John Dee - Todo
John Dee - Todo
Este increíble inglés, nacido en Londres en 1527 y fallecido en 1608 fue famoso por sus extraordinarios conocimientos de las matemáticas, además de ser un
destacado científico; pero por sobre todo es conocido por perfiles ocultistas que practicó y desarrolló.
John Dee fue quien concibió la idea del meridiano básico, el meridiano de Greenwich. También introdujo por primera vez dos globos terráqueos Mercator, que
trajo desde Lovaina (provincia de Brabante, en Bélgica), junto con instrumentos de navegación marítima que permitieron a las Islas Británicas ostentar el titulo
de “soberanas del mar”.
Cursó estudios en la Universidad de Cambridge y gracias a su inteligencia llegó a ocupar posiciones destacadas, pero también por su inteligencia fue expulsado
de este lugar de estudios.
John Dee era capaz de fabricar desde robots mecánicos hasta extrañas computadoras, era un cerebro excepcional para su época. Un ejemplo de esto es el hecho
ocurrido en ocasión de realizarse una representación de teatro shakesperiano en la Universidad y a Dee se le ocurrió una broma demasiado pesada: Fabricó un
enorme escarabajo mecánico que provocó el pánico de los asistentes y la suspensión de la obra.
Este hecho llevó a la expulsión del estudiante bajo el veredicto de “brujería”.
En cuanto al ocultismo, siempre sindicó una fecha como muy especial en su vida, era el día 25 de mayo de 1581; ya que ese día consiguió (después de varias
tentativas en el campo de la física y la química) crear el “espejo mágico” que era un espejo de color negro, construido con antracita.
Ese espejo se encuentra intacto en el British Museum, pero la fórmula para mirar en él y descubrir los mundos dimensionales, como hacía su creador, se la llevó
John Dee a la tumba.
Después de muchos años de buscar, John Dee encontró por fin la piedra filosofal, capaz de convertir en oro la materia inanimada.
Por esos mismos días, un discípulo suyo descubrió que con unas varas en forma de Y griega podía hallar el agua que en silencio corría por abajo de la tierra.
Lleno de gozo, el alumno comunicó a su maestro aquel descubrimiento. Y le dijo John Dee:
-Has de saber que acabo de encontrar la piedra filosofal. Tu hallazgo, sin embargo, es un millón de veces superior al mío.
-¿Por qué, maestro? -preguntó el discípulo con admiración.
Y contestó John Dee:
-Porque yo encontré el oro, pero tú encontraste la vida.
A los 50 años de su edad John Dee presentó en Oxford una "lectio" sobre la frase evangélica "El Hijo del Hombre no vino a ser servido, sino a servir".
En su disertación expuso estas ideas: "...Sólo al hombre otorgó Dios el don de la libertad. Así, cada hombre debe orientar su libertad al bien de todas las
criaturas -animadas e inanimadas-, pues de todas es cuidador a causa de su libertad con vocación de bien. El hombre no es rey de la Creación, sino siervo de
todo lo creado: colabora con Dios para llevar las cosas y los seres hacia su perfección. Toda sabiduría, entonces, ha de ser instrumento para el bien; todo
conocimiento, entonces, ha de ser conocimiento para el amor...".
John Dee fue coetáneo y amigo -por carta, al menos- de Erasmo. En las palabras del humanista inglés pueden oírse ecos de las enseñanzas del gran hombre de
Rotterdam.
John Dee era dueño de la más grande biblioteca en Inglaterra. El mismo Erasmo de Rotterdam se la envidiaba. Nada faltaba en esa preciada colección: estaban
ahí los grandes nombres del clasicismo helénico, de la antigüedad latina, de las viejas culturas orientales, sobre todo la arábiga y la judía.
¿Cuántos libros tenía John Dee en su biblioteca? El mismo lo ignoraba. Diez mil, posiblemente, o más. John Dee los había leído todos. Capítulos enteros de
esos libros sabía de memoria.
Un día el filósofo conoció a una muchacha de la aldea. Se prendó de ella, la cortejó, y finalmente consiguió que la chiquilla fuera a vivir con él. Después de
algunos meses decía John Dee a sus amigos:
-En este tiempo he aprendido que nada importante aprendí en los libros. Lo que ahora sé, y que verdaderamente importa, me lo ha enseñado ella.
John Dee escribió un tratado al que llamó “De vita rerum”, algo así como “acerca de la vida de las cosas”.
En su obra –que Erasmo conoció, pues la menciona en sus “Collloquia familiaria”- Dee sugiere que hay en las cosas inanimadas cierta alma, un espíritu
elemental que les da esencia. “Una piedra –dice- es un hombre que todavía no es”.
A pesar de la deliberada oscuridad que hay en el libro del inglés una idea surge del texto, llena de sugerencias: las cosas que llamamos inertes tienen vida. La
vida no es “un todo”, escribe Dee; la vida es todo. Dicho de otra manera: todo es vida. En eso que llamamos “todo”, concluye el escritor, está la idea de Dios.
