DISTRIBUCIÓN NORMAL O GAUSSIANA

En la Tabla 4.9 se presenta las probabilidades de la distribución normal correspondiente al área

especificada en la Figura 4.9, para diferentes niveles de confianza.

Figura 4.9 Área bajo la curva normal tipificada

Tabla 4.9 Áreas bajo la curva normal tipificada para valores de z especificados en doble entrada
(valores de γ para diferentes valores de z) ( Spiegel,1970; McCuen, 1998)

x−x x−µ
z= ó z= (4.50)
σ σ

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010

-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.004 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048

-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.011
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.015 0.0146 0.0143
-2 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183

-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559

-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.102 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.123 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379

-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.166 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.281 0.2776
 z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.352 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.409 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641

0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5754
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879

0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7258 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7518 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7612 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7996 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389

1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767

2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986

3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.99966 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998

3.5 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998
3.6 0.9998 0.9998 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.7 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.8 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
DISTRIBUCIÓN LOGNORMAL DE DOS PARÁMETROS

(σ ⋅ k y −σ y2 2 )
e y
−1
k=
(e ) 1/ 2
(4.59)
σ 2
y
−1

ky =
(y − y ) (4.60)
σy
Luego despejando y se tiene:

∴ y = y + k y ⋅σ y (4.61)

La Tabla 4.10 presenta los valores de k ( Chow, 1964) a ser usados en la ecuación 4.61
Tabla 4.10 Factores de Frecuencia, k, para la distribución log-normal.
Coeficiente Período de retorno (años) Coeficiente
Probabilidad
de 1.0101 1.0526 1.25 2 5 20 100 1000 de
del Promedio
Asimetría Probabilidad de excedencia P (x ≥ xi) Variación
%
g 0.99 0.95 0.80 0.50 0.20 0.05 0.01 0.001 Cv
0 50.0 -2.33 -1.65 -0.84 0 0.84 1.64 2.33 3.09 0
0.1 49.3 -2.25 -1.62 -0.85 -0.02 0.84 1.67 2.40 3.22 0.033
0.2 48.7 -2.18 -1.59 -0.85 -0.04 0.83 1.70 2.47 3.39 0.067
0.3 48.0 -2.11 -1.56 -0.85 -0.06 0.82 1.72 2.55 3.56 0.100
0.4 47.3 -2.04 -1.53 -0.85 -0.07 0.81 1.75 2.62 3.72 0.136
0.5 46.7 -1.98 -1.49 -0.86 -0.09 0.80 1.77 2.70 3.88 0.166
0.6 46.1 -1.91 -1.46 0.86 -0.10 0.79 1.79 2.77 4.05 0.197
0.7 45.5 -1.85 -1.43 -0.85 -0.11 0.78 1.81 2.84 4.21 0.230
0.8 44.9 -1.79 -1.40 -0.84 -0.13 0.77 1.82 2.90 4.37 0.262
0.9 44.2 -1.74 -1.37 -0.84 -0.14 0.76 1.84 2.97 4.55 0.292
1.0 43.7 -1.68 -1.34 -0.84 -0.15 0.75 1.85 3.03 4.72 0.324
1.1 43.2 -1.63 -1.31 -0.83 -0.16 0.73 1.86 3.09 4.87 0.351
1.2 42.7 -1.58 -1.29 -0.82 -0.17 0.72 1.87 3.15 5.04 0.381
1.3 42.2 -1.54 -1.26 -0.82 -0.18 0.71 1.88 3.21 5.19 0.409
1.4 41.7 -1.49 -1.23 -0.81 -0.19 0.69 1.88 3.26 5.35 0.436
1.5 41.3 -1.45 -1.21 -0.81 -0.20 0.68 1.89 3.31 5.51 0.462
1.6 40.8 -1.41 -1.18 -0.80 -0.21 0.67 1.89 3.36 5.66 0.490
1.7 40.4 -1.38 -1.16 -0.79 -0.22 0.65 1.89 3.40 5.80 0.517
1.8 40.0 -1.34 -1.14 -0.78 -0.22 0.64 1.89 3.44 5.96 0.544
1.9 39.6 -1.31 -1.12 -0.78 -0.23 0.63 1.89 3.48 6.10 0.570
2.0 39.2 -1.28 -1.10 -0.77 -0.24 0.61 1.89 3.52 6.25 0.596
2.1 38.8 -1.25 -1.08 -0.76 -0.24 0.60 1.89 3.55 6.39 0.620
2.2 38.4 -1.22 -1.06 -0.76 -0.25 0.59 1.89 3.59 6.51 0.643
2.3 38.1 -1.20 -1.04 -0.75 -0.25 0.58 1.88 3.62 6.65 0.667
2.4 37.7 -1.17 -1.02 -0.74 -0.26 0.57 1.88 3.65 6.77 0.691
2.5 37.4 -1.15 -1.00 -0.74 -0.26 0.56 1.88 3.67 6.90 0.713
2.6 37.1 -1.12 -0.99 -0.73 -0.26 0.55 1.87 3.70 7.02 0.734
2.7 36.8 -1.10 -0.97 -0.72 -0.27 0.54 1.87 3.72 7.13 0.755
2.8 36.6 -1.08 -0.96 -0.72 -0.27 0.53 1.86 3.74 7.25 0.776
2.9 36.3 -1.06 -0.95 -0.71 -0.27 0.52 1.86 3.76 7.36 0.796
3.0 36.0 -1.04 -0.93 -0.71 -0.28 0.51 1.85 3.78 7.47 0.818
3.2 35.5 -1.01 -0.90 -0.69 -0.28 0.49 1.84 3.81 7.65 0.857
3.4 35.1 -0.98 -0.88 -0.68 -0.29 0.47 1.83 3.84 7.84 0.895
3.6 34.7 -0.95 -0.86 -0.67 -0.29 0.46 1.81 3.87 8.00 0.930
3.8 34.2 -0.92 -0.84 -0.66 -0.29 0.44 1.80 3.89 8.16 0.966
4.0 33.9 -0.90 -0.82 -0.65 -0.29 0.42 1.78 3.91 8.30 1.000
4.5 33.0 -0.84 -0.78 -0.63 -0.30 0.39 1.75 3.93 8.60 1.081
5.0 32.3 -0.80 -0.74 -0.62 -0.30 0.37 1.71 3.95 8.86 1.155
DISTRIBUCIÓN LOG PEARSON III

