INDICE

1. EL ADJETIVO
2. EL ADVERBIO
3. EL ARTICULO
4. CONJUGACION
5. GENERO
6. GENITIVO SAJON
7. GERUNDIO
8. INFINITIVO
9. INTERROGACION
10. NEGACION
11. NUMERALES
12. HORAS, FECHAS Y MEDIDAS
13. COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO E INDIRECTO
14. PRONOMBRE PERSONAL
15. PLURAL
16. POSESIVO
17. PREPOSICION
18. SUBJUNTIVO
19. PRONUNCIACION
20. RESPUESTAS
ANEXO 1 (VERBOS)
ANEXO 2 (PREFIJOS Y SUFIJOS)
ANEXO 3 (PALABRAS QUE PUEDEN SER NOMBRES Y VERBOS)
ANEXO 4 (INGLES EMPRESARIAL)
ANEXO 5 (EXPRESIONES)
ANEXO 6 (DIFERENCIA ENTRE...)
ANEXO 7 ???????

Abreviaturas:
Sig.: Significa Tb.:También TVM:Thank you very much

José Mª del Barrio

Febrero-Junio 2002
 ADJETIVO
Es invariable, sirve para todos los géneros en singular y en plural y normalmente va delante del sustantivo..
-an old man (Un hombre viejo) -an old house (Una casa vieja) - these trees are old ( Estos árboles son viejos) - Is he young or old? /...with
warm brown hair and soft dark brown eyes

Va detrás del nombre en los casos siguientes:

- Cuando lleva un complemento: a man worthy of esteem (Un hombre digno de aprecio)
- Cuando completa el sentido del verbo: they found the argument absurd (hallaron absurdo el argumento).
- Cuando equivale a una oración subordinada: the garden proper is not very large (El jardín propiamente dicho no es muy grande).
- Cuando significa de alto, de edad, etc.: a boy ten years old (un niño de 10 años -de edad-).
- Cuando califica un pronombre terminado en -thing o -body: there is nothing strange about that (eso no tiene nada de extraño).
- En algunas denominaciones de cargo, empleo, etc. y en expresiones de origen francés: ministre resident (ministro residente); court
martial (consejo de guerra).
- Worth, ill, left (que queda), missing y los compuestos por el sufijo a-: a life worth preserving (una vida que merece ser conservada);
the proudest man alive (el más orgulloso de los hombres).
- Alone va siempre detrás.

Un sustantivo puede calificar a otro: coal ship (barco carbonero), front seat (asiento delantero); sea mile (milla marina). Coal, front y sea son
nombres usados como adjetivos y por tanto van delante.

EL COMPARATIVO:

my house is as beautifull as yours (mi casa es tan hermosa como la de usted)

Tan ... como Afirmación as...as A man is as young as he looks
Are they as pretty as you are?
Peter is as old as Hans
Negación so..as my house is not so beautifull as yours (mi casa no es tan hermosa como la de
usted )

más... Adjetivos cortos (de - er … than … I am luckier than you

que una síllaba y algunos Are Marie and Yvonne older than you?.- Marie is older than I am, Yvonne is two
de dos generalmente years younger than I am (than+nombre+verbo)
acabados en -y) -older -quieter Are your brothers and sisters older or younger than you are?-They are all
-taller -noisier younger
-luckier -younger Ruth's hair is longer than Gretchen's
-fatter -nicer The house is very much quiter when they are at school than when they are at
-bigger -larger home (than va entre subordinadas)
-thinner -shorter A man is no older than he feels (no+comparativo.=not at all)
-prettier She will get thinner when she gets older
-happier Is Hans younger than Peter?
-burlier Which man is nearer the chair?
Why is Mr.(*) Green walking faster?
Why is Mr. Brown geginning to walk faster?
Uncle Albert doesn´t look a day older than forty
(observar los casos For other adjectives of two syllables, and for longer ones, we use more and most
especiales) What nicer present is there than a box of chocolates?
NOTA: No se puede aplicar a:
alive,mortal,aged,awful,rustic,fragile,massive,verbose,famous
,drunk,glad,scarce,sparse,real y found.

My house is more beautifull than yours (mi casa es más hermosa que la de Ud.)
Adjetivos largos More ... than "Often the more money you have, the less sense you have"
(bisílabos no She could tell you more about this
acabados en -y y de
más de dos sílabas)
My house is less beautiful than yours (mi casa es menos hermosa que la de Ud.)
menos... que less ... than Some of these have become (llegado a ser) less popular than they we are ten
years ago / Women are less reliable (de fiar) than men and can cause problems

(*): Mrs.(Señora, casada)) Miss (Srta., joven etc) Ms (puede ser casada o no, para no equivocarse)

EL SUPERLATIVO:
El más... - est I am the oldest of the family
Adjetivos cortos (de una The youngest and the smallest one is Fritz
síllaba y algunos de dos -oldest -quietest Ruth is the prettiest girl (that) I know
generalmente acabados en -tallest -noisiest They are the noisiest boys (that) I know-and the nicest
-y) -luckiest -youngest Olaf is the tallest student in the class
-fattest -nicest Frieda is the oldest of the family
-biggest -largest She is the prettiest girl that I know
-thinnest -shortest Everest is the highest mountain in the world
-prettiest What is the busiest time of year for shops? (ej. rebajas
-happiest Todos los Santos..),
-burliest Who is the youngest child in Frieda's family?
He used to think that the two greatest English writers
were:B and S
NOTA: No se puede aplicar -er o -est a:
(observar los casos alive,mortal,aged,awful,rustic,fragile,massive,verbose
especiales) ,famous,drunk,glad,scarce,sparse,real y fond.
The most ... in The most populus quarter in the town (el barrio más
Adjetivos largos (delante de lugar) populoso de la ciudad) / Choose the most appropiate
(bisílabos no acabados en phrase from the words in italics. The first one is done
-y y de más de dos for you / Which ways of apologizing (disculparse) are
sílabas) most common, in your experience?

The most ... of I'm the most sensible person here and she is the least
(resto de los casos) sensible

El menos... de The least ... in

(delante de lugar)

The least ... of The least brave man of the regiment (el hombre menos valiente del regimiento)
(resto de los casos)

SUPERLATIVO ABSOLUTO

En ingles no hay una terminación especial para el superlativo absoluto (ej.: altísimo, excelentísimo, etc.) para ello se emplean very, most, etc.
(very high -altísimo-, most excellent - excelentísimo-).

ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS IRREGULARES

ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO

Good Better I asked her if she knew a better dancer than me Best if you can go for me, you are the best friend /
/ I don' know a better / your homework (tarea) The best cigarettes in London, 75 p. a
is better than usual / What better present is hundred (cien)/ If these are the best
there than a box of cigarettes? / Your work is cigarettes in London, the worst must be
much better than it was last week / terrible
Bad Worse I don´t think you can be worse than I am / You Worst These are the worst cigarettes I have ever
are not worse than I am smoked / Write about the the worst day of
your life
Much / many More Most
A little (*) Less least

(*) El compparativo y superlativo de a few are fewer and fewest

ADVERBIO

Muchos adverbios derivan del adjetivo terminados en -mente. Se forman añadiendo -ly: bad badly, brightbrightly, quickly (rápidamente),
quitly (tranquilamente) -quite es Tb. adv.:completamente-, privately etc. Pero otros no, good (adj.)  well (adv.)

Excepciones a esta regla:

- Si el adjetivo acaba en -le: Possiblepossibly, tolerabletolerably
- Si el adjetivo acaba en -ue: dueduly, truetruly
- Si el adjetivo acaba en -ll: dulldully, fullfully
- Si el adjetivo acaba en -y: guiltyguiltily, showyshowily

POSICIÓN DEL ADVERBIO:

SI NO MODIFICA AL VERBO:
- Por regla general delante de la palabra que modifica seriously ill (gravemente enfermo), very well (muy bien), long before (mucho
antes). He 's going to be quite late, is that right?
- Excepción (enough y ago): Van detrás de la palabra que modifica.
SI MODIFICA AL VERBO:
- Si el VERBO es TRANSITIVO (verbos que pueden tener complemento) va delante del verbo o después del complemento: Mr B
pronunces English well. En los tiempos compuestos puede ir detrás del auxiliar: I will gladly tell you something about it.
Pero hay una excepción (Si el CD es largo o está complementado por una oración): He rewarded liberally all tose who had served his
father (recompensó liberalmente a todos los que habían servido a su padre).
- Si el VERBO es INTRANSITIVO el adverbio va después del verbo The waiters are standing quietly under the canvas . Pero
suddenly, promptly, etc. pueden ir después del auxiliar de los tiempos compuestos. The wind has suddenly risen (el viento ha soplado
de pronto)
- Si el VERBO es TO BE, el adverbio va después del verbo o del auxiliar de los tiempos compuestos.
- Si el VERBO NO ES TO BE also, even, first, once, quite, almost, nearly hardly, only, scarcely van siempre entre el sujeto y el
verbo o detrás del auxiliar de los tiempos compuestos: He never spoke about it (él nunca ha hablado de ello)  verbo simple, I have
quite understood you (le he entendido a usted muy bien)  verbo compuesto. En cambio, los de tiempo (early, late, today, tonight) y
los polisílabos (yesterday, presently, etc), los de lugar, los de cantidad y los de modo (very well, badly y worse) van al final de la
oración: They arrived late (ellos llegaron tarde).
- Como en español, el adverbio va al principio de la ooración cuando modifica la oración entera o cuando se quiere dar mayor fuerza a
la expresión.

ARTICULO

The (Artículo definido)  el, la, los, las (the man, the men)
a o an (Artículo indefinido) Uno, una ( One significa lo mismo, pero es un número)
Some  Unos, unas: he had some papers in in his hand (tenía unos papeles en la mano), some of the people are drinking tea, some are
drinking coffee

Excepciones inglesas:

- me lavo las manos  I wash my hands

- ponte el sombrero  put on your hat
- él se ha roto el brazo  he has broquen his arm

A veces el artículo se suprime en inglés en ciertas expresiones y cuando se habla en general -de todos, no uno/s en particular- (los verbos,
los coches etc) : I Know all about the negative of verbs, You already know Mr. P, The teacher and writer, The fire burns all day in cold
weather, We have breakfast in the dinning-room, What do they have for tea?, What things in life do you dislike? / He is tired of life, I like
gaiety and life and fun, I hate cars with their noise and dust and smell..
En otras ocasiones se pone aunque en español no se use, por ej. las profesiones siemppre llevan articulo a/an : I am an engineer (soy
ingeniero)

CONJUGACIÓN

You dance  tú bailas, usted baila, vosotros bailais, ustedes bailan

PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO

Se forma con el infinitivo sin to (I, we, you, they dance). La tercera persona del singular toma es: si el infinitivo termina en ch, sh, ss, x o
z: reaches, brushes, passes, boxes, buzzes. Tb. con to do y to go: does, goes.
Toma s: Si el infinitivo termina en e muda, vocal o diptongo: dances, lives, baas, sees, draws, knows.o si el infinitivo termina en una
consonante que no es ch, sh, ss, x o z: sobs, packs, rings, kills, eras, bleats.

PRETERITO DE INDICATIVO

Forman el pretérito y el participio pasivo añadiendo ed, d o t al infinitivo: walkwalked, livelived, sepkept, sweepswept

FUTURO DE INDICATIVO

Se antepone shall ( para I o We) o will al infinitivo (en conversación se usa la forma corta 'll , shan't (shall not) o Won't (will not))

I shall come (yo vendré) / You will come (tu vendrás, usted vendrá, vosotros vendréis, ustedes vendrán) /He will come (él vendrá) /They
will come (ellos vendrán) /They will tell you what they like and what they dislike / He will make a good doctor / John will be fourteen years
old tomorrow/ Will John be fourteen tomorrow? / You will see how a cat caused a wedding
NOTA: A parte will y shall pueden tener otros significados:

INVITACION (invitation) PETICION (request) OFRECER AYUDA (offer to help)

Will you sit down? Please, will you tell me your name? Shall I help you with your work?
Will you have some tea? (*) Will you tell us about your name, please? Shall I tell you the answer?
Will you show me the pictures? Shall we come with you?
(*) Have sig. tener o tomar (have breakfast, have soup). Tb. para tomar asiento (The buses are always full on wet days and I have never
had a seat on one yet), tomar clases por ej. para el carnet conducir -driving lessons- (I have had lessons for about a year now)

POTENCIAL

Se antepone should y would.: I should come (yo vendrría) / You would come (tu vendrás, usted vendría, vosotros vendrías, ustedes
vendrían) / He would come (él vendría) / They would come (ellos vendrían)

IMPERATIVO

Se forma con el infinitivo sin to. Se usa sólo para la 2ª persona: Come here( ven, venga usted, venid, vengan ustedes) aquí / Go there /
Well, listen, let me introduce (presentarte) you to a few people / Give the reason in each case for your choice / Give it to me (=pass it to
me) / Taste your coffee and tell me if it is good / Phone Mrs D. and correct the mistakes in your version / Come one evening and have dinner
with my wife and me, and bring your sister with you

IMPERATIVO IMPERATIVO NEGATIVO (con don´t)

take the book there don't come
bring the book here don't go there
look at the picture don´t look at this

Para la 1ª y 3ª persona se usa let: Let's (=let us) give her a clock / Let's go for a walk this afternoon / Let us see (veamos) / Let me (go and)
check it (déjeme comprobarlo)

TIEMPOS COMPUESTOS

Verbo auxiliary to have (haber) + Participio pasivo

I have played (yo he jugado) / He has played (él ha jugado) / I had played (yo había/hube jugado) / I shall have played (yo habré jugado) /
He will have played (él habrá jugado) / I should have played (yo habría jugado)

PRESENTE CONTINUO (ver anexo verbos)

Acción en curso, no terminada

To be + gerundio

GENERO

- Son de género masculino: Los nombres que significan varón - man (hombre), knight (caballero) - o animal macho - bull (toro)-.
- Femenino: Los que significan mujer -woman (mujer), spinster (solterona)- o animal hembra -cow (vaca)-.
- Común: Como en español, los de persona de una sola terminación para los dos géneros: friend (amigo/a), neighbour (vecino/a),
companion (compañero/a).
- Neutro: Los de animales cuando no se especifica el sexo; los que significan niño o niño de pecho, como child o baby.

Excepción: los nombres de paises, barcos y máquinas sulen ser de género femenino. Poland has lost her independenca (Polonia a perdido
su independencia); she was a fine ship (era un hermoso barco).

INDICACION DEL GENERO

El género se infiere del contexto (she is an orfan, ella es huérfana), o se distingue por medio de:

nombres que tienen palabras distintas terminaciones femeninas: ess, -ix o male, female, woman, palabras compuestas
para cada género: -ine: he-,she-, etc.:
en que uno de los
elementos expresa el
género:
man (hombre) women (mujer) actor (actor) actress (actriz) Female fish (pez hembra) manservant (criado)
father (padre) mother (madre) duke (duque) duchess woman lawyer (abogada) maidservant (criada)
widower (viudo) widow (viuda) (duquesa) he-goat (macho cabrío) bull-elephant (elefante)
bull (toro) cow (vaca) testator testatrix she-ass (asna, jumenta) doe-hare (liebre
cock (gallo) hen (gallina) (testador) (testadora) hembra)
hero (héroe) heroine (heroína) Cock-sparrow (gorrión)

GENITIVO SAJON
 John's father (El padre de Juan)
Poseedor Cosa poseída
Pers./ animal
(apóstrofe + "s")
NOTA: El artículo de lo poseído se suprime
Otros Ej.: a horse's tail (una cola de caballo), a head's length (el largo de una cabeza)

 SE OMITE LA S (NUNCA EL APÓSTROFE):

- Después de un nombre en plural terminado en s: the birds' nests (los nidos de los pájaros)
- Después de un nombre en singular cuya última sílaba empiece por s: Moses' law (la ley de Moisés).
- Después de un nombre latino, griego o extranjero terminado en s, es o x: Cassius' dagger (el puñal de Casio); Achilles' heel (el talón
de Aquiles). Excepción: Venus's beauty (la hermosura de Venus).
- Después de un nombre terminado en s o ce, cuando va seguido de sake: for goodness' sake! (¡por Dios!); for conscience' sake (por
conciencia).

 CASOS ESPECIALES:

- Se puede eliminar el nombre de la cosa poseída cuando este significa iglesia, hospital, casa, tienda y se sobrentiende (understood) y
en casos especiales:

St. Paul's (La catedral de San Pablo) This car is my father's (Este coche es de mi padre)

At my aunt's (En casa de mi tía) Ruth's hair is longer than Gretchen's

I am going to the grocer's (shop) - Voy a la Is this your hat? -Not, it is Mr. Brown's (¿este
tienda de comestibles- sombrero es el suyo? -no es el del señor Brown..)
Did you see those dresses in Harridge's (shop)
I must go to the tailor's (shop) for my suit

- Si hay más de dos nombres propios de poseedor el signo del genitivo se pone detrás del último:
Mary and Robert's brother (el hermano de María y Roberto).
Pero obsérvese este caso: What is Luis's wife's job?

- Generalmente, sólo aplicamos el genitivo a sustantivos de persona (What are your sister's name? / That's Lucille's idea of life / I am
the world's worst dancer ): The school clock / He is spending this weekend at his holiday home in Marbella / We have afternoon tea
about five o'clock / I am researching (investigar) the different kinds of holidays taken by business people. Cuando hablamos un
periodo de tiempo usamos: We would like you to start in three month' time (...en un periodo de 3 meses)

GERUNDIO

Verbo+ing
I remember my Uncle Albert giving me some very good advice (consejo) when I was a boy
I enjoy going to the theatre when there is a good play
Here is Mr. Thompson leaving home in the morning, and saying goodbye to his wife and family
He has a tiring day going to the top of the bus and down again a hundred times a day
El gerundio ingles se construye sobre la forma verbal terminada en -ing, puede hacer varios oficios y generalmente se traduce, según los casos:

1.- Como gerundio

Por el gerundio español: he was wating for me (él me estaba esperando).

2.- Como participio - adjetivo

a) Por un participio activo: cutting tool (instrumento cortante), in a surprising manner (de un modo sorprendente) / We will have a
general talk this morning with all of you taking part
b) Por un participio pasivo: an amusing book (un libro entretenido), lying on a sofa (echado en un sofá).
c) Por un adjetivo o por una expresión equivalente a éste: a calculating person (una persona calculadora, interesada), hunting season
(temporada de caza), sewing machine (maquina de coser).
OBSERVACIÓN: Por su naturaleza verbal puede tener un complemento directo. En este caso se traduce "que" + "verbo" en tiempo
personal: a package containing six pairs of gloves (un paquete que contiene seis pares de guantes).

3.- Como infinitivo o nombre verbal

a) Por un infinitivo nominal. Usamos la forma -ing del verbo más bien como un nombre, para hablar de una acción: before speaking (antes
de hablar) / an organization for helping the poor (una organización para socorrer a los pobres) / Do they like learning? (¿Les gusta
aprender?) / I liked fighting when I was a boy (Me gustaba luchar ...) / Hob doesn´t like swimming or football / What I don't like is
being here / Roast is a way of cooking meat (carne) / I must go for a holiday to the seaside for sea-bathing and then go to the
mountains for mountain air / ..., but he has Uncle Albert and he is never tired of telling you about him
b) Por "que" + "verbo" en tiempo personal (generalmente subjuntivo): this door needs painting (esta puerta necesita que la pinten). / Is
there a notice saying SILENCE in this room? / A woman came to our house last week wanting to buy old clothes / I have never heard
of anyone needing so many lessons before
c) Por un sustantivo: he was engaged in the reading of that book (estaba ocupado en la lectura de aquel libro) / Perhaps he doesn't know
the saying (el refrán o dicho) / Who does the cooking in the Priestleys' house / After that I do some sewing, or go out for a walk or go
to see people
 OBSERVACIONES:
a) on, delante de la forma verbal en -ing se traduce por "al" + "infinitivo": on arriving (al llegar).
b) Si en lugar del nombre hay un pronombre, éste debe tomar la forma del posesivo: would you mind my opening the
window? (¿le molestaría que yo abriese la ventana?)
c) Despues de see podemos usar gerundio: You can see the children (*) digging in the sand. You can see his arm just coming
out of the water.

