have to be respected (materials, performance
procedures, QA/QC procedures, personnel qualification and certification). Any
modification “Modifying and Repair Designs” shal be authorized or approved by a
“Qualified Professional” Safety Inspection: All the boilers ahve to be submitted to: • an
initial inspection in new boilers prior to start up • periodical inspection by an internal
and external exam each 1. Twelve (12) months for regular boilers 2. Twelve (12)
months for Chemical Recovery Boilers 3. Twenty-four (24) months indorrs boilers –
category A, but testing the safety valves each 12 months. 4. Fourty (40) months in the
cases on which there is a “Own Service of Equipment Inspection” – special boilers, but
the interlock and the safety valves have to be tested each 12 months. When the boilers
reach the 25 years of use, those have to be submitted to a strict integrity evaluation to
determinate their remaining life. This period can be extended when the facilities have a
“Own Service of Equipment Inspection” The scopes of the safety inspections are
established by this regulation, depending on the category of the boiler and are defined
the conditions on which extraordinary safety inspections have to be done.. The safety
inspection shall be carried out by a “Qualified Professional” or by an “Own Service of
Equipment Inspection. A copy of the “Inspection reports have to be submited to the
union representatives.
Chile The Government Institution responsible of the regulation of use and care of
boilers is the Ministry of Health. All the boilers which pressure is > to 0.5 kg/cm2 have
to be registered formally in the Health Service Offices. The local Health Service Offices
have enough autonomy to consider or include additional requirements to the national
regulations and the officers can take additional action based on their previous
experience. The frequency of inspection by an authorized agent, is no more than 3
years, depending on the occurrence of accidents, large failures and/or major
maintenance. Some users – power stations – have their own frequency (each year) due
to their critical conditions of operation and their international partners. The operators
have to be certified as per the legal regulation requirements – Mandatory – and there are
three (03) levels of Operators: • Low and Medium pressure • High pressure • Power
Stations For the Certification, the operators have to participate in a course of at least 30
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
hours and pass an examination. The instructor, the course and the examination have to
be authorized by the Ministry of Health and its regulations. The Law defines -
establishes the minimum requirements for the Inspecting agents, who are not
government employees. Both the certification of the operators and inspectors do not
expire once issued – No renovation or update is required. There are official inspectors
just for the facilities considered as critical, from the point of view of environment or
health. For the other technical personnel the users have in house training programs. The
ASME Codes are well known between the boiler users and the advisors. Colombia
There is no Ministry or Government Institute responsible of the use and cares of the
boilers in the country. So, there is not a Legal regulation for inspection or certification
of the personnel involved. The Ministry of Works is closely associated with this
particular area of industry and is responsible for safety. The users have different
criterias to define the inspection and maintenance periods – one, two or more large
periods. (Months or years?) There is a Government Institution SENA for the training of
welders and mechanical and electrical artisans. Most of the users who participated in the
survey were knowledgeable of the ASME Codes – even the Section VII
Costa Rica Due to the increment in the quantity of boilers installed in the country, the
government generated the Decret 26789 - issued on July 2001. As indicated in the
document, this regulation is based on the requirements established by the NFPA, ASME
Codes and the Labor – Unions International Organization OIT. The boilers are qualified
by their capacity as follow: Type A: with a capacity of more than 7.500kg/h or a heat
exchange surface > 200 m2 Type B: with a capacity between 2.000 and 7.500kg/h or a
heat exchange surface between 60 and 200 m2 Type C: with capacities > 70kg/h or heat
exchange surface > 60 m2 Type D: with capacities up to 70kg/h or heat exchange
surface < 2 m2. Other qualifications are given depending on the use, location in the
facility, etc. It´s regulated the requirements for the permissions of Installation and
working. The working permission is only issued after the initial inspection of the
facility by an Authorized Engineer Inspector. NOTE: On this Decret is textually
indicated the use of the ASME Code or the Original Equipment Manufacturer
Specifications for the selection of materials, design and fabrication and the eventual
repairs. The Department of Medicine, Health and Ocupational Safety keep a very strict
supervision on the: • Anual Inspection Basically it´s required: 1. External – in service –
Inspection 2. Internal – out of service – Inspection 3. Hydrostatic Test – 1.5 the pressure
of work 4. Steam Test – very related with the conditions of the boiler during the start
up, after the annual maintenance and inspection • Modifications in the boiler or facilities
related • Registration and conflict of interest of the Authorized Inspectors •
Recomendations indicated in the inspection reports • Workshops and contractors
involved on repairs Additionally There are recomendations related with the continuous
training of the operators (their certification is not established), water conditioning and
treatment. In the Transitory conditions of the Decret it´s established the detailled
inspection of boilers with more than 30 years of service. It´s also regulated the limtis of
emmissions for the boilers by the Nº 30222-S-MINAE (Ministrys of Health and
Embironmental & Energy)
Cuba Depending on the production area on, which is located, a particular industry,
there are different Ministries involved on the regulation of the use of boilers. There is a
Cuban Ministry Council which give the general regulations – then the Power
Generation industry is regulated by the Unión Electrica Nacional, the sugar industry
boilers are supervised by the requirements of the Sugar Industry Ministry, and so. Most
of the users follow the recommendations given by the domestic boilers manufacture
workshop “Empresa Nacional de Calderas” a private company, with international
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
partners. The frequency of inspection and maintenance depend on the type, model, fuel
used and the time of service during the year. Most of the personnel related with the use
and care of boilers are certified by different national institutions. • Operators – by the
Superior Education Ministry • Welders – by the production area ministry (power, sugar,
etc) • Mechanical – by the production area ministry • Refractory – by local University
UNE and Empresa Nacional de Calderas The inspectors involved on the boilers
business (general inspectors of boilers, Welding and NDT) are certified based on the
National Board Code. All the certifications of personal, materials, procedures and
practices are oriented by the State Committee of Standards and by the Education
Ministry. The ASME Codes are known between the professors, advisors and users of
boilers.
