𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = − csc 2 𝑥 ; 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =− ; 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = ; 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 =− ; 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = ; log 𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑏)
∫ 𝑡𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + 𝑐 ; ∫ 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐 ; ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑔𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥| + 𝑐 ; ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝑎) + 𝑐 ; ∫ − √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 = arccos (𝑎) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥2 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 (𝑎) + 𝑐 ; ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎2 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎) + 𝑐 ; ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 ; ; 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 2
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑥 2𝑢 1−𝑢2 2𝑑𝑢
cos 2 𝑥 = ; 𝑡𝑔2 𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥 ; ; 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑔 ( ) ; 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ; 𝑑𝑥 =
2 2 1+𝑢2 1+𝑢2 1+𝑢2
𝐸. 𝐷. 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑣. 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐) → 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑦
𝐸. 𝐷. 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔: 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦, )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 → 𝑡 = 𝑥
𝐸. 𝐷. 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐. 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔: (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶)𝑑𝑥 + (𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 → 𝐴𝐵1 − 𝐴1 𝐵
𝑑𝑦
𝐸. 𝐷. 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠: + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) → 𝐹. 𝐼. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝐸. 𝐷. 𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖: 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥) → 𝑧 = 𝑦1−𝑛
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹
𝐸. 𝐷. 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎: 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
→ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦); 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑁
𝑢′ (𝑧) −
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐸. 𝐷. 𝑅𝑒𝑑. 𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡: 𝐹. 𝐼: 𝑢(𝑧)
= 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑁 −𝑀
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐾𝑃0
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑠: 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ; 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑡. ∶ 𝑃 −𝑟𝑡
0 +(𝐾−𝑃0 )𝑒
𝑦=𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑒 𝛽𝑥
( 𝑦 ′′ +𝑃𝑦 ′ +𝑞𝑦)=0 𝑦=𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝛼𝑥
𝑟 2 +𝑃𝑟+𝑞=0
{𝑦=𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑥)+𝐶2 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑃𝑚 (𝑥)
1.1 𝑠𝑖 0 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝. 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡: 𝑌𝑝 = 𝑄𝑚 (𝑥)
1.2 𝑠𝑖 0 𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝. 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡: 𝑌𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑄𝑚 (𝑥)
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∝𝑥 𝑃𝑚 (𝑥)
2.1 𝛼 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝. 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡: 𝑌𝑃 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑄𝑚 (𝑥)
2.2 𝛼 𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝. 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡: 𝑌𝑝 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑥 𝑘 𝑄𝑚 (𝑥)
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∝𝑥 (𝑃𝐿 (𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐵𝑥) + 𝑄𝑚 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝐵𝑥))
3.1 ∝ ±𝑖𝐵 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑧; 𝑌𝑃 = (𝑇𝑟 (𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐵𝑥) + 𝑆𝑟 (𝑥)𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝐵𝑥)) ; 𝑟 = max[𝐿, 𝑚]