(*) Para hablar de niños<18 meses: baby. De 18 m. a 3 años: toddler. En USA se usa kids en lugar de children

INFINITIVO

To + infinitivo (a/para ....)

(1ª pers. presente excepto am)

He is teaching his son to ride a bicycle

We are learning to speak English
They want to learn to pronounce well
I want to hear the others speak now
People are sitting under the big umbrella to get shade from the sun (=because they want to get shade)
we were lucky to have it, but we had to work hard
My sister had to cook all the food for fifteen men
What does she want to do?
Is she glad (alegre) to see him?
Here is the first one to come
I want to hear your ideas?
It is very interesting to hear these different speakers
They couldn't explain the grammar, so I was glad to come to England, but I was sorry to go away (arrepentido de marcharme) from the farm
I am trying to think of someone who is worse
I don't suppose she will want to work tomorrow night
Isn't it very expensive to buy clothes in Paris?
I really think that you ought to write a book: "What I know about women"
The Dutch know how to make coffee
He left all his money to help to change English spelling
If you want to see it, I have two tickets here that you and Jan can have
What! A hundred lessons to learn to drive
I don't quite know what to say, but to begin with, I don't like London. I am tired of London

El infinitivo va sin " to":

1) Después de los auxiliares defectivos shall, will, can, may y must: I shall write to him (le escribiré), you can not speak French (usted no
sabe hablar francés), we must be silent (hemos de callar) / Eggs must be very scarce (escaso) here. -Eggs are not scarce, but kings are /I
must entertain him on Saturday. Nótese después de ought se usa el infinitivo con to : you ought to know it (usted debería saberlo) / Do you
think she ought to go to fewer dances / You ought to be like my Uncle Ben
2) Después de to dare y to need usados como auxiliares: he dared not speak to him (él no se atrevió a hablarle), they need not fear (no tienen
por qué temer).
3) Después de los verbos que expresan sensación o percepción, como to hear, to see, to feel, to behoid, to observe, to watch, etc.: I hear him
speak in the hall (le oigo hablar en el vestíbulo), I felt the child tremble in my arms (sentí al niño temblar en mis brazos).
4) Después de los verbos to let (dejar, permitir), to bid (ordenar, mandar) y to make (hacer que se ejecute una acción): let me read this letter
(déjeme leer esta carta), he bade her open the door (le mandó abrir la puerta). Sin embargo, en la voz pasiva, estos verbos van seguidos del
infinitivo con to: I was let to read the letter (se me dejó leer la carta).
5) Después de and, or, than y but en oraciones como: they decided to stop there and wait for him (decidieron detenerse allí y esperarle), he
was told to be silent or go (se le dijo que se callara o que se fuera), she did nothing else than laugh (ella no hizo más que reír), they cannot
but hear it (no pueden dejar de oírlo).
6) En ciertas oraciones interrogativas o exclamatorias: wherefore weep? (¿ por qué llorar?).
7) Después de las locuciones had better, had rather, would rather, etc.: you had better wait (vale más que espere).

Infinitivo traducido por el subjuntivo o el indicativo:

He asked me to pay the bill (me pidió que pagase la cuenta) / the captain ordered the soldiers to bring the prisoner (el capitán ordenó a los
soldados que trajesen al prisionero) / I want him to do this (quiero que el haga esto) / they expect him to go soon (esperan que se irá pronto) /
What does Mr. P ask Lucille to do one evening?.Mr P asks Lucille to bring her sister to dinner?. Lucille thinks it is very kind of him to ask them,
and says she is sure her sister will like meeting (*) Mr and Mrs P.

(*) to meet sig. -reunirse con- : I want to meet people, young and interesting people
NOTA: ver "GERUNDIO" cuando usamos -ing- para hablar de una acción: I like swimming (me gusta nadar=me gusta la natación)

INTERROGACIÓN

 MODO 1
 Are they here? (¿están aquí?)
1º verbo - 2º sujeto
to be
to dare
to need
shall, will, can, may, must o ought

Dare you go here? (¿Se atreve usted a ir allí?) /Need he do it? (¿necesita hacerlo?),Can this boy write? (¿sabe escribir este niño?) / Why must she
have new clothes?

 MODO 2 (verbo ≠ modo 1)

2.1.-TIEMPO SIMPLE (do/does/did...?)

Do you see this tree? (¿ve usted este árbol?)

1º 2º 3º
Do/does/did- sujeto-verbo (infinitivo sin to)

How much money do you have (*)? (modo 2.1) = How much money have you got? (modo 2.2)

(*) Antiguamente la interrogación de to have se podía hacer sin "do": Have you any money? (¿Tiene usted dinero?),

2.2.-TIEMPO COMPUSTO

Have you seen the house? (¿ha visto usted la casa?)

1º Auxiliar-2º sujeto

Has Mr P. corrected your homework, Jan?

 MODO 3 (who/which etc - pronombres interrogativos-)

who wins the price? (¿quién gana el premio?)

WICH y WHAT ? WHO...? (¿Quién...? / ¿A quién...?)

Wich (¿Qué…?): Cuando disponemos de una lista de objetos Who are you visiting?
WHAT (¿Que....?), WHAT TIME (¿A que hora...?: En los demás casos Who does he see?
What is the difference ? Who do you know here, Bruno? (¿A quién conoces...?)
What animals were there on the farm? Who are the well-known twentieth-century writers?
What colour are her eyes and her hair?
What time does Lizzie get up?
Which days are "week-days"? (Sunday isn't a week-day)
Which pillars carry the arch? (¿qué pilares sostienen el arco?)
Apple is a fruit which is red or green
About which king of Britain did Hob tell a story?
What do you say to that, Frieda?
What does Olaf enjoy doing?
What does Hob like and dislike?
What sort (clase) of plays (obras de teatro) does Olaf like?
What do you think he is saying?
Could you say in one word what there is?
What do you mean (propones)?How could a cat cause a wedding?
What is the difference, what does it matter which it is?
What was the waiter's answer when the man asked if he was drinking
tea or coffee?

WHOSE? (¿De quién...?) WHEN ?

WHOM? Tb. Sig. de quién, pero está en desuso When the man said he could not tell the difference?

WHERE...? WHY...?
Where do they have breakfast? Why is the man speaking to the waiter? Raspiest: because he wants a
Where did Mr P say he could get good coffee? drink
Is Mr. B. looking happy now? Why not?
Why does Pedro enjoy living in large cities?
Why, according to (según) Lucille, do people in quit seaside places go
to bed at 9 o'clock?

HOW MUCH - HOW MANY...? HOW LONG ?

How much was the bill?
How many children do the Priestleys have?
How long was your flight? (¿Cuánto tiempo duró tu vuelo?)

HOW OFTEN...? (¿Cuánta veces?) WHAT KIND OF...?

So when I want new clothes I go to Paris. -And how often is that? What kind of dress is she wearing? She is wearing a summer dress

PRON. INT. CON PARTICULA: ¿Para quién..?, ¿En qué..?, ¿En cuántos...? ¿A qué...?, ¿Con quién...? ¿Durante cuánto tiempo...? (ver PREP.)
Who do you work for?
Who are you having dinner with?
Who did you go with?
What does your company specialized in?
How many countries does it operate in?
What time is the lesson?
How long did you go for? (¿Durante cuánto tiempo fuiste?)
Where do you think they are coming from?
What country does the cook at Lucille's hotel come from ?
Which ones do you agree (de acuerdo) or disagree (en desacuerdo) with?

IS THERE- ARE THERE...? Is there (Hay…?): Se usa para el singular. Are there (Hay....?): Se usa para el plural
Is there an air conditioning system? / Is there near a railway station? / Are there any separate rooms for smokers? / Are there bus stops nearby?

AFIRMATIVAS?
A veces cuando preguntamos afirmando y la respuesta es "Si" la frase se construye como afirmativa: you are working on Friday? / So you don't
like English coffee? / You don't know his telephone number? It doesn't matter - I shall write to him

QUESTION PHRASES
A veces, sobre todo en conversación, hacemos una pregunta (ask a question) negativa (question frase) tras hacer una afirmación. Esperamos que
el que escucha esté de acuerdo y responda "Si" (we expect your listener to agree -esté de acuerdo-and answer "yes") It's a nice morning, isn't it?
- Yes, Mr P. it is (Es una bonita mañana, ¿ no? - Si, Mr P.)

Affirmative Sentence Negative Affirmative Sentence Negative

Phrase Phrase
Mr P has a lot of books in his study hasn't he? It is a nice morning isn't it?
You have some sheep on your farm haven't you? This is a pretty little town isn't it?
You were talking about Christmas presents weren't you? Hob must work harder mustn't he
Jan plays football doesn't he? They will come tomorrow won't they?

Existen Tb. las "affirmative question phrases", que se aplican después de una frase negativa. En este caso, esperamos un "No":
You haven't any sheep on your farm, have you? No, we haven't.

Negative Sentence Affi. Negative Sentence Affi. Negative Sentence Affi.

Phr. Phr. Phr.
It isn't raining now is it? You are not staying at home are you? Hob isn't going to tell us another is he?
story

Para la question phrase empleamos un auxiliar o "verbo especial" (the auxiliary): am, is, are, was, were, can, could, shall, will,
must, ought (to), used (to), do, does and did.

NEGACIÓN

 MODO 1 (verbo= be,have,dare,need,shall,will,can,may,must,ought)

They are not here? (no están aquí)

verbo
to be
to dare
to need
shall, will, can, may, must o ought
He dared not come (no se atrevía a venir), John will not win the price (Juan no ganará el premio), If I may not go (si no puedo ir). No, I don't
believe it, but I am not wealthy (rico) and not very wise (sabio) / He can't understand what you say

NOTA: El presente can not se escribe en una sola palabra (cannot).

 MODO 2 (verbo ≠ modo 1)

2.1.-TIEMPO SIMPLE (do/does/did not)

He does not play (él no juega)
do verbo (infinitivo sin to)
does
did

Her father did not come (su padre no vino) / I didn't know you were interested in cigarettes./ I'd like to go to Toronto, but I don't have (*)the
time (modo 1) =...,but I haven't got the time (modo 3)

NOTA: En la conversación se usa don´t and doesn't en vez de do not y does not
(*) Antiguamente la negación de to have se podía hacer sin "do": I haven't the time, The box had not a lid (la caja no tenía tapa))

2.2.-TIEMPO COMPUSTO (not)

He has not seen it (él no lo ha visto)

1º Aux.-2º not

NOTA: Con dare, la negación puede expresarse también como se indica en modo 2, pero el verbo regido lleva to: they did not dare to come (no
se atrevieron a venir).

 MODO 3 (oraciones interrogativas)

Sujeto=pronombre:
Do you not see it? (¿no lo ve usted?)
1º sujeto - 2º not

Sujeto=nombre:
Did not your brother win the price? (¿no ganó el premio su hermano?)
1º not 2º sujeto

 MODO 4 (Infinitivo y gerundio)

Not to understand (no entender) / Not understanding (no entendiendo)

 MODO 5 (Imperativo)

Do not laugh (no rías-ría usted, rían ustedes, riáis-)

Do not let them come (que no vengan) / Frieda has said she likes rain at night. Well, I don't, not when I'm driving.
NOTA: Se puede contraer: don't,didn't,aren't,can't,isn't, etc.

 MODO 6 (Con never, no, nobody,nothing,nowhere, by no means, NO SE USA NOT ni el auxiliar DO)

It is never too late (nunca es tarde)

I have no time (no tengo tiempo) / :...,so she had no time for study / There were no English people in my town ("no" hace el nombre negativo) /
That pencil is no use (= useless) / There are no books here (=There aren't any books here) - ver NOTA- / No bacon and eggs in the morning for
me, thank you
NOTA: Si lo negado es el sujeto, es obligado usar no, nobody y nothing en lugar de not, anything y anybody. He waited, but no help came /
Nobody told me about it / Nothing is wrong

 NEITHER ... NOR (ni ... ni)

You are lucky. I have neither brother nor sister (=I Haven't a brother, and I haven't a sister)

NUMERALES

CARDINALES
0 zero 9 nine 18 eighteen 50 fifty 506 five hundred and six
1 one 10 ten 19 nineteen 60 sixty 536 five hundred and thirty-six
2 two 11 eleven 20 twenty 70 seventy 1,976 nineteen hundred and seventy-six (=nineteen seventy six)
3 three 12 twelve 21 twenty-one 80 eighty 2,002 two thousand and two
4 four 13 thirteen 22 twenty-two 90 ninety 10,458 ten thousand four hundred and fifty eight
5 five 14 fourteen ... 100 one hundred 110,000 one hundred and ten thousand
6 six 15 fifteen 30 thirty 1.000 0ne thousand 530,054 five hundred thirty thousand and fifty four
7 seven 16 sixteen 31 thirty-one... 100.000 one hundred thousand 98,152,575 ninety eight million (sin 's') one hundred fifty two
8 eight 17 seventeen 40 forty 1.000.000 one million thousand five hundred and seventy five

Nota: observar que en inglés se expresan los números casi igual que en español (98 millones ciento cincuenta y dos mil quinientos setenta y
cinco). La separación entre miles etc se hace con (,) y no con un punto. Para los decimales se emplea un punto en la mitad del número (5·05 y
leemos "five point..."). En caso de email la arroba se lee "at" y .com "dot com" Las fechas del siglo XX se expresan (1976= 19-76 sin and -ver
arriba-)

ORDINALES (útiles para expresar fechas. Ver HORAS Y FECHAS) FRACCIONES

1º first 6º sixth 20º twentieth 1/2 a half
2º second 7º seventh 30º thirtieth /zertiiz/ 1/3 a third
3º third 8º eighth forty-third (43º) 1/8 an eighth
4º fourth 9º ninth 1/13 a thirteenth
ordinal cardinal
5º fifth 10º tenth 1/30 a thirtieth

NOTA: Si se aplica el ordinal a un soberano se pone en mayúsculas y con artículo: Henry the Fourth (Enrique cuarto)

HORAS, FECHAS Y MEDIDAS

FECHAS (dates)

Hay varias formas de expresar las fechas, pero la más sencilla es:

Mes + the + día (en ordinal)

16 de Junio (Jun 16) January the sixteenth 18 de Julio (Jul 18) July the eighteenth
5 de Febrero (Feb 5) February the fifth 23 de Agosto (Aug 23) August the twenty-third
14 de Marzo (Mar 14) March the fourteenth 29 de Septiembre (Sep 29) September the twenty-ninth
10 de Abril (Apr 10) April the tenth 30 de octubre (oct 30) October the thirtieth
22 de Mayo (May 22) May the twenty-second 1 de Noviembre (Nov 1) November the first
15 de Junio (Jun 15) June the fifteenth 3 de Diciembre (Dec 3) December the third

Para hablar de fechas empleamos la preposición on (.....on October the thirtyth)

En el caso de estaciones, meses y años usamos in (In autum, in 2002, in December)

Días: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday (Saturday and Sunday are holidays)
Partes del día (Parts of the day): morning, noon or midday (12), afternoon (12-5:30), evening (6:30-9:30), midnight (12 de la noche),
sunrise/sunset (salida y puesta de sol). Is it day or the night?. When is it midnight? ...
Comidas (British food): Breakfast, lunch (comida -12:30-1), dinner (cena -6-6:30 aprox.)
Meses: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Estaciones: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter

Last week
26 27 28 29 30 31 1
The day before Yesterday Today Tomorrow The day after
yesterday (y. morning ...) (t. morning ...) tomorrow
Next week

HORAS (times)

Clock: Reloj de pared o sobremesa. A clock is big, it is generally on the wall.

Watch: Reloj de pulsera o bolsillo. We can put one into our pocket or wear it on our wrist (muñeca)

Reloj retrasado o adelantado: The clock one is not telling the correct time (*). It is five minutes slow (retrasado). What time is it by your watch?.
By my watch is two to two. Your watch is five minutes fast (adelantado).

(*) tell the time significa "leer la hora (entenderla ) de un reloj": You can all tell the time very well.

WHAT TIME IS IT? / WHAT'S THE TIME /CAN YOU TELL THE TIME?
4:00 Four o'clock 4:30 Half past four
4:05 Five past four 4:35 Twenty-five to five
4:15 A quarter past four 4:45 A quarter to five
4:20 Twenty past four 4:50 Ten to five
Para hablar de horas empleamos la preposición at (.....at four o'clock) y si es mañana o tarde usamos in (How can you show the difference
between two o'clock in the morning and two o'clock in the afternoon?

Existe una forma abreviada, que se suele usar para horarios de trenes y aviones: 1:15 (one fifteen), 1:40 (one forty). I come on the eight-thirty
train every morning. It gets to London at nine-twelve. También, para estos horarios, se emplea el sistema 24 horas en lugar de A.M./P.M. (2:15
P.M.= 14:15).

MEDIDAS (measurements)

How long are the hands of Big Ben?. The minute hand of Big Ben is fourteen feet long
Mr. L is six foot six inches tall
A wall twelve feet high (una pared de 12 pies de alto)
The lesson lasts (dura) one hour (=it is one hour long)
Two inches thick (de dos pulgadas de grueso)
Do the eggs cost 1$ each?

COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO E INDIRECTO

(direct an indirect object)

 NORMALMENTE 1º C.D-2ºC.I. (CON TO)..:

John has explained his conduct to Peter (Juan ha explicado su conducta a Pedro)
SUJETO VERBO C.D. (detrás del verbo) -C.I. (detrás del C.D. con to)
¿Quién...? ¿Qué...? ¿A quién...?

She said to me, "What do you do with your old clothes?"

I have often heard people at home say that the weather is bad; and that is always foggy or raining or cold
CI CD

 EXCEPCIÓN (PRIMERO C.I. SIN TO) APLICABLE A LOS VERBOS:

Mary is teaching Jane to Play tennis

VERBO 1º C.I. 2º C.D.
(sin to)

ALLOW ANSWER BRING DO LET GIVE (*) LEND

OWE SEND SHOW TAKE TEACH TELL (*) WRITE etc

(*) Estos verbos suelen llevar dos complementos, uno es generalmente una persona CI y otro una cosa CD

I am giving him a book, She can tell me the answer.

He telephones to her every day and tells her the news / But I Won't tell you what she said
Can you tell me the name of a good tailor?
I believe what you tell me
Mr P taught (enseñó) the students today
I have told you the answer to the question
Hob told some stories to the students ??
Pedro sent some cigarettes to his friend ??

A) El CI va primero (comes first) si ambos no son pronombres:

He gave his son a book (dio un libro a su hijo)

C.I. C.D.
(delante del C.D.)
-sin preposición-

B) Si CD y CI son pronombres el CI va siempre detrás con preposición (to):

John gave it to him

C.D. C.I.

 EL C.D. VA DELANTE DEL VERBO EN LOS SIGUIENTES CASOS:

a) Para dar mayor realce al complemento:

he had two fine horses: the black one he gave to his son, the white one to his daughter
CD V
(tenía dos hermosos caballos: el Negro lo dió a su hijo; el blanco, a su hija)

b) Cuando el complemento es un pronombre relativo o interrogativo:

 The man that (o whom) we saw (el hombre que vimos)
What do you see? (¿Qué ve usted?)

c) Cuando va precedido de un adjetivo interrogativo:

Which road must I take ? (¿que camino he de tomar?)

d) En las oraciones exclamativas precedidas de what:

what nonsense you talk! (¡qué tonterías dice usted!)