Ecuador There are no Formal Regulations or any Government Office responsible of the
installation, use and cares of the boilers. Just if the owner or user has internal
requirements, they could ask for inspections of insurance companies, to save costs of
insurance. The owner could also ask to the manufacturer to design and fabricate based
on the ASME Codes or other. In the case of new facilities – the users have to ask for a
Fire Department inspection, but it’s more related with the fire protection system.
Jamaica The government/organizations responsible for the installation, use and cares of
the boilers are: Ministry of Labour Factories Services Division and the Factories ACT
of Jamaica determines an annual frequency of inspections. The technicians related with
mechanical maintenance and repairs (mechanical and welders) are certified by the
Ministry of Education through the HEART Technical Vocational Training – the
certification of welders is related with the AWS requirements. There are no programs
for formal certification of operators, but in some companies there are training programs
to assure the competence. Annual inspection is required by the National Regulations, -
the available inspectors are experienced - but there are no certified Inspectors or
regulation defining the requirements.
Panamá The Ministry of Government and Justice, through the Fire Department,
manage all the requirements regulated in the country the use of the boilers: 1. Anual
Inspection of the existing boilers to issue the permision of operation. 2. For the
installation of boilers, there are requirements for the company which will be the
responsible of the job, and once concluded the installation has to be done a final
inspection. 3. Once the interested people take the courses and approve the examinations,
the regulation establish Licencies for: 3.1. Installation 3.2. For the Operator there are six
diferent level depending on the capacity of the boilers production – establishing as
limits: 20 H.P., 50 H.P., 100 H.P., 300 H.P., 500 H.P. and 1.000 H.P. In Panama, used
to be an Island inside the country which is the Panama Canal. Still now, in there, the use
of the boilers are additionally regulated by a Document known as the “Agreement N° 12
established on June 13 – 1.999.
Perú The frequency of boiler inspection is established by the users criterias and policies
– each one, two or more years –, because there are no Legal Regulations and there are
no Government Organizations which address the installation, use and care of those
equipment. Even if there is a formal program of formation of the operators, oriented by
the OSINERG, there are no regulations to make that mandatory. There are Technical
Institutes that certify welders based on the AWS and form mechanical technicians.
Normally the inspectors come from insurance companies
Trinidad & Tobago Trinidad & Tobago and most of the English speaking Caribbean
do not have a “Boiler Regulation or Code”. The system grew up from the British where
a “Factory Ordinance” requires that a competent person who is appointed by the
Ministry under the Ordinance, is required to examine and test boilers operating above
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
one atmosphere pressure. Because the majority of the boilers are manufactured in
accordance with the ASME Code, the inspectors are guided accordingly. For a standard
boiler inspection the Ordinance requires: • A visual inspection of the water side and
outside • Inspection under hydrostatic test of 150% maximum permissible working
pressure. • Hot test when all safety devices are proven and the safe operation confirmed
by the inspector. There is no a formal program of certification for operators As an
heritage from the oil industry the welders are certified based on international standards
(AWS, BSS) So, the boiler users are guided/influenced by the knowledge and
experience of the “Competent Person” who is the inspector.
Venezuela The Ministry of Work, through its Techno – Mechanical Division and based
on the Law of Work – Regulation of the Health and safety Conditions in the Work
(1.968), control the installation of new boilers and establish the moments on which the
boilers have to be inspected: • Just after the installation (new or moved) • In periods no
longer than 13 months and • After a major maintenance works The project of
installation (all the information of the boiler, the drawings and piping calculations) has
to be introduced in the Ministry of Work. The Regulations established by the Law are
complemented by three standards issued by the National Standards Organization
(FONDONORMA – COVENIN) oriented to: • Installation • Inspection • Repairs
Traditionally the Ministry used to have Official Inspector, but all of them were removed
(1.997) and now the users have to do their own inspections, by external or internal
(user) inspectors – it´s not definied any possible conflict of interest. There are no
requirements defined to establish the technical level of the inspectors, but the basic
inspection scopes are indicated in the Law. There are no certification programs for
operators or inspectors of boilers. Depending on the orientation and experience of the
maintenance supervisors the welders are normally evaluated based on ASME or AWS
Codes and Standards. There is a formal program to certify welding inspectors by AWS,
managed by the National Oil Corporation. Most of the artisans (welders, mechanical
and instrumentation) are formed in a Technical Vocational Training Institute from the
government – INCE.