No enunció Dee su tesis por completo. Erasmo, sin embargo, la hizo suya, y en la cátedra pronunció esta frase que asombró a sus discípulos: “Dios es la vida, y
la vida es Dios”. A causa de esa frase el de Rótterdam fue censurado por el Papa Paulo.
El año de 1543 John Dee se inscribió como alumno en la Universidad de Cambridge. Cuando su tutor le pidió el horario de sus actividades él se lo entregó así:
"Para dormir: 6 horas. Para los alimentos y el descanso: 2 horas. Para el estudio: 16 horas".
Leyó el tutor aquel papel y preguntó, severo:
-¿Y para asistir a los oficios divinos?
-Señor -le respondió el muchacho-, el estudio es un oficio divino.
El asunto llegó a conocimiento del rector, y éste llamó a John Dee.
-¿A qué viniste aquí? -le preguntó.
-Para aprender.
-¿Y para qué quieres aprender?
-Para hacer bien a los demás.
Entonces el rector, que era hombre sabio, le aprobó su horario. "Vete a estudiar -le dijo-. Yo asistiré a los oficios.
John Dee (1527-1608) Mago y asesor de la Reina Isabel de Inglaterra recibe fuerte influencia de Cornelio Agripa y crea una línea personal que se extingue con
su muerte. Sus escritos son rescatados de la desaparición total varios siglos después por el anticuario Inglés Elías Ashmole (1617-1692), miembro de la
Fraternidad Rosacruz (Oxford).
La biblioteca de la Universidad de Yale, especializada en libros y manuscritos raros, no pasa un día sin que alguien pregunte por el manuscrito de Voynich.
Lo que hace tan interensante el manuscrito Voynich es que nadie ha podido leerlo completo, el texto esta escrito en una clave que no ha logrado descifrar
ningún criptógrafo ni lingüista del mundo.
El manuscrito mide 14 X 21.5 cm y sus 200 páginas de pergamino están escritas con una caligrafía extraordinariamente fluida si se considera que su autor usó
un alfabeto completamente desconocido. Las ilustraciones son igualmente extrañas y paracen representar plantas, mujeres y configuraciones astronómicas.
Como no resulta fácil interpretar el texto y las figuras, el libro ha sido calificado como el manuscrito más enigmático del mundo.
En 1912, Wilfrid M. Voynich, un neoyorquino comerciante de libros, anunció que había descubierto ese curioso volumen en la biblioteca del colegio
Mondragone, una fundación jesuita en Frascati, Italia.
No hubo en realidad ningún progreso durante casi 60 años, hasta que Robert S. Brumbaugh, de la Universidad de Yale, abordó el problema en la década de
1970. El profesor Brumbaugh advirtió que algunos de los símbolos del manuscrito de Voynich le recordaban un diagrama que había visto en otro documento.
Un examen cuidadoso de algunos márgenes del manuscrito de Voynich reveló calculos grabateados que sugerían que podría haberse usado un número similar
en clave. En un margen, Brumbaugh descubrió un diagrama con 26 símbolos, que es el número de letras del alfabeto inglés (Brumbaugh escribió esta guía).
A pesar de lo anterior, el misterio del manuscrito de Voynich sigue sin resolverse. Brumbaugh sugiere que pueden ser las expresiones incoherentes de un
alquimista, de alguien que buscaba convertir los metales básicos en oro por medio de una sustancia o elixir secreto.
El documento "VOYNICH"
John Dee dedicó gran parte de su vida, a recorrer el mundo y coleccionar extraños escritos, que por lo general, eran de papiro muy antiguo. Nunca se supo de
dónde los sacaba o quién se los conseguía. Durante el reinado de Enrique VIII, el Duque de Northcumberland, se dedica a quitar de circulación todo escrito
cuyo contenido fuese poco claro o encarase el tema de la brujería. Para ello, requisó todos los monasterios del reino, que eran los lugares por excelencia donde
se guardaban por siglos, semejantes obras. El Duque era amigo de Mr Dee. En una oportunidad, realizando requisas encontró, en una pequeña abadía del
condado de Essex, un manuscrito cuyas páginas semejaban papiro. Estaba escrito en forma cifrada y había sido copiado del original (según rezaba el prólogo)
por Róger Bacon, quien fue considerado el gran mago de su siglo. El prólogo decía lo siguiente: "Ésta es copia fiel del original que se encuentra guardado bajo
las montañas que corren sobre la costa oeste de un lejano lugar, situado en el extremo sur del planeta". Teniendo en cuenta que el «copista» del manuscrito, el
señor Róger Bacon, había nacido en el año 1214 y dejado de existir en 1294, queda bien claro que aún no se había descubierto América y sin embargo, de
acuerdo con la mención del prólogo, ese «lejano lugar» que tiene una cadena montañosa que corre sobre su límite oeste (la cordillera de los Andes), sería un
país del extremo sur de América.
