Supuestos Del Modelo
Supuestos Del Modelo
Facultad de Ingenierías
Y = β0 + β1X + ε
Supuestos:
• Correcta especificación del modelo E(ε) = 0
E(Yj ) = β0 + β1 X
• Homogeneidad de varianza en los errores V ar(εj ) = σ 2
V ar(Yj ) = σ 2 ; j = 1, 2, ..., n
• No correlación de los errores
Cov(εi , εj ) = 0 ∀i 6= j
• Distribución normal de los errores
ε ∼ N ormal(0, σ 2 )
Introducción
E(εj ) 6= 0 E(Y ) 6= β0 + β1 X
Razones:
1 Planteamiento equivocado de la relación entre Y y X (tratar
un modelo no lineal como si fuera lineal)
2 Omisión de variables relevantes
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2
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20
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Residuales
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y
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x
y^
Correcta especificación del modelo
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8
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Residuales
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y
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0
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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y^
Homogeneidad de varianza en los errores
Homocedasticidad se refiere al supuesto de que la variable
dependiente (Y ) presenta una distribución con igual varianza en todo
el rango de valores de la variable independiente (X).
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Residuales
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y
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0 2 4 6 8 10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
x
y^
Homogeneidad de varianza en los errores
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50
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40
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Residuales
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y
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0
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30
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10 20 30 40 50
x
y^
No correlación de los errores
Cov(εi , εj ) 6= 0
Si no se cumple este supuesto los estimadores dejan de ser óptimos y
las pruebas estadísticas (ANOVA, pruebas t) e intervalos de confianza
pierden validez (altera el nivel de confianza).
3
2
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Residuales
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Tiempo Tiempo
Normalidad de los errores
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2
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1
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Sample Quantiles
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densidad
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0.0
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−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2
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Sample Quantiles
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0.20
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densidad
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0.10
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−4
−4 −2 0 2 4 6 −2 −1 0 1 2
Homocedasticidad:
Prueba de Goldfeld-Quant, prueba de White.