General Needs Observed by the Participants The participants on this collection of
information indicated some basic and evident needs oriented to: 1. Development of
programs to improve the skill and certify the personnel involved (Inspectors, Operators,
Welders, Insulation & Refractories, Water treatment control) 2. Safety recommended
practices. 3. Recommended practices for maintenance (maintenance programs) and
repairs of boilers. 4. Recommended practices of operation and parameters control 5.
Development of guide of practices to improve efficiency 6. Development of a guide of
practices to define the test parameters and safety devices calibration. 7. Establish a
forum of technical discussion of experiences 8. Maintenance considerations for boilers
operated with fuels of high Sulfur content. The participants suggested the above points
as priority. The main reasons: • Cost savings in Insurance
• Cost savings in Fuel consumption • Cost savings in Maintenance (The equation is
economics)
General Analysis and Recommendations After this general and basic view of the
existing Regulations and Laws, oriented to address the installation, inspection and test,
maintenance, repair, modifications and the daily cares on the operation of boilers in the
countries involved in the ASME LAC Section - Technical Chapter on Maintenance &
Operation of Boilers, it’s possible to find that there are many things to do and develop.
One half of the countries have legal regulations oriented to control the use of the boilers,
considering as the more important subject the care of the health of the people and safety
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
of the facilities. Most of the deficiencies observed in the presentation could be covered,
in a first step, with a good diffusion of existing standards and codes like: • ASME
Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code - Section VII “Recommended Guidelines for the Care of
Power Boilers” • National Board Inspection Code Some of the first actions to propose,
for the improvement of the actual condition in most of the countries involved in the
Latin America & Caribbean ASME Sub Region, could be: 1. Contact the Government
Officers that could be responsible for the regulation in the use of boilers in a safe way –
Ministry of Work or Health – , to show and negotiate with them the importance of the
development of the basic regulations. Once the interest of the Government Officers on
this subject is assured 2. Create an ASME LAC Board of recognized experts on
Operation, Inspection and Maintenance of Boilers, to work on a package of basic
recommended practices (installation, inspection and test, maintenance, repair,
modifications and the daily cares on the operation, water conditioning and treatment) 3.
Considering the existing Laws and regulations in the countries involved on this
evaluation and bringing information from Codes and Standards (ASME, NBC, Etc) (@)
Prepare a basic package of regulations related to: • Requirements for the registration of
the boilers in a information centre • Requirements of inspection of the boilers conditions
by Certify Inspectors – establishment of frequency and parameters of test •
Requirements for certification of Inspectors • Requirements for certification of
Mechanical Maintenance personnel • Requirements for certification of operators •
Program for certification renovation (inspectors & operators) 4. Take care of the needs
related with formation of technicians – specific training programs – on inspection,
operation, welding & expansion of tubes, insulation & refractory, instrumentation &
controls, combustion and safety systems, water treatment & chemical cleaning and
others.
5. Take care of the general needs and go deeper on the details of those needs 6.
Generate a permanent platform for a forum of technical discussion, with the intention of
generate a Manual of General Recommended Practices NOTE (@): General list of
available Codes and Standards to use as references for this project • ASME Boiler &
Pressure Vessel Code – Section I “Rules for Construction of Power Boilers” • ASME
Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code – Section II “Materials” • ASME Boiler & Pressure
Vessel Code – Section V “Nondestructive Examination” • ASME Boiler & Pressure
Vessel Code - Section VII “Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers” •
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code – Section IX “Welding and Brazing
Qualifications” • ASME QAI-1-1995 “Qualifications for Authorized Inspection •
ASME QFO-1-1998 “Standard for the Qualification and Certification of Operators of
High Capacity Fossil Fuel Fired Plants. • NBBI - National Board Inspection Code •
NBBI NB-131 “Recommended Boiler and Pressure Vessel Safety Legislation” • NBBI
NB-132 “Recommended Administrative Boiler and Pressure Vessel Safety Rules and
Regulations” • NBBI NB-215 “Rules and Regulations” This report was done on
February 2003 by: Carlos L. Lasarte V. Chairman of the Technical Chapter on
Operation and Maintenance of Boilers Latin America & Caribbean ASME Sub Region /
Section ASME Region XIII ASME POWER Technical Division
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
¿Cómo extender la vida de una caldera?