Log (Q ) = x + σ x ⋅ k (4.80)

Donde: x es el promedio de los logaritmos decimales de x.

σx es la desviación estándar de los logaritmos decimales de x.
k es el factor de frecuencia que es función del coeficiente de asimetría de los logaritmos
decimales de los caudales máximos medios diarios anuales y de la probabilidad de
excedencia (Tabla 4.12).
Log (Q) es el logaritmo decimal del caudal Q en m3/s.

Tabla 4.12 Factor de frecuencia, k, para la distribución Log-Pearson Tipo III (Adaptado de
USWRC, 1976 )
Coeficiente Período de retorno en años
de 2 5 10 25 50 100 200 500 1000
asimetría Probabilidad de excedencia
g 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.001
9.0 -0.222 -0.193 0.111 1.339 2.820 4.635 6.687 9.657 12.044
8.0 -0.249 -0.182 0.239 1.554 2.998 4.705 6.599 9.307 11.468
7.0 -0.285 -0.144 0.400 1.765 3.145 4.726 6.949 8.883 10.813
6.0 -0.329 -0.066 0.589 1.960 3.251 4.686 6.226 8.376 10.068
5.0 -0.379 0.057 0.795 2.124 3.300 4.573 5.916 7.771 9.219
4.0 -0.412 0.226 1.000 2.237 3.274 4.367 5.503 7.053 8.252
3.5 -0.412 0.321 1.095 2.268 3.226 4.224 5.252 6.646 7.720
3.0 -0.396 0.420 1.180 2.278 3.152 4.051 4.970 6.205 7.152
2.9 -0.390 0.440 1.195 2.277 3.134 4.013 4.909 6.112 7.034
2.8 -0.384 0.460 1.210 2.275 3.114 3.973 4.847 6.018 6.915
2.7 -0.376 0.479 1.224 2.272 3.093 3.932 4.783 5.923 6.794
2.6 -0.368 0.499 1.238 2.267 3.071 3.889 4.718 5.826 6.671
2.5 -0.360 0.518 1.250 2.262 3.048 3.845 4.652 5.727 6.548
2.4 -0.351 0.537 1.262 2.256 3.023 3.800 4.584 5.628 6.422
2.3 -0.341 0.555 1.274 2.248 2.997 3.753 4.515 5.526 6.296
2.2 -0.330 0.574 1.284 2.240 2.970 3.705 4.444 5.524 6.168
2.1 -0.319 0.592 1.294 2.230 2.942 3.656 4.372 5.320 6.038
2.0 -0.307 0.609 1.302 2.219 2.912 3.605 4.298 5.214 5.907
1.9 -0.294 0.627 1.310 2.207 2.881 3.553 4.223 5.107 5.775
1.8 -0.282 0.643 1.318 2.193 2.848 3.499 4.147 4.999 5.642
1.7 -0.268 0.660 1.324 2.179 2.815 3.444 4.069 4.889 5.507
1.6 -0.254 0.675 1.329 2.163 2.780 3.388 3.990 4.778 5.370
1.5 -0.240 0.690 1.333 2.146 2.743 3.330 3.910 4.666 5.233
1.4 -0.225 0.705 1.337 2.128 2.706 3.271 3.828 4.553 5.095
1.3 -0.210 0.719 1.339 2.108 2.666 3.211 3.745 4.438 4.955
1.2 -0.195 0.732 1.340 2.087 2.626 3.149 3.661 4.322 4.814
1.1 -0.180 0.745 1.341 2.066 2.585 3.087 3.575 4.205 4.673
1.0 -0.164 0.758 1.340 2.043 2.543 3.022 3.489 4.088 4.531
0.9 -0.148 0.769 1.339 2.018 2.498 2.957 3.401 3.969 4.388
0.8 -0.132 0.780 1.336 1.993 2.453 2.891 3.312 3.849 4.244
0.7 -0.116 0.790 1.333 1.967 2.407 2.824 3.223 3.729 4.100
0.6 -0.099 0.800 1.328 1.939 2.359 2.755 3.132 3.608 3.955
0.5 -0.083 0.808 1.323 1.910 2.311 2.686 3.041 3.487 3.810
0.4 -0.066 0.816 1.317 1.880 2.261 2.615 2.949 3.365 3.656
0.3 -0.050 0.824 1.309 1.849 2.211 2.544 2.856 3.243 3.521
0.2 -0.033 0.830 1.301 1.818 2.159 2.472 2.763 3.121 3.377