 OMISIÓN DEL C.D. Se omite frecuentemente cuando es un pronombre relativo:

The man (that o whom) we were looking for (el hombre que buscábamos)

PRONOMBRE PERSONAL

SUJETO COMPLEMENTO REFLEXIVO

SINGULAR

1ªpers I Me myself I'd like a glass of white wine -Me too

2ªpers You You yourself

3ªpers He Him Himself It was a big dog-, about as big as a young

she her Herself horse, and its feet (pie,pata) were very dirty /
it it (animal o cosa) itself If I pay for my dog, can he (el perro) have a
seat like the other passengers?
PLURAL

1ªpers We Us Ourselves

2ªpers You You yourselves

3ªpers They Them (persona, themselves I have never heard of them

animal o cosa)

a) "to" + C.I.:

She promised it to me (ella me lo prometió)

Excepción: con ciertos verbos se puede omitir to, pero el CI irá delante del CD siendo
obligatorio emplear esta forma con to tell y to answer:

My father gave me this book (mi padre me dio este libro)

He told me what had happened (me contó lo que había ocurrido)

b) Verbos con partícula (el [Link]. va en medio):

He took off his coat (se quitó el abrigo)  He took it off (se lo quitó)

c) "all" con un [Link]. se coloca después de este; "all of" delante:

They all, all of them (todos, todos ellos)

d) Después de about, around, behind, with se usa el pronombre personal no reflexivo:

She brought her work basket with her (ella trajo consigo su neceser de costura)
He looked behind him (miró detrás de sí)

e) They puede ser sujeto de una oración impersonal: they say that (dicen que -se dice que-)

f) Las formas reflexivas del pronombre personal se usan también para reforzar el pronombre sujeto:
I saw it myself (yo mismo lo vi)

PLURAL

- s -es -ves -ies invariables Irregulares

(el sing es -f) (el sing. es -y)
Bales Negroes Halves Colloquies Sheep (carnero/s) Child/children
Chairs Potatoes Knives Cries Swine (cerdo/s) Die/dice
Exc.:autos,pianos,etc Wolves Oddities Foot/feet
Brasses thieves [Link] Man/men
 Bushes lives stories Woman/women
Wrenches selves (starters) countries Mouse/mice
Boxes wives ladies Pence/pennies
chintzes halves Person/people (*)
Tooth/teeth

(*) El plural de person Tb. Puede ser persons

SINGULAR PLURAL
This -este, esta-(this is a tree) These -estos /as- (these man are waiters)
That -ese, esa, aquel, aquella- (that egg is bad) Those -esos /as, aquellos /as- (those are mountains)
It They are these eggs good?. They're good ones.
Is are

POSESIVO

ADJETIVOS PRONOMBRES
SINGGULAR

1ªpers My (mi,mis) Mine (el mío/a, los míos/as) This is an old friend of mine
2ªpers Your (tu,tus) Yours (el tuyo/a, los tuyos/as)
3ªpers His (su,sus-de él) His (el suyo/a, los suyos/as-de él-)
Her (su,sus-de ella-) Hers (el suyo/a, los suyos/as-de ella-)
Its (su,sus-de ello, its own (el suyo/a, los suyos/as-animal
animal o cosa) o cosa)
PLURAL

1ªpers Our (nustro/s,nustra/s) Ours (el nuestro/a, los nuestros/as)

2ªpers Your Yours (el tuyo/a, los tuyos/as, el
(tu/s,vuestro/s,vustra/s,s vuestro/a, los vuestros/as, el suyo/a, los
u/s-de vd./vds.) suyos/as- de vd./vds.)
3ªpers Their (su/s-de ellos/as) Theirs (el suyo/a, los suyos/as-de The students thanked their teacher for his lessons
ellos/as tanto masc7fem. o neutro.

NOTA: Observar que el posesivo es igual para el singular y para el plural: This is her (su) book. These are her (sus) books

 CON 2 o + NOMBRES DE ≠ GENERO, ponemos masculino:

All of the pupils, boys and girls, were there, each carrying his little present (todos los alumnos, niños y niñas, estaban allí llevando cada uno su
pequeño regalo).

 CUANDO NO HAY IDEA DE POSESION (Posesivoof+genitivo):

The remembrance of it (su recuerdo)

The directions for the use of them (las instrucciones para su uso)

 "TO BE + [Link]."

This hat is mine (este sombrero es mío o el mío)

 "Of+ [Link]." Se traduce por mío, tuyo, suyo, etc.:

A friend of mine (Un amigo mío, uno de mis amigos)

PREPOSICIÓN

 LA PREPOSICIÓN PASA AL FINAL DE LA ORACIÓN:

a) En oraciones interrogativas:

Whom are you speaking to? (¿A quién habla usted?)

b) En subordinadas que empiezan por un pronombre relativo:

I did not know the man whom I was speaking with (yo no conocía al hombre con quien estaba hablando)
Suitable (apropiado) if you don't know the name of the person you are writing to

 OMISION DE LA PREPOSICIÓN EN CIERTAS FRASES ADVERBIALES Y EXPRESIONES:

 At: (at) every moment (en todo momento), (at) full speed (a toda velocidad), (at) that hour (entonces), (at) the next moment (un momento
después), He looked (at) me in the face (me miró a la cara)
Of: On board (of) the ship (a bordo del buque), (of) what use is this to me? (¿de qué me sirve esto?)
With: (With) tooth and nail (con dientes y uñas, encarnizadamente)

In (dentro) On (encima) At (al mismo nivel. Ni dentro ni encima)

en / a / de / con / cerca de / delante de
A man is sitting in the hotel A child is sitting on the table A man is sitting at the table (en una silla)
The egg is in the egg-cup The cigarette is on the ashtray Some people are staying at the hotel ([Link] the hotel)
In the picture you can see him I hope everybody arrives on time! (puntual) He's arriving on the 10th June at Shangai airport
The boy is in the bed The ship is on the sea One men is looking at the sea
The girl is in the classroom The clock is on the wall What are you doing at the weekend?
You are the students in my class Another armchair is on the opposite side of the fire He works here at his books for three hours every
day
He generally sits in that chair The cat often sits on the chair ... at the beginning of the sentence
In the picture Mr P is sitting in an arm-chair What is on [Link]'s left? He works at his desk
A bright fire is burning in the fireplace On his left there is a tray with a coffee pot on it On Sunday, he and his family are relaxing at home
The clock in the right is incorrect The conductor is on the bus, too He is at the university and is studying to be a doctor
The train is in the station The apple is on the plate I was at school in Ankara
The aeroplane is in the sky The boy is playing on the sand .. but she is no good at all at housework
My hotel in Scotland is very nice I had a happy time on the farm We'll be at the party this evening
I saw in the newspaper that is a good time to buy it .... about the picture on page 71 We are going to be present at their lessons
What has he in his hand? What is he holding? It depends on the noun (it depends on=expresión) B. doesn't know many people at the party
The farm is in the country, it is not a town They're here on business, so they're in a hotel Carla's still working at the hospital
We have a very good one in our town I was on my way here in the bus one day, and ...
He is returning from Paris in three days' time Where is he walking? Is he on the grass or on the path Joe's studying for his exams at university
Does the man work in the field? Can you put it on the agenda? It is quite important She's visiting France with her class at the moment.
A man can be weak in body but strong in character Comments (comentarios) on lesson Twenty-one Things aren't going very well at ICI
In this lesson you will hear about his wife There are too many passengers on this bus You can sing your song at the end of the lesson
.. that people use in ordinary everyday conversation You are rather hard on Lucille I was at a dance with a girl once
He knows every word in the book I can't sit on this seat I have a ticket for the new film at the Max Cinema
She is been in hospital, but it's nothing serious. She fed the animals on the farm early in the morning Joe and Jim are having lunch together at a restaurant
She's getting better
How many men are walking in the park? I have seen it on television I bought this suit at a good tailor's (ver [Link])
These clothes are quiet (sencillos) and in good taste Have you ever tried to come here by bus on a wet day? At Christmas I get many presents
You put ice in drinks She is on holiday this week We're going away at the weekend
She looks very nice in that dress; it suits her well
They had dinner in the home of a Scottish family
The doctor said, "You must go out in the fresh air"
I drove home last night in the rain
ESTACIONES/MESES/AÑOS/POR LA TARDE FECHAS HORAS / TIEMPOS
etc. on Wednesday afternoon at 12 midday
in 1950 at night
in summer at this moment
...in the morning/...in the afternoon/...in the evening at the same time (a la misma hora)
He goes to bed at about one o'clock
What are you doing at the weekend?

FOR BY
sig. por ( a causa de, en favor de, con respecto a, en nombre de, a favor,
de parte de, etc.). I'm always sorry for the conductor (revisor -no
conductor-)

sig. para (destino, uso, aplicación, tiempo, fin, provecho, beneficio):

What for? -¿Para qué?-

sig. durante, por espacio de

sig. como: For a reward (como premio)

otros sig.: A cheque for 10 $ (Un cheque de 10 $) /Tall for his age (Alto
para la edad que tiene) / Time for dinner (hora de comer) / It is for you
to decide (Ud. ha de decidir) / For all I know (que yo sepa) / For the
future (en lo venidero) / For all that (no obstante a pesar de todo) / For
all the world ( por nada del mundo) / For good (de fijo) /For short (para
abreviar)
sig. porque, puesto que, pues
OF ABOUT

IN INTO
He turns the 10 into 100 (cambia el 10 por el 100)
Sometimes he works in beautiful weather

I think I'll call in (dentro de) a day

SUBJUNTIVO

No existe una forma propia para el subjuntivo, excepto con to be (be para el presente y were para el pasado):
Whoever he be (quienquiera que sea)
If I were in this place (si yo estuviese en ese lugar)

A. Si la ACCIÓN es pensada como CIERTA. Se usa el infinitivo o el indicativo:

Tell (*) him to go away (dígale que se vaya)

As you please (como usted quiera o guste)
Wait till he comes (aguarde hasta que él venga)
You can't expect (esperar, suponer) boys to be quiet
Mr. Priestley wants them to come to dinner
I asked a friend to draw it for me
(*) Tell sig. dar información a una persona (say to a person): I told him my name / Frieda told them the answer to the question. Tb. sig.
-contar,narrar-: You can tell the story, -decir la hora-: The child is learning to tell the time / Look here! you have got six clocks and they all
tell different times, -distinguir, conocer, determinar-: People can hardly tell me from the other / I can't tell the difference between them.

B. Cuando la ACCIÓN es pensada como INCIERTA, DUDOSA o DESEADA se usa may, might o should:

USO EJEMPLO
MAY y MIGHT Para expresar la idea del verbo "poder" However strong he might be
(por fuerte que sea -pudiese ser-)
Deseo, una orden May he live long
(que viva muchos años)
Después de that, in order that, so that (para que, He went away that they might not find him in the
a fin de que) house. (flat = piso)
(Se fue para que no le encontrasen en la casa)
SHOULD Después de that (conj." Que") He seemed to expect that I should assent to this
(parecía esperar que yo asintiese a esto)
That I should be so unfortunate! (¡que sea yo tan
desgraciado!)
Después de if, thought, even thought, etc. If he should come (si el viniese)
Though he should come (aunque el viniese)
If puede omitirse en ciertos casos a condición de
poner el sujeto detrás de should, had o were (should
he know it - si el lo supiese-, had I known it - si yo lo
hubiese sabido -, were I in his place - si yo estuviese
en su lugar-.
Después de lest I shall keep your book lest you should lose it
(guardaré tu libro para que no lo pierdas).
 Después de for fear that (en el pasado es opcional He is running away for fear that his father should
should o might) punish him (huye por miedo de que su padre le
castigue)
He ran away for fear that his father should (o
might) punish him (huyó por miedo de que su padre
lo castigase).

PRONUNCIACIÓN

NOTA: la pronunciación de las palabras se pone entre corchetes o barras (/ /).

 ABECEDARIO

Can/could you spell that, please? Could you read that again?

/ei/ /i:/ /e/ /ai/ /ou/ /u:/ /a:/

A /ei/ B /bi/ F /ef/ I /ai/ O /ou/ Q /qiu/ R /ar/
H /eich/ C /zsi/ L /el/ Y /uai/ U /iu/
J /dyei/ D /di M /em/ W /double iu/
K /key/ E/i/ N /en/
G /dyi/ S /es/
T /ti/ X /eks/
V /vi/ Z /xzed/
Y /uai/
P /pi/
Z (xzi) (*)

(*) pronunciación americana

NOTA: "tt": diremos double ti. "...66..": double six . Para los espacios entre palabras: space. El punto (.) es point y % percent

 TERMINACIÓN "S"

Hay tres maneras de pronunciar la "s" al final de las palabras: /s/, /z/ y /iz/

Sonido /s/ Sonido /z/ Sonido /iz/ (*)

Mistakes Employees Places
Products Sales Services
Puts Plans Packages (páquichisz)
recruits Pays Boxes
Clocks Sells Specialises
Ships plans Purchases
Cigarettes Manufactures Arranges
Cats Deals with Invoices
Plates Boys Dispatches
Trees Horses
Trains Ices
Girls Boxes
Dogs Buses
Apples Watches
Eyes houses
Eggs organizes
windows

(*) Se pronunciara con /iz/ la palabra cuyo singular tenga un pronunciación similar a /z/ o /s/ (Service
Se pronuncia /servis/ y al aplicar la "s" del plural sería /serviss/, con lo cual no se distinguiría el plural del singular, por tanto pronunciaremos
/servisizs/.

afraid /afreid/ great /greit/ suits /suts/

busy /bizi/ Thursday /zersdei o zersdi/
convenient /konvíniant/
chocolates /choclats/
Friday /fráidei o fraidi/ pineapple /páinapol/
Vegetables /véchtebols/

steak /esteik/

 ACENTO
Las palabras en inglés no se acentúan, pero si se carga la voz en ciertas sílabas (son tónicas):

· · ·
INVOICES ORGANAIZES PURCHASES

 CASOS PARTICULARES:

Aren't: /arent/ (la "e" casi no se pronuncia, pero no hay que dejar de pronunciar la "t" final, pues es la negación)

 PASADO DE LOS VERBOS REGULARES

Si acaban en t o d /id/ /d/ /t/

acted agreed learned boxed
consisted answered loved cooked
counted bathed listened crossed
needed believed lived danced
depended burned managed Kicked
ended cleaned moved looked
repeated climbed nailed placed
tasted closed opened practised
waited studied sewed dressed
wanted pleased stayed finished
pointed played carried helped
questioned telephoned smoked
remembered sowed talked
hammered enjoyed thanked
happened caused worked
dried up seemed liked
walked
asked

RESPUESTAS (ver Tb. [Link] -¿qué tal ...?-)

PREGUNTA RESPUESTA (Observar que se responde siempre con la 1ª palabra

(cuya respuesta es SI/NO) de la pregunta, precedida de yes/no y sujeto)
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA
Do you speak English well? Yes, I do No, I don't
Does John do his work well? Yes, he does I'm sure he doesn’t
Do you like these quiet places? I certainly do not
Do the students come to the class every day? Yes, they do No, they don't
Does IBM make cars? - No, it doesn't
Is OMEGA a Swiss company? Yes, it is. -
Is there a train in this picture? Yes, there is No, there isn't
Are there cups and saucers in the picture? Yes, there are No, there are not
Are the woman and the baby on the chair? Yes, they are
Can you swim? Yes, I can
Have you got a car? Yes, I have
Is this your first visit? Yes, it is (NO: yes, this is)
Hello. I don't think we know each other? No, we don't
Have you read any of them, Lucille? No, I don't think I have
PREGUNTA RESPUESTA
(cuya respuesta no es SI/NO))
Who is in the bed? The boy is in the bed o the boy is o the boy

ANEXO 1
(VERBOS)

VERBOS IRREGULARES

INF. PAS. PART. INF. PAS. PART.

Be Was/were Been Leave Left Left marcharse / dejar,
Begin Began Begun abandonar
Bring Brought Brought Let Let Let
Buy Bought Bought Lie Lay Lain
 Can Could - Make Made Made
Choose Chose Chosen Mean Meant Meant
Come Came Come Meet Met Met
Cost Cost Cost Pay Paid Paid
Cut Cut Cut Put Put Put
Dig Dug Dug Read Read Read
Do (*) Did Done Ride Rode Ridden
Draw Drew Drawn Rise Rose Risen
Drink Drank Drunk Run Ran Run
Drive Drove Driven Say Said /sed/ Said
Eat Ate /eit/ eaten See Saw Seen
Fall Fell Fallen Sell Sold Sold
Feed fed Send Sent Sent
Feel Felt Felt Sew Sewed Sewn
Fight Fought Fought Shine Shone Shone
Find Found Found Sing Sang Sung
Fly Flew Flown Sit Sat Sat
Forget Forgot Forgotten Sleep Slept Slept
Get Got Got Speak Spoke Spoken
Give Gave Given Stand Stood Stood
Go Went Gone Swim Swam Swum
Have Had Had Take Took Taken
Hear Heard Heard Teach Taught Taught
Hit Hit Hit Tell Told Told
Hold Held Held Think Thought Thought
Hurt Hurt Hurt Understand Understood Understood
Know Knew Known Wear Wore Worn
Learn Learned Learned, Write Wrote written
learnt

(*) el verbo do hace la interrogación como otros verbos (He does his exercises in the evening >> Does he do his exercises in the evening?)

see + -ing I see him coming

look at (mirar ) Mrs. Smith is looking at the children

look for (buscar) the children are looking for shells
look after (cuidar de) He needs Mrs P to look after him
speak to (hablar con) Can I speak to Mr Jones
come into (entrar)
come back I come back to London

VERBOS CON PARTICULA

ASK (preguntar, He asks me what I want for a Christmas have to (tener que) This person has to wear uniform, but she doesn't
pedir, invitar) present / I have asked Hob's friend the have to wear uniform /I think you have to be calm
artist to tell the story in pictures. heard of I've never heard of him / I haven't heard of that
ask for (Pedir, I ring some hotels and ask for information / (oír hablar de) writer. What has he written?
preguntar por) What did he ask for? laugh at (reirse de) W e can't laugh at that
bring in Susan brings in the tea with plates listen to (escuchar, I like listening to the sound of rain, too, especially at
(entrar) oír, atender) night
come back But to come back to Shaw, have you seen lock up ...lock up you passport and valuables
(volver) any of his plays?-No, I haven't. Have you?? (cerrar con llave)
come down I came down Oxford Street LOOK mirar: I'll look in my diary and see if I'm free on
(bajar) that day / Look here mirada,aspecto:There was one
come into Who are coming into the library now? small hotel with a sad-looking waiter (... camarero
(entrar) de aspecto triste)
come on (avanzar, Test it before they come on the market / parecer: He looked tired (parecía cansado) / Do his
entrar) come on! (¡venga, vamos!) wife and children look glad to see him?
come out What time do they come out of school? / Look for (*) The children are looking for shells
(salir) This is the most beautiful picture that has (buscar)
ever come out of Hollywood Look into I'll look into it straight away
draw up The company will then draw up a shortlist (investigar)
(redactar, hacer) of candidates look out (mirar The waiter, looking out of the window, said to ...
DRY (secar) He dries his hands carefully on the towel afuera)
dried up The words just dried up and he could never look up (buscar) Helen points to the tree, and Tom looks up there
(secarse) say anything Keep off The notice (advertencia) say: "Keep off the grass, 5$
due to /diu/ It was due to a packing error (no entrar) penalty"
(debido a) Mixed up (mezclar , The two faxes are all mixed up
find out I'll find out what happened confundir)
(averiguar) point at, ~to What is Mr. Thompson pointing at? / She pointed
give up You must give up smoking (señalar) to the tree in the garden
(renunciar a) put in Put in much or many where there is a place for it
go on When Jim are at the end of line one, you (meter)
(seguir, continuar) and Olaf go on with line two put on (ponerse I put the clothes on again at night
go over (recorrer) Tom goes over the garden fence (valla) ropa etc)
go with Would you like to go with him to the hotel? sit down Is he standing up or sitting down? / But we felt
(acompañar) (sentarse) (palpamos) our way to our seats and sat down
GET He want to get another kiss the next day sit up My husband like sit up tarde
(conseguir) Where must I go to get good coffee? (estar en vela)
get down I can't get down speak to I was speaking to a fellow about weather a week or
(bajar) (hablar con) two ago
get off (quitarse) There are too many passengers on this bus; stand up Is he standing up or sitting down?
some must get off (ponerse en pie)
get on (subir al A woman with a dog got on the bus. TAKE (coger) He took a drink from his cup and then said to the..
bus etc, progresar) take off (quitarse) I take the clothes off and leave them on a chair
Get on with Lizzie get on with her cooking take up (empezar When did he take up mountain biking
(congenia con) -un hobby...-))
get out I like to get out of London and walk in the think of I can't think of any other things just now / I can't
(salir) country (pensar en, idear, think of a better present than a hundred cigarettes
get ready She get the vegetables ready for lunch / for acordarse de) like this. Can you? (ver question phrases)
(prepara) breakfast... TURN (volver, Turn the following into the past tense
girar, convertir)
get up Susan get up at a quarter to seven turn down You'll be more comfortable if you turn the seat
(levantarse) (rechazar) (asiento) down
give up If your work interferes with your pleasure, turn off
(renuncia a) give up the work / give up smoking (apagar la luz/agua)
go away I like going away from here turn on
(irme ,marcharme) (poner la radio)
go down When the sun goes down... turn over
(ponerse, bajar) (dar la vuelta)
go in It was dark when we went in used to(solía) (1) He used to look at her over the garden fence
(entrar) walk in Are they walking in?
go into Mr. B went into the park for a walk (pasar adelante)
(entrar en) wait for (esperar a) we're still waiting for the goods
go for I must go for a holiday to the seaside walk out (salir) He walked out into the garden
(ir en busca de) wash up We wash up and make the beds
go out You must take cold baths, go out in the (lavar los platos)
(salir) fresh air and wear light clothes
go up (subir) The cat went up the tree

a) Podemos usar used to+infinitivo en lugar del tiempo pasado (solía mirar / miraba). Sólo se puede usar en pasado.

