Laboratorio 10
Temas abordados
Laboratorio 10
Temas abordados
I. OBJETIVOS:
Demostrar que cuando hay temperatura constante el volumen es inversamente
proporcional a la presión (la ley de boyle).
Aprender a manipular los instrumentos y reactivos para determinar la ley de los
gases.
Al aumentar el volumen, las partículas (átomos o moléculas) del gas tardan más en
llegar a las paredes del recipiente y por lo tanto chocan menos veces por unidad de
tiempo contra ellas. Esto significa que la presión será menor ya que ésta representa la
frecuencia de choques del gas contra las paredes.
Donde:
= Presión
= Volumen
= Moles de Gas.
= Constante universal de los gases ideales .
= Temperatura absoluta
De esta ley se deduce que un mol de gas ideal ocupa siempre un volumen igual a 22,4
litros a 0 °C y 1 atmósfera. También se le llama la ecuación de estado de los gases; ya
que solo depende del estado actual en que se encuentre el gas.
Cualquier gas se considera como un fluido, porque tiene las propiedades que le
permiten comportarse como tal.
Sus moléculas, en continuo movimiento, logran colisionar las paredes que los
contiene y casi todo el tiempo ejercen una presión permanente. Como el gas se
expande, la energía intermolecular (entre molécula y molécula) hace que un gas, al ir
añadiéndole energía calorífica, tienda a aumentar su volumen.
Un gas está constituido por moléculas de igual tamaño y masa, pero una mezcla
de gases diferentes, no.
Se le supone con un número pequeño de moléculas, así su densidad es baja y su
atracción molecular es nula.
El volumen que ocupa el gas es mínimo, en comparación con el volumen total del
recipiente.
Las moléculas de un gas contenidas en un recipiente, se encuentran en constante
movimiento, por lo que chocan, ya entre sí o contra las paredes del recipiente que
las contiene.
Para explicar el comportamiento de los gases, las nuevas teorías utilizan tanto la
estadística como la teoría cuántica, además de experimentar con gases de diferentes
propiedades o propiedades límite, como el UF6, que es el gas más pesado conocido.
Un gas no tiene forma ni volumen fijo; se caracteriza por la casi nula cohesión y a la
gran energía cinética de sus moléculas, las cuales se mueven.
ECUACION DE VAN DER WALLS: Para estudiar los gases reales con mayor
exactitud, es necesario modificar la ecuación del gas ideal, tomando en cuenta las
fuerzas intermoleculares y los volúmenes moleculares finitos. Este tipo de análisis
fue realizado por primera vez por el físico holandés L.D. van der Waals en 1973.
además de ser un procedimiento matemático simple, el análisis de van der Waals
proporciona una interpretación del comportamiento del gas real a nivel molecular.
Otra corrección es la concerniente al volumen ocupado por las moléculas del gas. En
la ecuación del gas ideal, V representa el volumen del recipiente. Sin embargo, cada
molécula ocupa un nivel intrínseco finito, aunque pequeño, de manera que el
volumen efectivo del gas se convierte en:
Radio: 2mm
Nº ħ H
0 37 0
5 20.9 41,9
V. CONCLUSION:
VIII. BIBLIOGRAFIA:
Understanding gases' deviation from ideality is vital in scenarios involving high-pressure environments, low-temperature conditions, or chemically reactive substances. For example, in the design of industrial gas pipelines, deviations must be accounted for to prevent structural failures due to inaccurate pressure predictions . In cryogenics, where temperatures are extremely low, precise calculations are required to ensure the integrity of materials and systems . Similarly, in chemical reactions involving gases, knowing real behavior can affect yield predictions and safety measures due to potentially exothermic interactions . Real gas behavior is also crucial in atmospheric studies for accurate weather modeling and understanding pollutants’ behavior .
Boyle’s Law describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature, stating that pressure is inversely proportional to volume (PV = K). As pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa. Charles’ Law, on the other hand, addresses the relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure, indicating that volume is directly proportional to temperature when measured in Kelvin . As temperature increases, so does the volume of the gas. Together, these laws form part of the foundation for understanding gas behavior under varying conditions .
An experimental setup to demonstrate Boyle’s Law typically involves a closed container, such as a J-tube or a syringe, where changes in volume can be precisely measured as pressure is applied. The experiment might use a hand pump to adjust pressure while the volume is measured using a ruler or calibrated markings . As pressure is increased, the occupied volume decreases, which can be plotted to show the inverse relationship characteristic of Boyle’s Law . These experiments often include measuring changes using mercury in a tube to visualize the volume-pressure relationship .
Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular attractions that arise due to random shifts in electron density. These forces cause real gases to deviate from ideal behavior as they reduce the pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of a container, resulting in lower measured pressures compared to what the ideal gas law would predict . These forces become more relevant at higher pressures and lower temperatures when gas molecules are closer together, affecting the pressure-volume relationships .
The behavior of real gases deviates from the ideal gas law, particularly at high pressures and low temperatures, where intermolecular forces and the finite volume occupied by gas molecules become significant factors . While ideal gases are assumed to have no intermolecular forces and their molecules occupy no volume, real gases exhibit forces such as Van der Waals forces, leading to non-infinite expansion and deviations from ideal behavior . Considering these deviations is crucial for accurate predictions and calculations in industrial processes and research, where precise measurements under varying conditions are required .
Using the Kelvin scale is necessary when applying gas laws because it provides an absolute measure of temperature starting from absolute zero, where theoretically all molecular motion stops . This scale ensures that proportional relationships remain valid—such as in Charles’ Law where volume is directly proportional to temperature . Calculations based on Celsius or Fahrenheit would not accurately reflect these relationships due to their non-zero starting points, potentially leading to incorrect results .
Water vapor deviates from ideal gas behavior primarily due to the strong intermolecular forces it experiences, namely hydrogen bonding . This type of bonding occurs because the water molecule is polar, with a significant difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. These bonds lead to additional intermolecular attractions not accounted for in the ideal gas law, causing deviations particularly at lower temperatures where these forces are more pronounced . As a result, water vapor does not expand or behave as predictably as an ideal gas would under similar conditions .
Selecting the appropriate units for the universal gas constant (R) is critical because it ensures consistency between the units of pressure, volume, and temperature used in calculations. The value of \(R\) varies depending on the system of units employed, such as atmosphere-liters or joules . Misalignment of these units can lead to erroneous results, as the units directly impact the proportional relationships established by the ideal gas law (PV=nRT). Correct unit selection allows for accurate and coherent results when calculating properties of gases under different conditions .
Noble gases exhibit near-ideal behavior primarily because they are monoatomic and chemically inert, meaning they do not readily form bonds with other atoms. This low reactivity reduces the influence of intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals forces, leading to behavior that aligns closely with the predictions made by the ideal gas law . Additionally, their atomic simplicity means there are fewer interactions that could otherwise disrupt ideal behavior, in contrast to more complex molecules like water vapor, which forms hydrogen bonds .
Real gas equations, such as the Van der Waals equation, introduce corrections to the ideal gas law by accounting for intermolecular forces and the finite volume occupied by gas molecules. The Van der Waals equation modifies pressure to account for the attraction between molecules and adjusts volume to consider the space occupied by gas particles themselves . The equation includes terms \(a\) and \(b\), which are specific to each gas, where \(a\) corrects for intermolecular attractions and \(b\) accounts for molecular volume, thereby providing a more accurate description of gas behavior under non-ideal conditions .