0.1 -0.017 0.836 1.292 1.785 2.107 2.400 2.670 2.999 3.233
0.0 0 0.842 1.282 1.751 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.878 3.090
 -0.1 0.017 0.846 1.270 1.716 2.000 2.252 2.482 2.878 3.090
-0.2 0.033 0.850 1.258 1.680 1.945 2.178 2.388 2.636 2.807
-0.3 0.050 0.853 1.245 1.643 1.890 2.104 2.294 2.517 2.669
-0.4 0.066 0.855 1.231 1.606 1.834 2.029 2.201 2.399 2.532
-0.5 0.083 0.856 1.216 1.567 1.777 1.955 2.108 2.283 2.398
-0.6 0.099 0.857 1.200 1.528 1.720 1.880 2.016 2.168 2.267
-0.7 0.116 0.857 1.183 1.488 1.663 1.806 1.926 2.057 2.140
-0.8 0.132 0.856 1.166 1.448 1.606 1.733 1.837 2.948 2.017
-0.9 0.148 0.854 1.147 1.407 1.549 1.660 1.749 1.842 1.898
-1.0 0.164 0.852 1.128 1.366 1.492 1.588 1.664 1.740 1.785
-1.1 0.180 0.848 1.107 1.324 1.435 1.518 1.581 1.643 1.678
-1.2 0.195 0.844 1.086 1.282 1.379 1.449 1.501 1.550 1.576
-1.3 0.210 0.838 1.064 1.240 1.324 1.383 1.424 1.462 1.482
-1.4 0.225 0.832 1.041 1.198 1.270 1.318 1.351 1.379 1.394
-1.5 0.240 0.825 1.018 1.157 1.217 1.256 1.282 1.302 1.312
-1.6 0.254 0.817 0.994 1.116 1.166 1.197 1.216 1.231 1.238
-1.7 0.268 0.808 0.970 1.075 1.116 1.140 1.155 1.165 1.169
-1.8 0.282 0.799 0.945 1.035 1.069 1.087 1.097 1.104 1.107
-1.9 0.294 0.788 0.920 0.996 1.023 1.037 1.044 1.048 1.050
-2.0 0.307 0.777 0.895 0.959 0.980 0.990 0.995 0.998 0.999
-2.1 0.319 0.765 0.869 0.923 0.939 0.946 0.949 0.951 0.952
-2.2 0.330 0.752 0.844 0.888 0.900 0.905 0.907 0.908 0.909
-2.3 0.341 0.739 0.819 0.855 0.864 0.867 0.869 0.869 0.869
-2.4 0.351 0.725 0.795 0.823 0.830 0.832 0.833 0.833 0.833
-2.5 0.360 0.711 0.771 0.793 0.798 0.799 0.800 0.799 0.799
-2.6 0.368 0.696 0.747 0.764 0.768 0.769 0.769 0.769 0.769
-2.7 0.376 0.681 0.724 0.738 0.740 0.740 0.741 0.740 0.740
-2.8 0.384 0.666 0.702 0.712 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714
-2.9 0.390 0.651 0.681 0.683 0.689 0.690 0.690 0.689 0.689
-3.0 0.396 0.636 0.666 0.666 0.666 0.667 0.667 0.666 0.666
-3.5 0.412 0.562 0.570 0.571 0.571 0.571 0.571 0.571 0.571
-4.0 0.413 0.497 0.499 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
-5.0 0.379 0.399 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400
-6.0 0.329 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333
-7.0 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285
-8.0 0.249 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
-9.0 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222

El cálculo del coeficiente de frecuencia, para una muestra de n valores, se realiza mediante el
uso de los siguientes parámetros estadísticos:
• Promedio:

x=
∑ log (x ) = µ (4.81)
N
• Desviación estándar:

∑ (log (x ) − x )
2

σx = (4.82)
(N − 1)
• Coeficiente de asimetría:
N ⋅ ∑ (log ( x ) − x )
3

g= (4.83)
(N − 1) ⋅ (N − 2 ) ⋅ (σ x )3
Si se trabaja con asimetría g=0, la distribución log Pearson III es igual a log-normal.