TIEMPO PRESENTE

Be have go come can

I Am have go come can
You Are have come can
He
She Is has goes comes can
It
We Are have go come can
You Are have go come can
they Are have go come can

PRESENTE PERFECTO (present perfect) -have/has + participio -

When you or your company has done something wrong, what are the best ways to apologize?: A personal visit, a phone call etc.

VERB PAST TENSE PRESENT PERFECT

VERBOS REGULARES correct he corrected he has corrected
(pasado=participio) live he lived he has lived
AL GUNOS VERBOS read he read he has read
IRREGULARES leave he left he has left
(pasado=participio) make he made he has made
hear he heard he has heard
bring he brought he has brought
say he said he has said
get he got he has got (*)
LA MAYORIA DE LOS see he saw he has seen
VERBOS IRREGULARES do he did he has done
(pasado≠participio) write he wrote he has written
 (*) have got / has got: A menudo se usa en vez de el tiempo presente de have. She doesn't want a clock. She has got a clock already (=she
has a clock) / What have you got in your hand, Hob?

símbolos ⋍≠ ??
USOS DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO (Uses of the Present Perfect)
Cuando estamos interesados en Cuando la acción todavía no ha Con never, until now, so far Usar el pasado en vez del pres.
el presente a consecuencia de terminado o para expresar "cuanto (hasta ahora), y, en int. y neg. perfecto si hablamos de fechas
(result of) una acción tiempo hasta ahora" (How long ever and yet solemos usar el concretas o la persona no vive.
until now) Presente Perfecto
I have left my exercise book at Have you read S. Maugham's He has never learnt English Have you read this book? Yes, I
home (So I can't give it to you short stories? (in your life until read it last year
now) now)
He has broken his leg (So he Have you ever been to Paris (ion Have you ever seen an English I went to the cinema three
can't play football this week) your life) film? times last week
-been to = visited-
He has read all these books. (So I haven't been to the cinema this Hob hasn't arrived yet (=Hob I painted it last night
he knows them, and can talk week (This week is not finished) hasn't yet arrived) / Hasn't he
about them) taught you to drive yet?
Look: you have made a Have you had a holiday (yet) this I saw him on Wednesday
mistake. (This is wrong) year? We have already had summer We had it last Wednesday
You have done this exercise I have driven quite a lot (muchos) Have you ever tried to come Shaw died in 1950
well. (So I am pleased with you) here by bus on a wet day?
How long have you had your car? I have had sixty lessons so far / Shakespeare wrote many plays,
I Have had it for about a year. I have worked for Jardiflor here and Mr P. has read them all
I have had lessons for a year in Tudela since 1991 (en español (Shakespeare no vive hoy)
How long has he owned his flat? diríamos " yo trabajo...")

PRESENTE CONTINUO

La acción se está realizando en este momento. Si alguien esta durmiendo y nos preguntan qué hace, diremos he is sleeping y no he sleeps.
Prices are rising.. El presente simple lo empleamos cuando generalizamos, cuando algo sucede algunas veces o a menudo. He sleeps
every day. Algunos verbos (understand, know) los usamos casi siempre en presente simple, no en presente continuo (I know the answer, I
understand the lesson now).

He is reading a book He reads a lot of books

He is still working He works here every evening
The cat is sitting on the arm of the chair The cat often sits there
I am riding I ride every day

También nos podemos referir a una acción futura, este es el caso planes (plans) , citas (appointments) y alguna otra circunstancia similar,
por Ej. el recepcionista del hotel le pregunta al cliente acerca de la noches que va a estar hospedado: How many nights are you staying? o para
decir (va a llover) It is going to rain (ver citas en anexo INGLES EMPRESARIAL).

I am working all day No, I'm afraid (*) I am attending a sales

conference
I am staying at home. I'm redecorating my house Could you tell him I am coming tomorrow?
Where are you going next Monday What are you doing next week, Diana?
Are you playing golf at 9? / What time are you playing golf match? What are you doing on Monday morning?

(*) I'm afraid I am... (lo siento...) se dice todo seguido. I'm afraid, I am ... sig. (estoy asustado, estoy...)

A man is digging in the garden

to be gerundio

Otra manera de de expresar el futuro es usando going to: We are going to listen to them talking together

Al hacer la interrogación el sujeto va entre to be y el gerundio: Is that woman digging? / Is Mr. Thompson looking pleased? / What are the
children doing? / What time's he arriving? / Where are the men sitting? / Are they being silent?.

ANEXO 2
(PREFIJOS Y SUFIJOS)

PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS (negative prefixes)

un-: unhappy, unhealthy, uncommon, unpleasant, unpractical, unlike (adj.), undress (verb.), uneatable, undrinkable, uncomfortable,
uninteresting
in-: incorrect
im-: impolite
dis-: dislike (verb.)

SUFIJOS
-able, -ible Equiv. -able, -ible laughable (risible), suitable (apropiado)
-dom Sig. Dignidad, cargo, dominio, Earldom (condado), kingdom (reino), Christendom
jurisdicción,conjunto, condición, estado. (cristiandad), martyrdom (martirio), freedom (libertad),
wisdom (sabiduría)
-ed, d Forma el pretérito y participio pasivo de los
verbos regulares.
-ed sig. "que tiene", "de". Bearded (barbado), threecornered (de tres picos)
-ee Sig. Persona que es objeto de la acción Drawee (librado, girado -en comercio-), employee
(empleado)
-eer Sig. Ocupación u oficio Carabineer (carabinero), engineer (ingeniero,
maquinista).
-er El o lo que hace, ejecuta, causa. Buyer (comprador/a), condenser (condensador),
Equiv. -dor, -ra teacher, swimmer, player, rider, eater, footballer,
dictionary-maker

Residente o natural de Londoner (londinense), islander (isleño)

Ocupación u oficio Baker (panadero), drummer (tambor -músico-)
Comparativo de adjetivos y adverbios Smaller (más `pequeño), faster (más deprisa)
-ess Femenino de ciertos substantivos Poetess (poetisa)
-est Terminación de ciertos superlativos Shortest (el más corto)
-fold Significa "veces" Tenfold (décuplo, diez veces)
-ful Sig. "lleno", "que tiene" . Brimful (lleno hasta el borde), careful (cuidadoso),
Equiv. -oso, -ado, -ada glassful (vaso o copa -contenido-), handful (puñado),
spoonful (cucharada)
Podemos hacer adjetivos de nombres:beauty /
beautiful; use / useful; wonder (nombre y verbo) /
wonderful (I wonder if she go with me-me pregunto...) /
successful (afortunado)
Indica actitud, condición, estado, hábito Heedful (que hace caso), needful (necesitado,
necesario), forgetful (olvidadizo)
- hood Indica condición, carácter, estado, grupo. Brotherhood (hermandad, cofradía), falsehood
Equiv. -dad,, -ia, -ez (falsedad), widowhood (viudez).
- ie, - let Son terminaciones de diminutivo
- ing Terminación del gerundio, del participio activo
y del nombre verbal inglés
Equiv. -ando, -ante, -iente, -dor, -ra
- ish Indica nacionalidad Spanish (español), English (ingles)
Da sentido de "de", "que parece de", "algo", Brutish (abrutado), childish (infantile, aniñado),
"que tira a" reddish (rojizo)
- less Indica falta o ausencia de Beardless (sin barba, imberbe), endless (sin fin,
inacabable), useless (This dictionary is useless),
tasteless
- like Sig. "de", "propio de", "que parece de", Deathlike (mortal, cadavérico), gentlemanlike (de
"como", "a manera de" caballero o que lo parece), lionlike (leonino)
- ly Equiv. -mente Divinely (divinamente), swiftly (rápidamente), luckily
(afortunadamente), nicely (agradablemente), clearly
(claramente)
Forma adjetivos Brotherly (fraternal), friendly (amigable, amistoso),
daily (diario), yearly (anual), lovely (encantador), bodily
(corporal)
- ment, -tion Equiv. -miento y -cion Argument (discusión -to argue=discutir-)
- ness Forma sustantivos abstractos derivados de weakness quietness (sencillez)
adjetivos goodness smallness
Algunas Excepciones: redness... darkness
strong / strength greatness happiness
long /length brightness prettiness
difficult /difficulty sameness (igualdad)
A veces el Adj. acabado en -ness ="lo"+adj The profoundness of his thought (lo profundo de su
pensamiento)
- ship Forma substantives abstractos Friendship (amistad), relationship (relación,
Equiv. -dad, -tat, -ción, -esco, etc. parentesco)
Indica arte, habilidad Penmanship (escritura, caligrafia -arte del escritor-)
Titulo, cargo, oficio, ocupación, estado o su Lordship (señoría), professorship (profesorado,
duración cátedra), apprenticeship (aprendizaje)
- some Indica "que produce o causa", "dado a" Wearisome (cansado, fatigoso, aburrido), quarrelsome
(pendenciero)
- ty Forma sustantivos abstractos. Beauty (belleza, beldad), receptivity (receptividad)
Equiv. -dad
- ward, - wards Sig. Hacia
 - ways, - wise Sig. Manera, dirección, posición Lengthways (a lo largo, longitudinalmente), clockwise
(como las agujas del reloj), fanwise (en abanico)
-y Es un sufijo diminutivo
Equiv.: -ia Memory (memoria), geology (geología)
Sig. Lleno de, abundante en, que tiene, que Hairy (peludo, cabelludo), mossy (musgooso), rosy
parece, que tira a, etc. Convierte algunos (rosado)
nombres en adjetivos. Health / Healthy
Equiv.:-udo,-oso, -ado Wealth /Wealthy watery (con demasiada agua)
función-objeto A reading-lamp es una lampara para leer. De sewing-machine, writing-desk, walking-stick, writing
esta forma se pueden construir muchas palabras paper, dining-room, swimming-bath, sitting-room
Nombres A veces ponemos dos nombres juntos: el 2º es Some new dance-music is pretty
compuestos el nombre principal y el 1º hace las veces de Henry plays in a dance-band
adjetivo. That's an egg-cup (al pronunciar el acento está en el
park-keeper / green-keeper ... primer nombre)
sin definir spirit-spiritual

Sig.: significa (means) Equiv.: equivale frecuentemente en español a ....

ANEXO 3
(PALABRAS QUE PUEDEN SER NOMBRES Y VERBOS)
(Some words can be both nouns and verbs)

PALABRA VERBO NOMBRE

(word) (verb) (noum)
address please address (enviar) this letter for me I don't know the right address
Answer I can answer that question Give the answer to the question
Bath The mothers baths the baby every day You can see the baby's bath in the picture
Bathe We bathe at the seaside He goes for a bathe in the sea
Climb The man is climbing the mountain It is a difficult climb to the top of the mountain
Cook He cooks the meals / She is the person who cooks our meals She is a good cook (cocinera)
Cut A bad tailor can never cut??cuts a suit well I didn't like the cut of the dresses
Dance She dances very well I am going to a dance / This is a new dance
Dress The lady always dresses very well She is wearing a white dress
Drink We drink tea from tea-cups I am going to have a drink with George
Two places to go for a drink: pub and bar
End When does the financial year end in your country?
fax/e-mail Lynne faxes José with the quotation (presupuesto) There is a fax on my desk (la máquina: fax machine)
Hammer Hammer the nails in well Use the big hammer for those nails
Matter It doesn't matter (sig. It isn't important) / What does it What's the matter? (sig. What is wrong?) / ~ with this
matter? (sig. How is it important?) / Soup doesn't matter to coffee?It taste like tea / ~ with Hob?He looks ill
me if ../ If you can't tell the difference, what does it matter
Nail Nail the picture on the wall Use small nails to do it
Name Can you name all the things in the picture? What is your name?
Number Please number the pictures in the book Put a number under the pictures
Shade The canvas shades the people from the sun The canvas gives shade from the sun
Sleep The dog is sleeping under the table The dog is having a sleep under the table
Smoke Some of the men are smoking cigarettes Look at the smoke from the fire
Stay The people are staying at the Devon Hotel We are not making a long stay there
Step You can step out of the motor-car now The boy is walking down the steps
Study We study English every day Mr.P is sitting in his study / I hadn't a minute for study
Swim One of the boys is swimming to the rock Come and have a swim in the sea
talk Can we have a talk about food
taste The man tasted his soup /This cheese tastes like chalk (tiza) I like the taste of this cigarettes
thought I thought that the dresses were very nice Hob gave us another "great thought" today
Use You can use all these words now/ Do you understand the use of these words now
Walk One of the girls is walking to the sea Come for a walk in the fields
Work The man works in the field This work is bad / John does his work well / The students
began work at nine o'clock ??

ANEXO 4
(INGLES EMPRESARIAL)

 VOCABULARIO

Ads (anuncios -publicidad-) Manage (dirigir, administrar)

Advertise -advertisement- (anunciar, hacer publicidad) Management (dirección, gerencia, gestión)
Agenda (orden del día,) /ayenda/ (ver diary y programme) Manufacture (fabricar)
Agent (agente, representante) Market research (estudio de mercado)
 Annual growth rate ( % de crecimiento anual) Market share (cuota de mercado)
Arrange a sales vist (organizar/preparar una visita....) Meeting (reunión -de trabajo-)
Based (ubicada) Memo- memorando- (comunicado interno)
Board meeting (reunión de la junta) Negotiate (negociar -salarios....-)
Brand (marca -comercial-) Office (oficina -sucursal-)
Brochure/sales literature (catálogo/folleto) Order received by (pedido recibido por)
Business (negocios) Parent company (empresa madre)
Catalogue (catálogo -de productos-) Partner (compañero -de clase etc-)
Cash management (gestión fondos) Pay rise (aumento de sueldo)
Client (cliente) Philosophy (filosofía -de la empresa-)
Colleague work (compañero de trabajo) Phone back (telefonear denuevo)
Company (compañía) Place an order (hacer un pedido) -no usar make-
Complaints (quejas) Prepare report (preparar informe)
Conferences (conferencias) Produce (producir)
Consumer (consumidor) Products (productos -referencias de venta-)
Contract (contrato) (conseguir un contrato: get contract) Profile (perfil)
Courses (cursos) Profits shares (porción de beneficios)
Customers (clientes) Programme (=Schedule/eskechul/): programa
Customers details (datos cliente: :name, address...) Quantity (cantidad) -Uds. del pedido o albarán-
Damage in transit (daños en el transporte) Quote, quotation (presupuesto/-ar) (=budget)
Deal (negociar, tratar) Range (extensión) Ej. Farmacia →range (antibióticos)
Delivery address (dirección de envío/entrega) Recruit (contratar)
Design (diseño) Refund (reembolso -devolver el dinero-)
Designs (diseños) Research (investigación)
Di(e)spatch /dispatch/ (expedir -productos-) "⋍ship" Retire (jubilarse)
Easter (Semana Santa) Safe (seguro) -firesafe cabinet: cabinas corta fuego-
Employ (emplear) Safety (seguridad -riesgo laboral-)
Employees (empleados) Sales (ventas) -sales office: oficina ventas, sucursal-
Engagements (compromisos) Sales figures (cifras de ventas)
Equipment (equipamiento -industrial-) Security (seguridad -guardas/perros-)
Export (exportar) Sell (vender)
Factories (factorías) Salary =wage (sueldo)
Feedback (preguntas después de una charla) shares (acciones)
Furniture (muebles) shareholders (accionistas)
Head office (oficina principal) sisters company (compañías hermanas)
División (parte de una empresa) Socialise (relacionarse)
Industrial Estate (Polígono industrial) (industry=industria) Specialize (estar especializado...)
inspect machine (inspeccionar maquinaria) Staff (plantilla -empleados-)
introduce (presentar a una persona) Store (establecimiento)
Investment (inversión) Storage (almacenaje)
Invoice (factura) Subsidiary (filial)
Joint venture (asociación de empresas) Supplies (suministros)
leading company (compañía lider) Supplier (proveedor)
Located (localizado) Target (objetivos)
Taxation (impuestos)
Team (sales team) (equipo de ventas)
Tick (puntear ✔) (+: cross -cruz-, plus -más-)
Trade conference (feria)
Training courses (cursos de preparación)
Trends (tendencias)
Trials (ensayos, pruebas)
Trip (business trip) (viaje de negocios)

 ACERCA DE MI EMPRESA Y MI VIDA

I work for Jardiflor in Spain. I am the President of Jardiflor. I work for Jardiflor, a company selling flowers, and plants. It makes pot plants and
cut flower. I am only 38 years old. I am from Bolivia. I have experience of gardening with the CHE , where I spent three years. I also have a very
interesting hobby. I don't take my work home. I cook dinner at home for friends. I usually arrive at our shop on Capuchinos at 9.30. The shop
closes for the weekend at 1.30. I have dinner at 10.00. I was swimming with my son. I never go into a flower shop, I follow my own ideas. I
usually go to bed before one in the morning, because I get up early. I don't like sleeping late at weekends. I try to be home before nine o'clock. I
go jogging before breakfast, it's good way to start the day. I often go shopping with my wife in the morning. I read for about half an hour before I
turn off the light, it helps me to sleep. When I come back from work, we visit friends or relations. From time to time we have friends for dinner,
but we generally prefer doing that on Sundays.
Our speciality are the roses. The company sells 150 bouquets a year. The price of the flowers is the same as in 1991. The company's most famous
product is the bonsai. We also produce flowers. Not just any flowers. We specialized in high quality flowers and that's why our customer buy our
flowers.
Jardiflor employs 2 people, one of them part-time (a tiempo parcial)

MY COMPANY (Exposición en público)

INTRODUCTION I'd like to tell you about JARDIFLOR. It is a small company that mainly sells plants and
 flowers. We have gardening services too.
NOTA: Al explicar los temas que voy a tratar, podría emplear:
I'll begin with... Now I'll__ move on to ... (pasar a hablar)... turn on...(continuar)
PRODUCTS/SERVICES Our store has four departments: flowers, plants, accessories and bulbs. The first is divided into
fresh flowers (cut flowers), dry flowers and artificial flowers and the second into indoor and
outdoor plants. The complements' department includes chemical products (control of weeds,
diseases and pests), fertilizers, substrates (peat), flower vases, baskets for plants etc.
We give florist services (we make bouquets, plat and flower arrangements (*) etc) and
gardening. In gardening we can design your garden, sow turf , plant trees, shrubs, perennial
plants, etc. We also provide (facilitamos) a garden maintenance service.
(*) to arrange (preparar): we have arranged a cocktail party
MAIN CUSTOMERS We have three groups of customers:
1.- Companies (hotels, funeral companies etc)
2.- The general public (gifts -regalos- for lovers, birthdays, weddings etc)
3.- Churches, City Councils etc.
SIZE (no. of employees/turnover) 1-3 employees (it depends on the season)
I don't know the turnover exactly, but I can say that the sales on 1 NOV make up 5-10 % of the
annual turnover.
MAIN STRENGTH I think that the difference between JARDIFLOR and other stores are the original designs,
personalized works and the after sales service; I like to advise (aconsejar) customers and to
explain how to take care of the plants.
CURRENT PROJECT I would like to expand the gardening service, our shop is too small for outdoor plants , tools and
irrigation. Our objective is to build a garden center.
OTHER INFORMATION? A flower shop has some peculiar things. The sales are very seasonal. There are four peak dates:
14 FEB (St. Valentines Day), Mother's day (in Spain it is the first Sunday of May) , 1 NOV (All
Saints Day) and Christmas. Normally, each product has its own sale period, for example the
Nota: Delivery=encargo, entrega, envío) sales of outdoor plants are more important in spring.
to deliver (entregar, enviar) With our Window Display we try to make people buy on impulse, although in Spain people buy
less flowers than in other countries.
FINISHING Are there any questions?
Thank you very much?

NOTA: Al exponer en público y para verificar si se ha entendido (checking understanding) se puede decir: Is that clear? / Are you with me? (¿me
sigues? / OK so far? (¿Todo bien hasta ahora?)

NAME OF PRESIDENT José Mª del Barrio

PLACE OF BIRTH Sta. Cruz (Bolivia)
JOB President
COMPANY NAME Jardiflor
COMPANY ACTIVITY Sell of flowers and plants
LOCATION OF STORES (tiendas) Tudela
HEAD OFFICE Tudela
ANNUAL SALES 6 million pts.
ANNUAL GROWTH More than 5%
EMPLOYEES 2
COMPANY PHILOSOPHHY Customers comes first (….son los 1º)

PREGUNTAS RESPUESTAS

Who do you work for? (¿Para quién trabajas?) I work for Jardiflor
What's the name of your company? Its name is Jardiflor
Could I have your company's name?
I didn't catch the name of your company
What does your company do? We make pot plants and cut flower
What does your company produce? We produce ….
What does you company manufacture? We manufacture / make
What do you manufacture? I manufacture
What does your company specialized in? We specialize in roses / it specialize in rouses
What is the {position}?What is the president's name?
Who is responsible for {department}?
Who is in charge of {department/name}? (-¿el jefe de..?-)
What does {name} do? (averiguar el departamento de ...)
who is {name} in charge of? (-¿trabajadores a su cargo?-)
Where is your company based? (…ubicada?) In Tudela
Where is the head office located? In Tudela
Where is your factory located? It is located in Tudela.
How many subsidiaries (=production sites) does Jardiflor have? It has 0
Does it (the company) have a subsidiary in the UK? Yes, it does
Where is your subsidiary located? In Tudela
 Has it (the company) got any factories in Slovenia? No, it hasn't
Where are its headquarters? In Tudela
How many countries does it operate in? Spain
What are the company's annual sales?
What is the company's annual turnover? (facturacion) This year we have sales of 6 million pts
It has sales of more than 6 million pts
What are the company's annual profits? (beneficios) Its annual profits is 2 million pts
How many people does the company employ? It employs Two persons (people?)
How many people work for Jardiflor around the world? -
How many employees has Jardiflor got? It's got two
How many employees Jardiflor have? -
How old is it? Is it ten years old
What is your main product? flowers
Who are its main customers? (clientes principales) Its customers are people from region of Tudela
Why do they buy it? Because there are several products
What does it coast? It's very cheap
How much do a 12 roses cost? 4500 pts
What is your position? / What do you do? Sales Director
When did you join your company? (cuando entraste..)
Do you like your job? Yes, I do
What do you do? Bouquets etc.
What do you sell? I sell flowers
Do you work with other people?
Where are you based? In Tudela
Where do you live and work? In Tudela
Where are you from? what nationality are you? I am from Bolivia
What hours do you work? Nine hours
When do you usually get paid? (¿Cuándo cobras?)
When do you eat your main meal? (comida principal)
What time do your company usually close/open?
When do you arrive at work?
When do you usually take your holidays?
How many weeks are your annual holidays? / How many holidays do you have per year? One week
When is the next public holiday in you country? 19/3
Do you have any free time in the morning before work? Yes, I do
What is your free time activity? I often wake up early in the morning
Do you get time to relax during the day? Not always, no.
Do you do any sports? In the afternoon I play tennis sometimes
What Do you work through lunch? Lunch is often just a sandwich in my office
How do you spend your morning? My day begins with a breakfast…
How long does it take you to go to work? It takes me four minutes. (¿Cuánto tiempo
empleas en..?)

 LLAMADAS TELEFÓNICAS

Para hablar por teléfono se usan unas construcciones especiales que debemos usar en lugar de las que usamos en vivo o cara a cara.

CONVERSACIÓN CARA A CARA CONVERSACIÓN TELEFÓNICA

What's your name? Could I have your name, please?
Who's calling?
I'm John Davis This is John Davis
Are you Mrs Dimbleby? Is that Mrs Dimbleby?
Yes, I am Yes, speaking / Lynne Noon speaking
Could you wait a moment? Hold the line, please (wait, please)/ The lines are
busy. Will you hold?/ Hold on (¡nocuelgue!)

NOTA: Hold equivale a wait en las llamadas telefónicas.

Good morning. This is José María del Barrio of Jardiflor Saludo y presentación
Hello, Mr del Barrio. How are you?
Fine, thank you. And you?
How can I Help you?
Hello, is that Sally? Llamo y pregunto por una persona, departamento etc.
Is that the Marketing Department?
yes, speaking equivalente a yes, I am
I'm calling you about Friday's meeting Motivo de la llamada
I'm calling about our appointment on Wednesday
Can/ could I speak to Mr Jones, please? Solicito hablar con....
A continuación, La telefonista tras preguntar por la persona que
llama y tras pedirme que me espere (hold) para contactar con la
persona puede ocurrir que:
1.- No esta la persona que busco (ver indisponibilidad)
2.- Su línea está ocupada (engaged)
Who's calling? / Could I have your name? Pedir el nombre por teléfono (en persona: what's y.n?
This is Mr Pym of Jardiflor Me [Link] a yo soy Mr....
Can you say that again? (mejor que can you repeat it?) No he entendido y pido que me lo repitan
Can/could you spell that/your name, please? Pido que me deletreen No, I can't. I'm sorry. My spelling is very
bad
Hello Mr B. I'm afraid I can't speak to you just now. Can I call you Te llamo en 5 minutos
back in five minutes?
Hold the line please Pido que espere al teléfono (hold -no wait-)
Would you like to hold? Respuesta: yes, I'll hold o No, I'll call back later
I'm afraid his line is engaged/busy (/engueich/) La telefonista dice que la otra línea está ocupada
NOTA: I´m afraid equivale a "lo siento - I'm sorry- y debemos
La línea está ocupada o no está la persona y la telefonista nos va a pedir decirlo todo seguido (con lo que va a continuación, porque si no
si queremos dejar un mensaje (ver abajo) toma el sentido literal "estoy asustado".
Can I take a message? La persona no está o la línea está ocupada y la telefonista se ofrece
Would you like to leave a message para tomar nota para dejarle un mensaje.
Can I leave a message? Si digo que me llame más tarde la telefonista me puede preguntar el
número (ver debajo)
El que llama deja el mensaje, que puede ser de 4 tipos:
1.-Can you tell him to call me back? (que me llame más tarde)
2.-Can you tell him (that) I called ? (que yo le llamé)
3.-Can you tell him (that) I'll call back? (que yo le llamaré )
4.- Could you tell him that I'd like to make an appointment (cita) for
next week (concreto el mensaje)
-La telefonista puede contestar: También se podría decir:
Yes, of course. I'll just get a pen... go ahead (adelante) Right, Mr Pym Could you ask him to call me back later? (tell por ask)
I'll give him the message. Thank you I'll call you back tomorrow (concreto la fecha)
Yes, I'll pass on the message as soon as I see him Volver a llamar o llamar más tarde (=call back)
Yes. I'll tell her when I see her this afternoon
-El que llama se despide:
you're welcome (no hay de que). Goodbye
-El jefe al regresar preguntará: Are there any messages for me?
No. Nobody called all morning
-¿Recibiste mi mensaje?: Did you get my message? Yes, but I didn't
have time to call you back
Does he have your number? yes, but just in case it's 01865-156767. Do La persona que me atiende pregunta si sabe el destinatario su
you have my number? teléfono, se lo da por si acaso:
This is a bad line No se escucha bien
The line's free now / I'm connecting you now/I'm putting you through La telefonista va a realizar la conexión
now
Can you put me through to the After Sales department?
No, you've got the wrong extensión. I'll put you through Se ha equivocado de extensión
If she tells me there are urgent calls to make, I ring before I go out (... Calls (llamadas -de teléfono-)
llamo antes de salir) to ring (llamar)
My phone is ringing. Can somebody pick it up? I'm on another line. pick up (descolgar, coger el teléfono)
The phone's ringing - please answer it
He's in a meeting Reasons for unavailability (Razones -o excusas- por las que
He hasn't arrived yet alguien no está disponible al teléfono)
He's just left the office (acaba de abandonar la oficina)
he's (=he has) had to leave urgently
he's not at his desk
he's on holiday
He's on another line (his line is busy)
He's (=he has) off sick -está de baja por enfermedad- (*) (*) podría alguien estar enfermo, pero va al trabajo, entonces sería
He's not coming today (He's sick)
He's on a trip (de viaje)
He's gone for lunch
She's on maternity leave (baja maternal)
He's attending a conference

 DEPARTAMENTOS DE LA EMPRESA

ADMINISTRACIÓN ADMINISTRATION
CALIDAD QUALITY
COMPRAS BUYING (=PURCHASING)
 CONTABILIDAD FINANCIAL SERVICES
DIRECCIÓN MANAGEMENT
DISTRIBUCIÓN DISTRIBUTION
EMBALAJES PACKAGING
FACTURACIÓN CUSTOMER ACCOUNTS
FORMACIÓN TRAINING
I+D R+D (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT)
INFORMÁTICA SYSTEMS
LOGISTICA LOGISTIC
MANTENIMIENTO MAINTENANCE
MARKETING MARKETING
PERSONAL WAGES AND SALARIES
POST-VENTA AFTER-SALES SERVICE
PRODUCCION PRODUCTION
PUBLICIDAD ADVERTISING
TECNICO TECHNICAL
VENTAS (COMERCIAL) SALES

 CITAS

1. COMO QUEDAR / SUGERIR (suggest) UNA CITA (making an appointment).

MANERA AMISTOSA MANERA FORMAL O CORTES (polite)

Is 5:00 OK? Does 5:00 suit you? (*)

Is 5:00 all right? Is 5:00 convenient? /konvíniant/
Is 5:00 fine with you? NOTA: En vez de una hora (5:00) se podrían usar
What/how about 5:00? días, fechas (27th -en ordinal-) o lugares. Is
Are you busy at 5:00? Thursday convenient? What about the 25th?
suit (te conviene) = convenient (conveniente)

(*) El verbo suit ( te conviene) puede ir con auxiliar do o no.

What day suit you? Va sin do si la respuesta no es Si o No (lunes, martes...)

Does Wednesday suit you? Va con do si la respuesta es Si o No (acordarse de does-yes)

Do you have time to see me next week? Yes, I think so

Can I see you sometime next week?
I'd like to make an appointment to see you next week of course
I'd like to make an appointment with you for next week Could we fix fine (de acuerdo) (No usar that's right -es correcto- pues se usa por ej.
a time to meet next week? en ¿Eres tu José?...)
What day suit you?/ What day is convenient for you? Sunday suit me / Sunday is fine for me
How/What about Friday? Yes, that's [Link] I'm only free in the afternoon. In that case, is Tuesday
more convenient?. No that doesn't suit me either(Adv.-en negación-
tampoco)
What suits you better - morning or afternoon? After lunch is more convenient
Do you prefer the morning or the afternoon? Afternoon would suit me best. Is that all right for you?
What time suits you? Shall we say 4:30 (digamos a las 4:30)
What time do you prefer? Ten o'clock would be fine
Is 9:00 convenient for you? I can manage (poder asistir) at 9:00. What about you?
We've got a free slot at half past four now. Is that convenient for That's perfect. Four-thirty on Thursday
you? Ten o'clock would be fine
Can you make it on Thursday morning? Yes, that's OK for me./OK, so let's meet on Th...
I'm sorry about the last minute change. It doesn't matter
All right See you then (FINAL)
Great. See you on Thursday at ten o'clock.
 2. OBJECIONES

I am only free in the morning, not in the afternoon

The meeting will finish at 15:00. I'm free after that
I'm not free in the morning.
The day after tomorrow, I have two afternoon appointments
No, I'm afraid I'm attending a sales conference
I am at a conference
No, I'm afraid I'm busy that day
Friday isn't convenient for me / Friday doesn't suit me
I am in the USA
2 formas de decir quedar o Ha quedado... He is meeting Mr Forster / Sally, meets them (queda con ellos) there
He is seeing Mr Forster
He can't come to the phone. He's in a meeting
Can we have a meeting with Paolo on Friday?
On Thursday, he is meeting a supplier in Boston
I'm afraid the morning's completely full up
I have to collect (recoger) my car from the garage (taller)
I am away all week (estoy fuera..) / I am still at the trade fair
I haven't got my diary(agenda)/dairy/ here. I'll call next week
I am going sightseeing (de turismo) in Paris
I am spending two days in the mountains
I am taking a train to Liverpool on Monday
On Saturday, he is taking Mr Lu to the airport
I am visiting three clients in the afternoon
Next Monday, his contact from Siemens is coming to visit him
On Friday, The Manager of Jardiflor is coming - I'm showing him round the company
I am having dinner with the sales director on Tuesday evening
I am interviewing candidates for the marketing job all day Monday and Tuesday
I'm flying to Munich on Wednesday / I am travelling to Liverpool by train
I am returning from Paris on Tuesday evening
I'm going to Bruselas for two days
I am going to Madrid for the trade fair. When are you leaving, exactly? On Friday, and I am coming back the next
day at about nine in the evening
You know that Paolo is coming on Thursday
I'm picking my son up at the station at five (recojo ..)
I'm taking the train to Liverpool on Monday
I think my train arrives at four, not five / I am arriving at four
I wanted to stay at home to write the report on my trip (viaje) to Munich
On Friday, He and his wife are entertaining (reciben) the new client at home
No, we are entertaining friends at home
I'm very sorry but I'm tied up (ocupado,=easy) all next week

3. CAMBIAR LA CITA (changing an appointment)

INTRODUCCION
Good morning. This is José Mª del Barrio. I've (= I have) got an appointment with you in Thursday at half past four
Good morning. This is José Mª del Barrio of Jardiflor. I'm afraid I have a problem with my appointment next week.
Hello. This is José Mª del Barrio . I'm sorry to bother (molestar) you, but is about my appointment -the one on Friday

OBJECION (ver arriba)

Could I change my appointment to Wednesday morning?

I can't make it (*) on that day?

ADELANTARLA (bring forward) RETRASAR (postpone / put back) CANCELAR (cancel)

Could we bring it (*) forward to Monday or Could I postpone it (*) until later in the day? If we can't find another date, then we
Tuesday? will have to cancel the meeting
Perhaps we can postpone it (*) until later in the You're cancelling your appointment on
week? Tuesday, then
Can you make it (*) on Friday, or do you want to I'm afraid I have to cancel our
leave it until the week after? meeting next Tuesday
I have to postpone our meeting to next month
OK, Mr Watson. Thank you very much. Goodbye (FINAL)

(*) it=our/the/an appointment

4. CONFIRMAR Y FIN (confirm the arrangement - preparativos-)

OK. See you next Friday at half past two, then

 Great. I look forward to it

 VIAJES Y VACACIONES (Holidays, plans for the weekend, busyness trip)

ANTES DE LAS VACIONES DESPUES DE LAS VACACIONES

What are you doing at the weekend? When did you go?
We're going away at the weekend Where did you go?
I am spending two days in the sea How long did you stay there? / How long did
you go for? (¿Durante cuánto tiempo fuiste?)
How are you getting there? By car? Who did you go with? (¿Con quién fuiste?)
Is Robert coming with you Where did you stay?
Are you going away this weekend? How did you travel there? / How did you go ?
Are your friends staying with you? Why did you choose this destination?
When are they arriving? Was it your first time there?
When are you going? How was your holiday? -good/bad/OK
What are you going to do? What did you do there?
When are you arriving? (¿...llegas?)
When are you leaving? (¿... te marchas?) When did you come back?
Where are you staying? What did you like the most? (lo que más..)
How long are you staying? What did you like the least? (lo que menos..)
How many days/nights are you staying?
How are you travelling? (by train etc.) How much money did it coast approx?
When/what time are you returning? Was it good value for money? ([Link]/precio)
What are you doing after that? Would you recommend it?

OBJETOS PARA LLEVAR (take):

Here is a list of ten things people often take (llevan) when they go away on business (business trip):
-electric shaver - book to read on the plane -food from home -adaptor plug (en Ingl. los enchufes son triples) -phrasebook -indigestion tablets
-walkman -extra pair of shoes -first-aid kit (botiquín) -gift for host/colleagues (anfitriones/colegas)
Decide which items to take and which to leave behind:1. essential,[Link] 3. not necessary
Why are you taking an electric shaver? Why are you choosing (mejor que selected)...?
EN EL AEROPUERTO:
- (passport control): Could I see your passport, please? /Are you here on business? / How many days are you staying? -Enjoy your stay.
- (customs -aduana-): Could you open this bag, sir? How many bags do you have? -Yes, this one
EN EL BANCO (exchange office): Could I cash a travellers cheque (bono de viaje), please? -Yes, sir. Could you sign (firmar) it at the bottom
please. Have you got any identification? -My passport? Fine. OK, That's twenty, forty, sixty, eighty, a hundred pounds.
EN EL TAXI: PEDIR UN TAXI: I'd like a taxi, please. EL PAGO:.Here you are, The NH .Thanks. How much is that? -well, It's four pounds ,
plus fifty pence for the bag, so that's four pounds fifty. Take five pounds. Have you got change for a twenty pound note (billete)?. Yes, of course,
so that's fifteen pounds change -five, ten, fifteen. Thanks Could I have receipt please (recipe, /risit/)?. Certainly
RECIBIR UNA PERSONA:

VISITANTE ANFITRION
Hello I'm .., pleased (encantado) to meet you / I'm pleased to be here Hello I'm ...Pleased to meet you / nice to meet you (no sería muy
correcto decir: pleased to find you, pleased to see you)
What was your journey like? = How was your journey? Did you have Fine, a little bit (un poquito) long. Thank you for coming to meet me
a good journey? Yes, thank you. It was a long flight, but I slept for a few hours
(en este caso no esta bien decir: What about your journey?) Esto se
emplea de forma coloquial cuando hay varias posibilidades o planes.
Your welcome. Shall I take your suit-case (maleta)? No thanks. It isn't very heavy?
Are you hungry? = Would you like something to eat? No thanks, I've just had lunch on the plane?
I'll get you another drink first. What would do you like? Thanks. Gin and tonic, please, with ice and lemon
Is this your first visit to London? No, I was here two weeks last year / No, I was here two years ago /
I've been here before two years ago
Did you have a good time? (¿lo pasaste bien?) ...
EN EL HOTEL

RECEPCIONISTA (receptionist) VISITANTE

Good evening, sir Good evening. I have a reservation (=I have got a reservation)
Could I have your name please? (es más cortés -polite- que What is Dillon. Robert Dillon
your name, please?)
And your nationality? American
How many nights are you staying? Three (I want to stay for three nights)
Did you want full board or half board? (pensión completa/media) Full board /bord/ (breakfast, lunch and evening meal)
Have you got a car? (=Do you have a car?) No, I came by train
How would you like to pay? Visa, if that's OK I want to pay with Visa)
That's fine. Have you got any luggage (equipaje)? Just one bag
Would you like a morning call, Mr Dillon? (para despertarlo) Yes. Seven-thirty, please (7:30) - I want a call at 7:30 a.m.-
[Link] is your key. Your room number is 243. It's on the second What type (kind) of room is it? (single ...-individual o doble-)
floor. When you come out of the lift, turn left, and it is at the end of PEDIR COMIDA O BEBIDA: This is Mr Dillon in 245. Could I have
the corridor on the right. Enjoy your stay. a chicken sandwich, please?
Of course, Mr Dillon. Something to drink with it? Yes, please, a bottle of mineral water
 AL SALIR DEL HOTEL: I'd like to check out (*) please
Of course, sir. What room number? 245
Did you use the mini-bar? No
That's £128 Can I pay by cheque?
Certainly

The receptionist of the Plaza Hotel write the details of a reservation:

Plaza Hotel -BRIGHTON-

Client: Mr ...... Room details: Single, with bath
Arrival date: 13/5 (the thirteenth of May) Type of accommodation: Full board
Departure date: 16/5 Other details: room with a view of the sea
Nº of nights: 3 (view Tb. "opinión" : Present your views to the class)

ME RECIBEN EN LA EMPRESA QUE VISITO EN EL EXTRANJERO

Mr del Barrio, how do you do? I'm Jim Fenton, Sales Manager. Thank you
Welcome to ICI
Are you happy with your hotel? Yes, it's very comfortable /kámftebal/ and it's in a good position
I'm pleased to hear that. Would you like a coffee before we start? No thank you. I had a cup of coffee just now
Well, I hope you have a nice stay Thank you very much. I'm sure I'll enjoy my visit here

ME ENCUENTRO CON UNA PERSONA CONOCIDA

Hello. Bruno, isn't it? (Hola. Bruno ¿no?) Jose Mary. What a surprise to see you here! How are you?
Would you like to come into (No usar enter) my office.-...Please take Yes, I am , for the moment
a seat (siéntate) How about you? Are you still at Jardiflor?
How are things going? Not very well, I'm afraid. We're losing a lot of orders
So, why are you here at ICI? I'm looking for a new job. And I think ICI wants to offer me one
Oh! That's ...great, Jose (es genial)

(*) Cuando entras en un hotel aeropuerto facturas o te registras (check in), y cuando sales, saldas la cuenta (check out)

 ¿QUE TAL ...? Conversación después de la presentación. Respuestas corteses

PREGUNTA RESPUESTA CORRECTA (correct answer) RESPUESTA INCORRESTA

How's your family? / How are your They're all (very) well They're very fine
parents?
How are you? Not so bad? (no va mal) / Not too bad / It's not very well, I'm afraid / Pleased to meet you (*)
Getting by (tirando) / Fine, thanks, and you?
How's your new assistant doing? / He's doing well He's going fine / Fine thanks, and you?
How's your wife doing in her new job? She's doing very well in his new company
How's business? Not very well / It's going well Yes, it is
How's your job going at Jardiflor? We're very busy
Busyness is going very well That's good news / I'm pleased to hear that/ I'm sorry to hear that
ICI is doing very well I'm pleased to hear that things are going well /
ICI is having an excellent year I'm glad (contento) to hear that
She isn't very well, I'm afraid I'm sorry to hear that / Too bad (qué pena) / That's good
I'm sorry to hear that your wife isn't very
well / I hope things get better (mejoren) soon
How about you? I'm fine, too /I'm very well, too That's bad news
Thank you for your help It's a pleasure / Not at all o you're welcome Thank you
(no hay de que) /
I'm sorry I'm late It doesn't matter / Don't worry (preocupes) It's not sorry
Did you receive my letter? Yes, thank you / Yes I did Yes, I received (falta el it)
Would you like lunch now? That's a good idea / Yes, please Yes, of course
May I make a phone call? / Could I use Yes of course / Yes, go ahead (adelante) Yes, I can
your telephone, please?
Is this your first visit? No, it isn't / No, it's not No, this isn't
What was your journey like? (**) Very tiring / It was fine Yes, I liked
I hope you enjoy your stay Thank you / That's very kind of you Yes, I hope
See you tomorrow Yes, see you / Yes, goodbye Tomorrow
Have a good evening You too / Thank you Good evening

(*) Esto se dice 1 vez , se supone que ya lo hemos dicho al principio ver RECIBIR UNA PERSONA.
(**) What is he like? (¿Cómo es él?) / If these are their best cigarettes, what are their worst ones like! / I don't know what it is like

 HOTELES

EQUIPAMIENTO (Hotel facilities)

- Accommodation (alojamiento): 800 bedrooms, of which 50 are luxury/VIP suites

 - Leisure (ocio) facilities/Recreation: Golf course (campo de golf), tennis courts (pista tenis), squash, gymnasium (fitness centre),
swimming pool, sauna
- Full AV (Audio Visual) facilities available for hire (alquiler), satelliite TV & radio, direct dial telephone
- Hairdryer, hospitality tray (tea,coffee,chocolate,biscuits), complimentary newspapers (free newspaper), minibar, room safe (caja fuerte)
- Private bathroom, guest lounge (salón invitados) to invite some clients for informal discussion
- Chauffeur-driven cars, helipad (helipuerto), free parking
- Business services and conference facilities/Convention centre: Secretarial services, translation in 6 languages, air conditioned
conference rooms, international facsimile (fax) to send documents back to your colleagues
- Nightclub for relaxation, bar, pub (*), restaurant, sumptuous buffet /bafei/ breakfast
- Prices: Singles from $255, Doubles from $315. All prices inclusive of VAT (IVA, Value Added Tax)

(*) Se pronuncia /pub/ y no /paf/. Esto último se puede confundir con puff (maricón)

PEDIR INFORMACION A UN HOTEL (I ring some hotels and ask for information)
LOCATION Where is it located? ( Where is it? / Is it far from ...?
TRANSPORT Can you tell me how to get (~ arrive, llegar) there? How do you get there? by car? by train?
ROOMS How many rooms are there? Are there any suits? Are the rooms smoking or non-smoking?
MEETINGS FACILITIES Are there any meetings facilities? What meetings facilities are there?
RESTAURANTS AND BARS What kind of restaurants and bars does it have (tiene, dispone)?
PRICES How much does a double cost? (en Inglaterra se paga por persona, no por habitación)
LEISURE FACILITIES What kind of leisure facilities does the hotel have?
BUSINESS CENTRE Does the hotel have a business centre? Is there a business centre?
ANYTHING ELSE? What services are available?
MISCELLANEUS (otra [Link] (divisas: US$)
información.)

 INVITACIONES

Would you like to go to the theatre/local restaurant (a good fish I'm afraid I'm having dinner with a customer
place)/museum of local history/art exhibition tonight? (*)
Shall we go to play golf this weekend? (*) Yes, but I don't play very well
Do you want to have a coffee with me? (*) Thank you, but let me invite you
Do you want a coffee? No thank you, I've just had one (acabo de tomar uno)
Do you want to go for a coffee before lunch? Yes, of course. My first meeting after lunch isn't until 5 p.m.
What about going sightseeing (visita turística) ? Yes, I don't know this city very well
How about going sightseeing ?
Do you feel like (te apetece) to have lunch (comer)?
Do you fancy (te apetece) to go for lunch (ir a comer)? Yes, thank you, could I leave my things in your office?
Let's go to see round the factory this weekend I'm sorry, but I'm going to Paris this weekend
Let's go for a acoffee (¿vamos a tomar un café?)
let's go home (¿Vamos a casa?)
Otras fórmulas: Do you like ...? / Perhaps we can ...? Would you be
interested in ...? / If you like, we could ...?

(*) Peticiones formales, el resto son informales o para amistades.

 COMIDAS Y ALIMENTOS (Invitations)

bread pan pizza pizza sweet dulces cabbage repollo pineapple piña strawberries fresas
tea (1) te eggs huevos sausages (2) salch. carrots zanah. grapefruit pomelo raspberries framb.
yoghurt (3) yogur crisps (4) [Link] jam (5) merm. leeks puerros apples manz. grapes uvas
.
coffee café chicken pollo pasta pasta onions ceboll. pears (7) peras cherries cerez.
sugar azúc. biscuits gallet. cucumber(6) pepino beans alubias bananas plat. oranges nar.
chocolates bomb. ham (8) jamón cauliflower coliflor mushrooms setas peaches melloc. raisins pasas
cheese queso butter mant. peppers pim.. garlic ajos melón melón tomatoes tom.
rice arroz milk leche beans [Link] potatoes pat. lemons lim. apricot albar.

(1) flavoured tea -infusiones de sabores- (2) /sósichis/ (3) /yoguet/ (4) chips en USA / French fries (patatas fritas finas (5) /yam/ Marmalade:
mermelada sólo de naranja (6) /kiúcamber/ (7) /pers/ (8) /ham/

Nota: Para hablar de fruta madura usamos ripe.

EN EL RESTAURANTE O PUB
I'd like to reserve/book (reservar) a table for three at seven o'clock ( el I'm late. There was a lot of traffic (Apologize-pedir perdón- for being
Hotel etc . toma o coge la reserva -take a reservation) -I'm sorry we are late) / Could you tell me where the toilet is?. -It's downstairs
full tonight Where are the toilets?

Have you ordered? (¿Habéis pedido?) / Are you ready to order? What would you like - to drink...? (¿Qué tomas, que quieres?)
What would you recommend? -Irish Stew -What exactly is that? Would you like a drink?.- Could I have a small whisky?
Are you hungry? It's very filling (llena mucho) Would you like a desert?.-Not for me, thanks
I think I want something lighter and for starters? -the soup. What about you?
Could I have the wine-list? /Can you bring me the menu?- Here you are Can you pass me the jug (jarra) of water?
I'd like the fish, please / I'll have the lasagne followed by a steak, please Can we have (**) four coffees/a bottle of champagne, please?
(tomaré...) Ask for the bill: Can I have the bill? / Could you bring me the bill,
Right. I think we're ready. Excuse me, can we order, please? please?
Shall we split the bill? / Shall each pay their own? (pagar entre todos)
I'd like to pay for everyone if you don't mind (*) Not at all (de ninguna manera). You are my guest. This is on me (=I'll
Can I pay? get this) -Me corresponde a mi, pago yo-. Excuse me?
How would you like to pay? Could I have a receipt /risit/ (recibo), please?
Do you take American Express? (¿Acepta AMEX?)
Can you call a taxi?
Well thank you very much. Lovely (encantador).That was very nice/excellent
We've had a lovely meal

(*) En Inglaterra cuando invitas a alguien a tomar algo (invite) no significa que vas a pagar, para ello usamos I'll get this
(**) Para pedir un bebidas etc usamos have y no bring. Este verbo se usa para pedir que te traigan el salero, otro vaso etc

avocado salad ensalada aguacate onion soup sopa de cebolla prawn /prun/ cocktail coctel gambas
ploughman's lunch entremés frío+queso paté+toast paté+tostada lasagne lasaña
steak /steik/ sandwich sand. filete o chuleta chilli con carne chilli con carne Spanish omelette tortilla española
fish and chips pescado y [Link] sausage and mash salchicha y puré cheese flan flan de quesoo
apple pie+ice cream pastel manz.+helado cheesecake tarta de queso fruit salad macedonia
beef ternera o buey beer by the bottle botella de cerveza wine by the glass vaso de vino
lamb in batter cordero rebozado jelly gelatina sorbet sorbete
fruit juice jugo(naranja etc) gravy jugo carne (Starlux) roast carne asada
poached salmon salmón hervido Trout with almonds trucha c/ almendras filtered coffee (*) café (de Melitta)
dish of the day cottage pie (=Shepherd's pie): minced meet (carne picada)+mash+vegetables+cheese
(plato del día) two Italian dishes; spaghetti and pizza / Sausage roll (hojaldre) and beans
Grilled lamb chops (chuletillas) with mint sauce

Nota: En un menú se sirven entremeses -sopa etc (starters), primer plato (first/main course), 2º plato (second course), postres (desserts), bebidas
(drinks). El café (*) puede ser con leche (coffee white), solo (black coffee) o con nata (coffee with cream)

QUEJAS (complaints)

CLIENTE CAMARERO (waiter), camarera: waitress

Excuse me ... I'll ... (yo te traeré / cambiaré....Se usa en decisiones
espontáneas, en el momento) En español diríamos: te
traigo...Ver Tb. pedidos: quejas)
This soup /sup/ is cold and I like my soup very hot. Can you heat it up (calentar)? I'll change it AHORA MISMO:
This knife/fork is dirty. Can you bring me a clean one please? I'll bring you a clean one right away
this glass is broken. Can you change it please? I'll bring you another one straight away
This bread is stale (pasado) I'll bring you some fresh bread
This coffee is very weak (poco cargado) and I like strong coffee I'll bring another cup INMEDIATAMENTE:
This steak is very well done (muy hecho), but I asked rare /rer/(poco hecho) I'll have another one immediately
This steak is too raw (crudo), but I asked medium done (medio hecho)
My meat is too tough /taf/ (duro)
I don't have any salt (no hay salero) I'll bring you ...
My eggs aren't cooked enough (están poco hechos)
This soup isn't hot enough/ There wasn't enough (escasa cantidad de comida)
There is a mistake in the bill (Aplicar wrong sería muy directo)
Can we move to another table, please? Where would you like to sit?
I order peas, not carrots

 CONFERENCIAS (Sales Conference)

Venue (lugar) The conference will be held (celebrada) -celebrate es para Times
triunfos etc- in The Carlton Room (Park Lane Hotel) - Morning session: 9:30 am-1 pm
Address Old Park Lane -London- - Afternoon session: 2:15-5 pm
(dirección) Buffet /bufei/ Lunch
Dates (fechas) Mon 15th / Tues 16th / weds 17th - Every day : 1-2 pm
Registration time All conference participants must register between midday Buffet Dinner
(hora registro) and 2 o'clock (start at 2:15) - Monday: 6-7 pm
Monday Opening speech - to welcome participants and introduce Coffee Breaks (paradas para tomar café)
the main speaker- (charla de apertura): Peter Jackson - A half hour in the morning and a
Morning session: "Distribution Problem" (title of the talk) 15
Speaker: David Strong minute break in the afternoon
Afternoon session: "Listening to the client" Social Events (actos sociales)
Speaker: Lee Anaka - Monday: Cocktail party at 7:30
De la conferencia del lunes por la tarde podemos decir: Lee Anka is giving (ojo, - Tuesday Conference dinner
[Link]) a talk on " Listening to the client" on Monday afternoon
 CARTAS, FAX, E-MAIL

APG Ltd. (Ltd.=limited)

Glencross Lane
Manchester M10
Re: Annual Sales Conference

27 October 19XX
THE START 1) Dear Ms Thatcher
 Dear ... 2) Dear Sirs
 Dear Sir or Madam (si no conoces el nombre de la persona) 3) Dear Mr Cochet
 Dear Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms Sloam (si conoces el nombre) 4) Dear Mary
-Nunca emplear con el nombre Ej.: Mr José- 5) Dear Mr Hendrickson
 Dear Mary-Lynn (para amigos o si hay cercanía) 6) Dear Mr Vernon, thank you for your letter of May 21
NOTA: Dear aunque sig. querido se usa siempre: familia, negocios etc
THE REFERENCE 1) With reference to our telephone conversation today
 With reference to 3) With reference to your phone call today
 your advertisement (anuncio:carta,fax...) in the Reporter, ... 4) With reference to your phone call yesterday
 your letter of 25th April, ...(nunca 25th of April) 5) with reference to our telephone conversation today
 your / our phone call today, ... (Thank you for your fax of 25th June)

THE REASON FOR WRITING 1) I am writing (ojo, [Link]) to confirm our order for:
 I am writing to (observar que es [Link].) 10 x (ten times) Photoconductors Ref. No. 76905 A/K (*)
 enquire about .. (solicitar información) 3) I am writing to apologize for not sending you our price list.
 apologize for .. (disculparse) 4) I am writing to confirm that
 confirm my order for -Uds.-productos- (confirmar) 5) I am writing to confirm that I will be in Sweden from 11 - 14
 in response to your advertisement for a Marketing Manager in last (*) June
week's Sunday Times 6) I am writing to give you details of the arrangements for your
 to send you the quotation for -Uds. -productos- visit
REQUESTING (peticiones, solicitud) 1) I would be grateful if you could deliver (entregar) them as
 Could you ...? soon as possible
 Could you possibly call me when the merchandise is dispatched? 2) We would like to confirm the arrangements discussed over
(¿Sería posible ...?) the phone today for .... Could you please confirm the
 I would be grateful (agradecido) if you could ... above information and would you let me know what time
 Would you please sent me ...? you would like the coffee breaks?
4) Could you send me a map showing how to get to Queen
Mary's Hall?
5) I would be grateful if you could arrange for me to visit the
Technical Department. If possible, I would also like to meet Mr
Elmqvist. Could you possible also send me a list of any hotels
near Head Office that you would recommend, and I will make
the bookings from here?
AGREEING TO REQUESTS (convenir para solicitar)
 I would be 4) I would be pleased to come and speak at the GMB Congress
 delighted to ... (muy encantado) in Manchester on July 13th
 pleased to... (encantado) 6) I would be delight to show to show you round the Technical
Department when you arrive. I have arranged a visit for
Monday June 12 at 11: am.
GIVING BAD NEWS
 Unfortunately ...(desafortunadamente) 3) Unfortunately, it is still at the printers
 I'm afraid that ...(me temo que) 6) I am afraid that Mr Elmqvist will not be here when you
 I regret that (lamento ...) come, but his deputy (delegado) Mr K will be pleased to
meet you
ENCLOSING DOCUMENTS (documentos incluidos)
 I am enclosing ... (incluyo) 3) However, I am enclosing a copy of the old list with the new
 Please find enclosed (incluido) ...(para cartas con varias hojas) prices pencilled in.
 Please find attach ... (para email y fax) 6) I am enclosing a list of hotels near Head Office. I would
particularly recommend the Sheraton, which most of our
visitors enjoy
CLOSING REMARKS (comentarios de cierre) 1) Thank you for your help
 Thank you for your help 3) Please contact us again if there are any problem
 Don't hesitate (no dude) to contact us 5) Thank you for your help
 Please contact us again if 6) Please contact us again if we can help in any way
 we can help in any way
 there are any problem
 you have any questions
REFERENCE TO FUTURE CONTACT
 I look forward to 4) I look forward to meeting you
 hearing from you -soon- (espero recibir noticias suyas) 5) I look forward to hearing from you
 meeting you next Tuesday (tengo ganas de reunirme ...) 6) I look forward to meeting you in June
 seeing you next week (tengo ganas de verte ...)
THE FINISH 1) Yours sincerely
 Yours faithfully -fielmente- (si no conoces el nombre de la persona) 2) Yours faithfully
 Yours sincerely ( si conoces su nombre) 3) Yours sincerely
 Best wishes (para amistades) 4) Best wishes
 Best regards -recuerdos- (para negocios, si hay cercanía) 5) Yours sincerely
 Sincerely yours (USA) 6) Yours sincerely
 Yours truly (USA)

-------- firma ------- NOTA: la carta 6) es la contestación (the reply) de la 5)

LOUISE CAMPBELL
Business Reservations Manager

(*) 10 x se lee "ten times" / La barra inclinada (/) se lee "stroke" (slash en el PC) / Las referencias (No. 76905) se leen número a número / 11-14
June se lee "the eleventh ...")

 PEDIDOS: pedir informacion (to make an inquiry). hacer un pedido (to place an order)

I'm interested in your -producto-. Do you have a sales office in Spain? /

I'm afraid we don't , but I can arrange (arreglar, preparar) for a sales
visit from our agent
No, no. That's not necessary. Could you quote (presupuestar) me a price May I have your name? -Yes it's -nombre-. That's N-O-M-B-R-E and
for -producto-? my fax number is -número fax-. - And what company are you with?
EVP EVP. Right. I'll work out (=to calculate) the price and fax (verbo -enviar
fax-) a quotation (=quote) through immediately -[Link] bye
I'd like to place an order (hacer un pedido) / Can I place an order? Certainly Monsieur (Sr. en francés) Terrien . Go ahead (adelante)
I'd like six -producto- units, reference number -R-E-F-E-R-E-N-C-I-A-. Yes, we do. Anything else?
Do you have them in stock?
No, That's all. This is an urgent order OK. We'll send them straight away. Could you confirm this in writing
(por escrito) please, Monsieur Terrien? -Of course -TVM - Good bye

I want to equip (equipar) a new office. I'm interested in some items Which ones?
(/aitems/ productos) from your furniture range (tipos de muebles)
Please send me details of your product range
well, I'm interested in -producto- (a table for a printer/A large code xxx / reference xxx
bookshelf -librería-, a filing cabinet -archivador-, a stand for a fax
machine)
(ask about prices, dimensions and colour and make notes) - $164
PRECIO: How much is it? / Could you give me the price / Could I have - W48xD65xH12 cm (-- cm wide, -- cm high, -- cm long/deep)
the price? (No decir How cost...?) W=width, D=depth, H=Height
COLOURS: How many colours are there? / Could you tell me what - Brown, grey, black
colours are available?
DIMENSIONS: Could you give me the dimensions? make sure that they will fit (cabrán) into the office.
CANTIDAD (Quantity): How many would you like?

What items would you like to order? Could you give me some information about your special offer?
Is this the first order you've placed with us? Would you like me too send you our latest catalogue
Can you treat our order as urgent? Could you tell me the delivery address?
Could I have an address for the invoice (factura) Where do I send the invoice to?
Can you deliver (entregar) next Friday? How would you like to pay? / What are your normal terms of payment?
Is the transport included? Is a discount /diskaunt/ possible?
Method of payment (Cheque, Product description (Code, Buy four get one free (comprando Give a discount (Hacer un
Credit Card , in cash -al contado-) Quantity, Colour, Price, Total...) cuatro regalamos uno) descuento) - no usar make-

 PEDIDOS: Quejas (complaints) y Disculpas (apologizing /apoloyais/)

This is José of Jardiflor in Tudela. I'm calling (I want to talk) about an Oh dear (¡vaya!), I'm sorry about that (never mind -no importa). Now,
order we placed on the 5th of August. That was four weeks ago, and could you give me (tell me) your customer account number? /.../ I have
we're still waiting for (I want to know about) the goods (productos here an order for 500 pairs of men's shoes, reference number 2356 J,
-items-) size 43
No, I'm afraid that's wrong (you're very wrong). I ordered 400, not 500. Well, we must correct all that. But according to our records we sent you
And I didn't want size 43, I wanted size 42. But the reference number is this order on the 12th of August, three weeks ago. I'm very surprised (I
right. don't mind) you haven't received them
Where did you send the order? Can you tell me (give me) the address? We send it to Capuchinos 24, Cascante
Actually, that's not right (No, you are wrong). Our shop isn't in So is the rest of the address correct? - Yes, it is (yes, correct). I'm
Valencia, it's in Madrid. Our old shop was in Cascante. terribly sorry about the mistake (Excuse me). We'll dispatch the
corrected order to you this afternoon. -Thank you very [Link]
ORDER FORM:
Order No: 5876 Order taken by: Pamela Fielding
Customer: Jardiflor Ref. No: 2356 J
Customer [Link]: 4553 Description: Men's shoes
Date of order: 5th of August Size: 42
Order sent: 12th of August Colour: Black
Order placed by: phone Quantity: 400
.

Hello Roger. It's Jose Mª del Barrio Hello Jose. How are you?
I'm fine thanks. And you? Fine. What can I do for you? / How can I help you?
I'm afraid there is a problem with our order. You delivered the wrong Oh Dear. How many did we deliver?
quantity (el proveedor envia -deliver- y el cliente recive -receive-) I would like to apologize for the mistake in delivery
60. We asked for 80 I'm sorry about that / the mistake in your order. I'll send the rest
immediately
Thanks a lot. Can you send them today? Yes, of course. Is there anything else?
No, that's all thanks We thank you for you patience, and look forward to receiving your
next order

Hello, Mr Benn, this is Peter Van Eysen Good afternoon, Mr. V.E. Are you calling about your order?
Yes, about the calculators, the model RK-529. They arrived this No instructions manuals in the boxes. That's very strange
morning, but there were no instruction manuals in the boxes / We
received delivery of ten of your RK529 calculators/ When I opened the
package, I saw that there was no instruction manual in the boxes
Can you look into (investigar) the problem? And then can you call me Yes, of course. Do you have the order number? -Yes, it's 4189
back as soon as possible?/ ... so I would be grateful if you could send We will send ten copies of the instruction manual to you today
me the missing instruction manual in the next few days
OK, Mr V.E. I'll call you back in 15 minutes Can you make that 30 minutes? I'll be here at 10. Goodbye

Otros posibles motivos de queja cuando los clientes hacen un pedido (when customers make complaints)
You sent the order to the wrong address The cover (tapa) was the wrong colour The case (caja) was no good
(30 South Road. We're at 40) (Black. We asked for brown) (The glass was broken)
You invoiced (facturar) us for the wrong amount The handles (mango) were the wrong size You delivered the wrong quantity
($ 400 instead of $500) (15 cm. We ordered 10 cm) (300. We ordered 3000)
The goods came with the wrong accesories The goods arrived on the wrong day The contents didn't correspond to what I
(Plastic hooks -[Link] wanted metal) (Friday. We asked for Tuesday) ordered

What possible reasons are there for these problems? / What was the cause of the problem?
We're very short staffed (dotar de personal) at the moment Our computer crashed and we lost a lot of data (It was a computer error)
It was due to (debido a) a packing error. A mistake (error) in packing Somebody simply forgot to put the .... in the boxes

Dealing (tratando) with complaints

making offers (hacer ofertas) Promising action (prometes hacer algo) Refusing responsibility (rechazar
What things does he promise to do? responsabilidad)
Would you like a replacement (uno nuevo)? We'll send the rest immediately We reserve the right (derecho) to make small
changes to products
Would you like a refund (devolver el dinero)?/ I'll look into (=investigate) it straight away I'm afraid we're not responsible for damage in
And to compensate for the inconvenience, I'll I'll give this matter my immediate attention transit (daños por transporte)
give you a 5 % discount on your next order / In (daré al asunto mi inmediata atención)
Addition, we will pleased to offer you a
discount of 5% off your next order
Would you like us to repair it? I'll find out (averiguar) what happened and We're very sorry about this but it's not our fault
let you know (se lo haré saber) (Lo sentimos mucho, pero noes nuestra culpa)

Comprobando datos (checking the details of the order)

When I got (llegué) to work this morning there was a fax on my desk I'll read you the order I have and you tell me when there is a mistake
(mesa) saying that there have been (había habido) some mistakes in - 150 (*) picture frames (marcos) code 146/97 ...
your order (*) se puede leer "one fifty"
/.../ I'm calling to check your reservation (reserva en Hotel etc..) details Yes, How can I help you
- preguntas : When, how...?- /.../ . En caso de error: Let me change that -despedida: Thank you for your help....-

 CONTRATACION (recruitment) Y CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)

EL ASPIRANTE (candidate):What is the job? → Marketing manager / What is the salary → $ 80,000 / Where is the job → Brazil / What
kind of company is it → pharmaceutical / What qualities is the company looking for? → hard-working, ambitious and dynamic / I work for
IBM. In fact, I have worked for them for twenty years (observar que es [Link] -have+part- pues sigo trabajando. Estaría mal I worked...) /
Our present chairman (presidente) has been chairmen for ten years / I joined (entré a trabajar) the company in 1985 / The company has
been based (is based) in Tudela since 1989 / I have worked in research for (since) ten years / I moved (me trasladé) to Spain ...
ENTREVISTADOR (interviewing): What qualifications (estudios -universitarios, COU...-) do you have? Why do you want to change jobs?
/Where were you born (naciste)? - I were born 38 years ago / How long have you been married? -I have been married for 9 years /How
long ago did you get married (te casaste)? - I got married in 1992/ When did you join (entraste a trabajar) in CHE? / How long did you
work for CHE? - I worked for CHE for 3 years / When did you get your master in irrigation? /What was your major (especialidad)? /
When did you finish at the High School (instituto)? / How long have you lived in Bolivia? / How long have you been studying English? /
What is your present salary package (salario+coche+comisiones...)? / What (kind of) salary are you looking for in the future? / What
languages can you speak?- Spanish is my first language. I can also apeak.../Do you speak any other (another) European languages / I see
you are working for Jardiflor / How long have you been there? (¿Cu'anto tiempo llevas allí?) / Have you worked abroad (en el extranjero)?
position (=post) (puesto -de trabajo-) invited for an interview (entrevista) leading firm (empresa lider)
apply for the job /aplai/ (solicitar trabajo) management (direcci,on) degree (estudios universitarios) (=graduate)
letter of application (carta de presentación) manager (director) MBA (Master in Business Administration)
shortlist of candidates (preseleccion candidatos) assistant (ayudante, subordinado) CAD (Computer Assisted Design)
qualifications (títulos) Responsibilities (responsabilidades) develooping policies (desarrollo de políticas)
co-ordinating training (formación) programmes insurance health (seguro médico) relocation assistance (ayuda para el traslado)
at least five years' experience in ... Fluency in English and French willingness (disponibilidad) to travel
overseas allowances (primas por ir al extranjero) Write with your CV and stating (cita) ... qualified (titulado) engineer
Your proven (mostradas) ... managerial skills (habilidades...) commitment (compromiso)
desirable (deseable) but not essential Excellent prospects (promoción) subsidised (subvención) staff canteen (katering)
highly efficient (altamente eficaz) secretarial abilities (capacidades) experience acquired (adquirida)
... with the various demands (exigencias) I was in charge (encargado) of the finance this has made keen (me ha motivado)
to pursue (perseguir) a career (trayectoria) in publishing (edit.) processing skills (habilidades iinformáticas)
to put in to use in a ... (en uso, emplear) challenging role (desafiante papel) team (equipo)
my current position involves me (me involucra) emphasis (énfasis)..,induction (poner al día) as you will see from the attached (adjunto) CV
I am responsible for managing a sophisticated... manufacturing site (planta) with a staff of 9 trade union (sindicato)
advertisement (anuncio -en prensa etc.-) responsible for promotion of our...
Someone who ... /... wants to get to the top →ambitious (ambicioso)/ ... thinks of other people's feelings →sensitive (sensible) / doesn't panic
→calm (tranquilo) /... rarely makes mistakes → precise /prisais/ (preciso) /... you can trust or count on (confiar, contar con) →reliable (de
fiar) /... can change people's opinions → persuasive (persuasivo) /... is good at finding solutions to problems → practical (práctico)
patient (paciente) outgoing (abierto, extrovertido) hard-working (trabajador) punctual (puntual) -arrives on time-
dynamic (dinámico) good with figures (bueno con las cifrass) good with words (... las palabras) energetic (enérgico)

Who earns (gana) the most?/ Which is the most interesting job?/ Which job has the most responsibility?/Which job would you prefer to do?
research scientist lawyer engineer salesperson (=sales per)
secretary pilot doctor accountant

TERMS OF EMPLOYEMENT (condiciones)

The appointment (nombramiento) will be subject (sujeto) to the folloowing terms and conditions:
Hours of work (horario) maternity leave (baja maternal) time off (horas libres a cambio de horas extras)
statutory requirements (estatuto... requisitos) entitled (tener derecho) to... commitments (obligaciones)
performance-related (rendimiento relacionado) pension scheme (plan) notice (aviso -de despido...)

CURRICULUM VITAE C/ Capuchinos 12 bajo

Ref. 31500 Tudela (Navarra)
Phone. 948 41 20 70 / 948 82 23
37
Name: José María del Barrio Manrique

Education Technical engineer in agriculture 1982-1986

Informacion personal Age: 38 años. / Place of Birth: Sta. Cruz (Bolivia). / Marital Status: Married, two children
Employment History 1991-present ...
interest (=hobbies) entomology, hang-gliding, basketball

ANEXO 5
(EXPRESIONES. Idiomatic Phrases)

Just a few questions Mr Olafson. It won't take long That's fine

I think so
all right (muy bien)
Yes, that's right (eso es correcto)/That's not right
That's not quite right
No, that is wrong
Anybody else? (¿alguien más?) A lot of books.../ a few books...
How many? OK, not bad
Round the door ... Thank you
near the river ... Yes, I agree (si, estoy de acuerdo) /I don't agree (no
estoy de acuerdo)
In the country (campo)... / in the town ...(ciudad) Hi (hola, /jai/)
What is wrong with my spelling of "essential", Miss f? only one, only two ...
I can understand it very well now Fifteen altogether (15 en conjunto, en total)
A little , but not very much on (the /your) right / on (the /your) left
next to you some are ... others are ...
TO BE+SORRY (we are not sorry) -no lo sentimos- Not far form ...
Quite well. Very well all except one ...
What is the meaning of ... I have a lot of difficulty with the pronunciation
Hi /jai/ (hola) great /greit/ (estupendo)
What can I do for you? (¿Que puedo hacer por ti?) yes, that's fine
Hello goodbye
in that case (en ese caso) yes, certainly
Generally speaking, ... (generalmente hablando) What is the meaning of ...?
What is the difference between...and...? There is no difference between...and...
be careful with ... Where were you this time last year, Mr A?
 I am fond of the country (soy aficionado/quiero al campo) I am glad to meet you (... contento ...)
What do you think? It depends on... (it depends on the person)
Beauty is rather like greatness I quite see now (=I understand)
Girls and woman, as well as men Put it into a few words
In short (con brevedad, en pocas palabras) Here you are (mostrando o dando algo)
Is it worth it? (¿merece la pena?) pleasant-looking/hard-working/first-class
Greetings: Good morning/[Link]/[Link] Oh, thank you. That's very kind of you / That's very
nice of you
I will be pleased to meet you I'm sure ...
That reminds /rimaind/ me of my Uncle Albert I suppose Peter is in the school ... (supongo ...)
Wait a minute, Paul Let me give you a box
it sounds funny (parece gracioso) He was soon in love with Helen (estaba enamorado)
I am not surprised (no me sorprende) What is the matter? / It doesn't matter to me
Yu are very quick -to be quick- (te das mucha prisa) We're in a hurry (tenemos prisa)
such a good tailor/man... (un sastre/hombre... tan bueno) Right, let's have a look (echar un vistazo)
..., and so on (etc. / así sucesivamente) TO BE + RIGHT (I think he is right) -tiene razón-
thank heaven! (¡gracias a Dios!) / good heavens! (¡válgame Dios!) It looks like rain (parece que va a llover)
I'd prefer a morning session if possible What is the use of giving her a clock? /What is the good
of having six clothes? (¿Para qué sirve..)
Here comes Mr. P. And what is
What is it about? (¿De que se trata?) to be + inf (What is he studying to be?/ I am to go ut? -he
de salir -tengo que salir-/ What are we to do?)
what+to be+like? (what is he like? -¿Cómoo es?-) ... in your opinion?
I think we'll call it a day (...que lo dejamos así por hoy) Do have a seat (Toma asiento).-Now then (bueno)
shall we call it a day? (¿Lo dejamos por hoy?) (=It's time to end the...) (En algunas exp. de cortesia se usa el do)
I'm impressed! (!estoy impresionado!)

by In this lesson you can see another way of expressing the future, by using going to / medio transporte (...by train, ...) /
Regular verbs form their Past Tense by adding -ed or -d / Can you tell the difference,sir, by the taste? / The coffee is
good in many English homes when it is made with fresh coffee by people who know how to make it
if ... if he is bigger than you ...
certainly He is certainly not handsome /Johnson certainly liked London / We certainly know what you don't like
really There I find what I want, the really enjoyable things of life, books, music, pictures. Those are what I like / I like to get
a really good suit / The coffee of America is really first-class / The hotel that I am staying at is really quite good
probably His best book is probably A Passage to India / They probably never will (quiso), unfortunately!
(problablemente)
actually (de hecho) Well, actually, I'd like to have an early night (acostarse pronto)
at present (actualmente) On of them, St. Joan, is on at the National Theatre at present ??
presently (actualmente) We are presently seeking a Human Resources Manager
unfortunately No, he isn't working, unfortunately
especially One present that I especially like to get is a book
(especialmente)
particularly I also buy books, particularly those that I have read before and have enjoyed (disfrutado) / I would particularly like...
exactly They are exactly as old as each other, thirteen / What exactly is that?
about What about you? / What are you thinking about?/ He is about forty years old (alrededor)/...at about one o'clock / Here
is what the Daily News says about it / And what about you / I think there is a sameness about English dinners that
make them uninteresting
too My brother was there, too / Notice, too, the two uses of "old"/ I can't speak English. well I, too, have a bad
pronunciation
indeed The teacher for my class was very good indeed (en efecto)
in fact (en realidad) Do you know us?-yes I do. In fact, I think you did some work for us a few years ago. You see, I work in Jardiflor
Anyway (por cierto) Anyway, is the family OK?
By the way (a propósito) By the way, How's your wife?
perhaps perhaps he doesn't know the saying (refrán) / Well, perhaps the following week, it's not urgent
of course So our Knowledge of the languaje was, of course, very small / Of course, your taste isn't my taste
so (así, por esta razón, por They couldn't explain the grammar, so I was glad to come to Spain / I think she is pretty and so do all the other
tanto) students / She didn't say a word, so I asked her again / I walked here - so did I / But wasn't he Irish, and so not really an
Englishman at all?
like (parecido,como), ~ I happened like this: .../ You are like the woman in the story / Where can you get roast beef like English beef? / This
this (asi,de este modo) soup tastes like the water
kind (clase, especie) sort But it was really a kind of joke (broma) / Do they have the right sort (clae, tipo)of work experience?
as (como [igual que, en Then as Olaf and you get to the last line.../...and as he likes good cigarettes .../ As I was saying when Hob interrupted
calidad de ...], según) me / Yes, said the man, as he took a spoonful of soup, "..." / What did the waiter said, as he looked through the window,
say to the man having soup?/ With one student as the conductor..../ I qualified (me titulé) as an engineer
such (tal, semjante) I don't think (creo/pienso) that he is expensive, for such a good tailor (ver expr.) / There is such heavy rain that he can't
see very well where he is going
instead of In conversational English, we use don't instead of do not / May I go to the station, Mr P, instead of coming to the
class?
but (pero, sino) but isn't feet the plural for foot? / He knows the joke (chiste) but he laughs again
yet (aún así, sin embargo) We don't yet use the metric system generally in Britain / Haven't you finished having lessons yet?
on the other hand Mr P, on the other hand, is very practical and full of common sense
because / ~ of (por, a I can't sleep because I am cold / It all happened because of a cat
causa de)
for, ~ that We have afternoon tea about five o'clock, but for that we don't go into the dinning-room / I paid fifty pounds for this
suit
well, ... (antes de una respuesta)
kind/s (clase) -nomb.- We had all kinds of animals on our farm / The idiomatic phrases, the kind of phrases that .../ What Kind of dress is she
(Tb.. es Adj. -amable-) wearing / It is a particular kind of song / What kinds of food can you eat quickly?
rather He is a good-looking man, handsome, rather thin / It is rather difficult to put it into a few words /The house is rather
big. He has rather dark brown hair and good grey eyes / That is rather too much for me
same (mismo), the ~ (del The Past Tense is the same for all subjects / Is a library the same thing as a bookshop / I have done the same as Hob
mismo modo, igualmente)
unlike (diferente) He's quite unlike his wife
together (juntos, He and his wife are having lunch together / Sometimes we put two nouns together / There is a list of all the irregular
juntamente) verbs in this book together with Past Tense and Past participle

EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO Y FRECUENCIA

for (para, por, pues, porque) I like the mountains for a time, for a week or two perhaps / We waited for a few minutes / Hob drank tea for lunch
/ A good suit lasts for a long time
during (durante) We want to sell these calculators during the busy summer period (periodo de más "jaleo")
from She danced from 7:00 to midnight
since (desde, después) I haven't read much since I left school
ago A year ago I was in Turkey / She is slimmer than she was a year ago
then Were you studying English then (entonces)? /Then (luego) there are Hans and Peter / You will see then that
English coffee can be good
when She often sits on his desk when he is writing, and watches his cat / When I look at my son I begin to feel quite old
at this moment Something is happening now, at this moment
at/after about ... At about eight o'clock we have dinner or supper / after about ten minutes he said to me ...
just (justamente, acaba de, He is tall with dark brown hair just beginning to go grey (*) / They are swimming badly, they are just learning /
precisamente), ~ like, ~ now The sun is shining just now and the sky is blue / We were just talking about clothes / It lasts (dura) me just as (lo
(ahora mismo), ~ as mismo) long / Hob has just arrived, ten minutes late / I have just told you the answer to that question
Once, twice,three times, four Use each word once only / I once stayed at one of these quiet seaside places, but only once / Imagine that you are a
times..., at times (a different person each time / I heard you the first time / He walked to the station with her once or twice / About
veces),time once every month or six weeks / I couldn't see at times where I was going / At other times it is cold / We would
like you to start in three months' time (...en un periodo de 3 meses)
back (denuevo) Could you read that back to me?
sometimes I work very late sometimes till two or tree o'clock in the morning / Sometimes I go to the cinema or the theatre
often (a menudo, muchas He is quiet and pleasant because he is strong. Strength is generally quiet; weakness often is not / I often go.../ I
veces, frecuentemente) used to go to the theatre every week, but now I don't go very often, It is not often that I go to a wedding
generally He hasn't many students: generally about six / What kind of suit has he generally? / He generally sits in a ... / I
am going to talk about my work and my holidays, what I like and what I dislike, and my live generally
usually He usually wears suits of dark brown
frequently Candidates who have frequently changed jobs are always valuable because of their experience
mostly (principalmente) We use this for adjectives of one syllable and for some of two syllables, mostly, those ending with -y
nearly always (casi ..) We nearly always use some verbs in the Simple Present Tense, not the Present Continuous / ...nearly every day
always They could always eat everything on the table / He is always very well dressed / He always wears a dark suit /
When you want to fight, always count a hundred before you hit (golpeas) the other fellow / I always think that a
woman believes what she wants to believe, not what is really true
Hardly (apenas) hardy ever (casi nunca) / People can hardly tell (distinguir) one from the other
never He never goes to bed before twelve o'clock / They never taste better vegetables soup than they had then
ever (siempre, jamás, nunca - Honestly, I don't remember ever smoking a worse (peor) cigarette than this. Where did you get them? / This is the
con neg.-) most wonderful picture ever made / I feel that he has read every book that I have ever heard of / I don't think the
trees have ever looked so green
every day/month... They come here for their lessons every day except Sunday
yet (aún, todavía ) En negativas, va al final
still (aún, todavía) It is almost eleven o'clock but Mr. P is still working / Is he walking now or standing still?
till He works late, sometimes till three o'clock in the morning / You have come too early, the concert doesn't begin till
prep. hasta / conj hasta que 8 o'clock
until She doesn't generally go to bed until very late at night / So that night he waits until it is dark and then he climbs
prep. hasta / conj. hasta que the tree / Mr P sat reading until one o'clock
at the moment (por ahora/ ICI is moving to new offices at the moment
ahora)
already (ya) You already know Mr P / I already have my suit for next summer / She has got a clock already / She has already
got a book, too / When is summer coming? -We have already had summer
from ... till I hadn't a minute for study from morning till night / He is out from early in the morning till late at night / You
must pay, in England, from twenty to fifty pounds
before He never goes to bed before twelve o'clock /I read a book with his last cup of tea, before he begins his work
after (después de) After tea we sit and talk, or listen to the radio / I like London for some things, but after a time I get tired of it /
They slept after that big dinner
for (con números ..) He works for three hours every evening / I waited for twenty minutes
all day The sun often shines all day in summer / He can walk all day and he never feels tired
early I go to bed early and rise early / She go to bed very late, or rather, early in the morning
late / later He works very late / He is meeting Mr C at 3 p.m., and Mrs F two hours later / I don't like to be a minute late
soon You will soon speak English well / I hope that you will soon know them and like them
soon after (poco después) I went to one of these modern cinemas, soon after I came to England
fast Are they walking fast?
time, in time (a tiempo) I haven't much time for study / I had too little time to buy any today / I get up at seven, and so does my husband,
in time for breakfast at eight o'clock / She can't wear the same old things time after time
The first, the last ... to He is generally the last one to come, but the first to go away. He is the first to leave. / Hob took a bath last week
(se usa con to+infinitivo)
first / last This time last year / Which one will reach (alcanza) the chair first?
main I am visiting our main French client next week
again (de nuevo, otra vez, Here they are again / I stayed at the seaside only once,.never again for me / We are going again next year, just the
aún) two of us, but not in a car / I put the books on my shelves and I can read them time and again
for the present That is all for the present
How long ...? How long is she going to stay in London? / How long do you take for lunch?

(*) esta frase (just beginning to go grey) con -ing es una clase de adjetivo, que generalmente van justo después del nombre. Ej: There is a bright
fire burning in the fireplace

EXPRESIONES DE CANTIDAD
only (solamente, única) This time last year I could speak only a few words / There is only a little tea left (queda) in the teapot / That is
the only song that I know
just (exactamente, solamente) Who do you know here?-just the host, and one or two others / I want to see people, not just trees and birds /
Just try (prueba) one of these and tell me if they are good / Just behind the telephone there is a book / I have
just come from a driving lesson / it makes the interrogative just like other verbs
alone (solo) There is a lot of work, so I can't do everything alone.
together We are going to listen to them talking together
big (grande) They were all big eaters and I had to feet all those man
great (grande, estupendo) ...this spirit in men and women gives the world its great music / He read a great many books
short I am going for a short walk
long I am going for a long walk
small (pequeño) So our Knowledge of the language was, of course, very small
little (pequeño) Do the little boys speak Spanish?
a little (s.)/ a few (pl.) (un/os I can speak English a little now / We have a little time / She will tell you a little about it / I like my coffee with
poco/s) ([Link] usa too little/few) a little milk / My brother and I were only at school for a few weeks / There were a few children on the sand /
She goes to too many dances and too few English lessons / you have only a few mistakes / John gave me a little
help with my work
most (la mayor parte) I have read the books that most students read in their school-days / He lived in E. most of his life
several (varios, diversos) There were several mistakes
some (afirmativas) algo de, He reads many books and writes some /... some of the people in the house / There are books on his desk, and
algún(os)/unos/cierto(s)/varios some others are on the floor / some other time / Here are some more irregular verbs: / My wife is going to
make some coffee for us tomorrow / I have read some of it
any (= some para int. y neg.) Do I have any tickets for the theatre? / She isn't fond of study of any kind / Are there any other chairs in the
cualquier/algún/ningún -en neg.- room? / I didn't like any of them / Can you tell us the names of any more novelists?
somebody/Someone He can see somebody in the room / Someone telephones your office from the UK
anybody (=anyone): alguien, en Can he see anybody in the room? / He can't see anybody in the room / I have never known anyone with so
neg. nadie many stories as you, Hob
no (no, ningún), ~ other I don't know any apple that has a better taste than a good English one, and no other cup of tea ever tastes as
good to me as the tea that me make
Nobody No. Nobody called all morning / He sees nobody (=He doesn't see anybody)
None (ninguno, nada, nadie) I have none (no tengo ninguno) / How many mistakes have you made in your work? - None
nothing (nada, cero) He Knows nothing about it (=He doesn't know anything about it) / He seemed (parecía) to have nothing to
nought (nada, cero) say / I think there is nothing like an English breakfast
something There is something interesting in the newspaper today / Now here is something different, something funny
anything Is there anything interesting in the newspaper today?/ There isn't anything interesting in the newspaper today
somewhere He is going somewhere today / He is visiting the city on business and needs somewhere to stay
anywhere Is he going anywhere today? / He isn't going anywhere today?
each (cada, cada uno) Make each of these negative / Use each in a sentence / Complete each space with ../B and J Know each other
enough (bastante, suficiente) I couldn't cook enough / This soup isn't hot enough / The roast beef isn't cooked enough
-después del adjetivo-
quite (totalmente, bastante, Yes, quite correct. I quite see the difference now / Our family is quite a big one, there are six of us / I will go if
muy , verdaderamente, you are quite sure you don't want the tickets? / She is quite the best dancer I know / We are quite different, and
realmente) what suits you doesn't suit me /On page 2 light has quite a different meaning / It was quite enough / I can quite
believe that the soup that Pedro had at the hotel hadn't much taste
very It is a very warm day, the sun is shining brightly / This pleases Tom very much
a number of (varios,muchos) On the floor near the desk there are a number of books
a lot of (mucho)- afirmativas- I had to do a lot of work on it /There is a lot of work/ He talks a lot about his work / He doesn't talk much, but
he thinks a lot / He knows lots of funny stories / A lot of new clients / I don't like a lot of people all together / It
was a good wedding with lots to eat / He wanted to say a lot / I have read quite a lot (muchos)
much (mucho)-negat. e interr.-, Does Mary do much work? / I can read English a little, but not very much / we enjoyed that holiday very
~ of (gran cosa) much / Tom isn't much of talker (he's different from me) / It is a subject (tema) that interests me very much
so (tan) / ~ much (tanto) / ~ Please don't make so much noise / Helen is so pleased to get her cat again / There is so much choice (hay tanto
good / ~ far ( hasta ahora) para elegir) / What is so good about him? / I have had sixty lessons so far; there are thirty more to come
too many(pl.)too much (s.) Too much strong drink (=alcoholic drink) is unhealthy / ..too much competition from the big operators /There
(demasiado) are too many people, too many cars and too much noise / I have too much work to do
many /not many He hasn't many students / Not many students, about six / You have read a good many modern English books??
every There is strength under his quietness, and every student in his class knows this
everything They could always eat everything on the table / Everything in his house is beautiful / I do everything well
everywhere He goes everywhere by aeroplane
Everybody/Everyone (Todo el mundo) Good morning everyone / everybody is here now / Everyone has heard of Graham Greene
more More books are on his desk / When will Mr P tell you more about the house? / Four more irregular
verbs .../ ...yes, and what is more, (es más) he has read them all
further (adicional, además) Here are some further examples of the second form
better (mayor, más) I like the French styles better / The better part (la mayor parte)
else (otro, más, si no, de otro The people in those places all go to bed at nine o'clock because there is nothing else to do / You must be a very
modo) bud learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher
...as well as.../ as good as Can you use those words to describe girls or women, as well as men?
(como si fuera, practicamente)
except They go there every day except Saturday / I know these places with miles of sand and no one on it except me
but (excepto) They think of (acordarse de) nothing but football and climbing and eating
not only ... but also He is not only very clever, but also very hard worker
also (también) We can also use "too little", "too few"/ There are Wells and Gals, and also Arnold
too (también) -al final- He speaks French, too
too (demasiado) Mr. P works very late, too late, I think / it is too hot to play football / A man is never too old to learn
even She can cook at all, she can't even boil (cocer) an egg / He is even better known as a poet
at least (por lo menos) At least in his youth (juventud)
nearly (casi) Nearly all girls are good-looking, some are pretty, a few, but very few are beautiful
all (todo) I couldn't do all that work and learn English / We all work very hard / The doors are all closed /There are six of
(above all= sobre todo) them in all, four men and two girls / They are all friends /They're all fine / I think that's all / So all of us are .../
T., B. and R. have all written good plays / Have you all done your homework? / Have you found them all?
whole (todo, entero) Now tell the whole story / Now listen to (the whole/=all the) call (llamada telef.) and check (comprueba) your
answers
full (lleno, completo) It was nearly a full day's work to cook their food
half I feel half dead in these quiet places.
as .. as / not ~ I can speak a little; not as much as (tanto como) my friend / Not as lucky as Mr A /He is looking as unhappy as
she is
almost It is almost eleven o'clock by the study clock / I go out to dinner or a dance or a theatre almost every evening
with / without I is a story without words / I have Susan and Lizzie to help me with the work
one of them One of them is generally a person
both (ambos -los dos-) He is strong both in body and character /They are both prettier than I am / They both have long hair
either I'm luckier than either of you (cualquiera de los dos, el uno o el otro -esta es una conversación entre tres-)
from (desde) You must pay, in England, from twenty to fifty pounds / That is a good piece of cloth. Make a suit from it for
me

EXPRESIONES DE LUGAR
to The boys swim to the big rock every day
back (de vuelta) Tomorrow, and they are flying back on Tuesday (toman un avión de regreso) / Here is back home
from (de, desde) The stars are a long way from the earth / what is five from twelve? 7, sir. / Are these the friends from Canada? / If
you can't understand the story from the pictures (dibujos).../ Wine is a drink made from grapes / I sometimes get
books from the Public Library / The past participle is different from the Past Tense/ I am an engineer from the EUP
by You can see him sitting in his study, in a big armchair by the fire
on /under the apple is on the plate / I don't like too much butter on my bread / On e of the boys has a big ball under one arm and
a towel under the other / The cat is under the umbrella / The mouse is under the table
Above (arriba), below The root system is below the ground, and the shoot system above
(debajo)
over (sobre) The birds are flying over the sea / I often see aeroplanes flying over my house
behind (detrás de) They can play tennis behind the hotel
between (entre)
in front of (detrás de)
in (en, dentro de) There is too much smoke in here
into (adentro) We will find the students into Mr P's study / Put the verb into these sentences in the past tense
outside/inside people are sitting outside under the canvas
out Where can you eat out in your country?
outdoor/indoor indoor swimming pool (piscina cubierta)
up / down He sees Helen's cat high up in the tree / He climbs up the tree and carries the cat down safely / The cat went up the
tree
round (alrededor...). Tb. There are books on the shelves all round the walls of his study / the earth moves round the sun / I'm looking round /
es adj.: the clock has a She puts her arms round Tom's neck and kissed him / The dog ran all round the field / There are flowers round the
round face door
through I see the trees of Hyde Park when I go to the window and look through it / I have never driven through such rain /
before
across They flew across the Atlantic in an aeroplane
top / bottom I saw the cat near the top of the tree / Cottage is minced meat cooked with mashed potato on top
middle His desk is in the middle of the room
among (entre -varios-) My home is a quit place in Spain among the mountains
beginning (comienzo) .... at the beginning of the sentence / We go to the beginning again
ending (final) ...to show the pronunciation of the ending
after We often use the singular form after numbers / ...After that ...
here/there Take the book there, to the door, please / Mr. K, come here
near-close/far The sun is not near the earth. It is far away / I am here near the door and you are there near the window / Our table is
too close (cerca, =near) to the kitchen
in the distance (a lo lejos) What is in the distance?
nowhere (en ninguna
parte)
next The next one to come in is Frieda / In this book and the next three .../You see, it's Uncle Albert's birthday next week
where (donde) I saw a notice yesterday in a shop near the place where I live

ANEXO 6
(DIFERENCIA ENTRE ...)

Which (¿Qué..?) Si seleccionamos de una lista

What (¿Qué...?)
(ver
INTERROGACION)
Right What are two and two? Four, sir That's right (es correcto)
Wrong What is seven from twelve? Six No that is wrong
Another Another = an other Mr. F is one student .Mr. G is another / Do you have other
other sisters or brothers? -Yes I have another sister
others Delante de un nombre es invariable para el The other book /The other books / They are very like
plural y el singular (parecidos) each other / When you are at the end of that line,
two others, Jim and Olaf, begin at line one
Como pronombre, other es singular y others … and there are eleven others / Tell me about the others in
plural. your family / Here is one pound, and here are two others (two
other pounds)
both Cuando nos referimos sólo a dos personas Mr. H and his brother are Greek, they both speak Greek
all para 3 o más personas They all speak English. / They all like her
big Se refiere al cuerpo
great Se refiere al espíritu
thin y thick A thin (delgado)man, cow... / A thick (grueso) book
tall para personas
long para cosas
not good Sig. que algo se hace mal o es malo She is not good at cooking / This work is not good
no good Sig. que es inútil o se hace muy mal She is no good cooking / This work is no good
life /laif/ (vida) I will tell you the story of my life
lives /laivz/ plural de life They are going to talk about their lives
live /liv/ (vivir) ??plural se pron. /livs/ I live in London
alive /alaiv/ (vivo) These rabbits are alive, those are dead /People feel glad to be
alive
certain Are you certain that you understand the work?
certainly I am uncertain about one or two things
uncertain Hob is certainly not handsome or polite
polite/ly/ness He is not polite. He doesn't speak politely. He hardly knows the
impolite meaning of politeness. He is very impolite
funny He will tell you funny stories
fun She loves fun (la diversión) and gaiety (la alegría)
either (cualquiera) Si nos referimos a dos personas I am luckier than either of you (ej. más que Pedro y Juan)
any (cualquiera) Si nos referimos a más de dos personas I am luckier than any of you (ej. más que Pedro o Juan o José)
look (parece) Cuando vemos algo interesante etc. That cake looks delicious / Your book looks exciting
sound Cuando oímos algo interesante etc. It sounds funny / That film sounds interesting /sounds nice
seem (parecer) This seems quite easy / It seems to be in all countries except
UK
close (cerrar)
close (cerca) equivale a near Our table is too close to the kitchen
last (último) Adjetivo Hob is the last student to arrive, and the first to leave
last (durar) verbo Hob's suits last 6 years (=stay good for 6 years)
light (claro) opuesto a dark Frieda's hair is light brown; Jan's is dark brown
light (ligero) Opuesto a heavy
ought to a) Usamos ought para expresar lo que creemos a) She ought to go to fewer dances / You ought to be like my
must que es bueno para nosotros o para otra persona. Uncle Ben
b) A veces lo usamos para decir que estamos b) His train arrives at 7:15 so he ought to be here at 8 / You
expectantes ante un suceso. both like dancing, so you ought to have a very good evening
El negativo y la interrogación se hacen así: neg.:You oughtn't to smoke so much, it isn't healthy
int.:Ought I to answer his letter?
 a) Must es más fuerte que ought. a) A woman must have new clothes / I must finish this
b) La negación (must not, mustn't /masnt/) homework before the lesson / I must get a lot of new dresses
impide o prohibe (forbid/prohibit). b) Students must not smoke in the classroom / You mustn't
c) También tiene otro significado, por Ej. si make that mistake again /Int: Must he do all the work today? /
parece la única explicación. Must you go soon? It's only nine o'clock
c) Do the eggs cost 1$ each?. Eggs must be very scarce here /
Did he learn to speak English well in only one month? He must
be very good at languages / Is Hob asleep (dormido) already?
He must be tired.

ANEXO 7 (completar page 55 Ess. Eng.

(PAISES)

COUNTRY (*) THEY ARE... THEY SPEAK... Mr.P. is English, he is an Englishman. His language is...
England English English What country are you from? I am from Italy
Germany German German I come from France, I speak French, my language is French
Norway Norwegian Norwegian
Poland Pole Polish
Italy Italian
México Spanish
Denmark Dane Danish
Holland Dutchman Dutch
France French French
Finland Finnish Finnish
Greece Greece Greek

(*) Country Tb. significa campo (The house is in the country, it is not in the town)

ANEXO 8
(PALABRAS OPUESTAS-The opposite- Y FRASES SIMILARES)

right left sit stand

right wrong near far
good bad on under
well bad/badly here there
little very much someone(alguien) Nobody (nadie)
inside outside correct incorrect
big small short tall
open closed short long
black white strong weak
dark light old new
hot cold old young
warm cool thin (per.) fat
here there
come go
country town

... is the same as ...

She has been married for two years = She got married two years ago
It's eleven o'clock and I've been here since nine = It's eleven o'clock and I arrived here two hours ago
We bought the house five years ago = We have owned (poseemos) the house for five years
She became Sales Director in 1993 = She has been Sales Director since 1993
I got my car in 1994 = I have had my car for 8 years
Is there anything else you need to know? = Do you have any more questions?
I'll be in touch (contacto) very soon = I will contact you soon
It was a real pleasure meeting you (...gran placer de conocerte) = I enjoyed talking to you
Have a safe journey back (ten un viaje de vuelta seguro -que no te pase nada-) = I hope you don't have any problems travelling home