Como se dijo anteriormente, el Duque de Northcumberland y John Dee, eran amigos. Cuando el primero encontró en Essex el manuscrito de Róger Bacon,
luego de leer su prólogo y ver que las páginas interiores estaban escritas de forma cifrada, recordó que Mr. Dee era afecto a coleccionar papeles extraños, y se
lo regaló. John Dee trató de descifrarlo. No pudo, sólo logró determinar que la primera parte del escrito, decía que ese libro contenía «los secretos de los
mundos olvidados y subyacentes». En 1586, John Dee regala al Emperador Rodolfo II, el famoso libro papiro. A partir de 1666, el misterioso documento pasa
de mano en mano y recorre el mundo gratuitamente. Nadie logra descifrarlo, hasta que en 1962, llega a Estados Unidos. Se encuentra a la venta, aún hoy en
nuestros días. Su valor, sobrepasa el millón de dólares. El señor Kraus, alemán radicado en Nueva York, es quien lo tiene en espera de un posible comprador. La
historia del manuscrito, denominado en la actualidad como «Documento de Voynich», es la siguiente: "Luego de la muerte de John Dee en 1608, nadie se ocupa
del «Documento de Voynich» hasta el año 1666, en que el doctor Marcus Marci, rector de la Universidad de Praga, envía el escrito al jesuita Kircher, experto en
criptografía y codificación, para su interpretación. Fue inútil, no logró desentrañar el misterio".
Se pierden los rastros del documento hasta 1914, en que se vuelve a encontrar en el pueblo de Frascatti (Italia); era propiedad de unos jesuitas que allí tenían su
convento, lugar donde se guardaba el documento. El famoso e indescifrable escrito, va a tomar el nombre que actualmente lleva: «Voynich», a causa de que el
editorialista W. Voynich es quien compra a los jesuitas el extraño documento en ese año de 1914. Se lo lleva a los Estados Unidos.
En 1916, un caballero de los tantos que habían sido consultados con la finalidad de descifrar el documento, el señor Adolph Cyrus Roidingercht, dice poder
hacerlo, pues uno de sus antepasados, fue amigo de Róger Bacon, quien regaló a su pariente una guía de traducción de un código secreto que utilizaban los
habitantes protohistóricos del extremo sur del planeta y que actualmente, obraba en su poder por derecho de legado. Al poner el señor Roidingercht manos a la
obra, descubre que el libro hablaba de una civilización desaparecida, cuyos integrantes, eran seres de no más de un metro de altura y que dominaban la fuerza
de gravedad, que poseían máquinas que les permitía horadar la roca, construyendo grandes ciudades subterráneas y que se intercomunicaban con el resto del
planeta por debajo de la Tierra. Inclusive, nombra una máquina llamada «Nilotrona» (¿alguna relación entre el río Nilo, los egipcios y sus avanzados
conocimientos en psicotrónica?) Asimismo, muestra un mapa celeste de un sector desconocido del firmamento, donde aparentemente, figuran dos lunas y dos
soles.
Cada página del documento, está pintada de un color diferente, todos ellos muy vivos y brillantes, semejantes a los del aura humana. Sobre una de esas páginas,
hay una especie de diccionario de botánica con plantas dibujadas que son muy singulares, algunas de ellas, parecen tener ojos, son especies desconocidas para
nuestro planeta. Hasta aquí, lo que pudo descifrar Roidingercht del «Documento Voynich», pues el 22 de Enero de 1917, desapareció misteriosamente, sin dejar
rastros. Daba la impresión, que se vio obligado a huir precipitadamente, pues, su pipa estaba aún húmeda sobre el cenicero. Sin embargo, el indescifrable libro
había quedado abierto en una de las partes donde figuraban los planos de una extraña máquina semejante a la de las turbinas de los modernos «jets», a un
costado de la hoja, un modelo a escala de lo que sería en la actualidad, el súper moderno avión Concorde...
Posteriormente, en 1919, el decano de la Universidad de Pennsylvania, William Newbold, se aboca a la tarea de Seguir descifrando el «Voynich». En 1921, ante
una conferencia de prensa, dice haber descifrado cosas interesantísimas en el documento y se dispone a dar una serie de charlas sobre el particular. Pero
extrañamente, no puede llevar a cabo esta tarea. Se contradice y cada vez, es más difícil llegar a él. Newbold comienza a recibir amenazas, algunas de ellas,
escalofriantes. Fallece en 1926 y al igual que Bacon, se lleva el secreto a la tumba. Sin embargo, aún hasta nuestros días, es ardua la tarea de estos
«conspiradores contra el conocimiento oculto». Somos muchos los que poseemos fotografías de las páginas del extraño documento.
Es preciso que el mundo conozca el verdadero contenido del «Voynich». Dice así: "Posee el ser humano, una energía muy especial que se gesta en la parte
superior del cerebro y su medida, es la del «voluciclo». Esta es la tercera organización cerebral independiente, cuya sede se encuentra en la columna vertebral.
Cada zona intervértebra, tiene relación particular con el conocimiento asequible al ser humano y actúa a modo de archivo o depósito. Las zonas intervértebras,
están relacionadas íntimamente, con el «conjunto sonomedular» que tiene, al igual que el volucio, su centro de actividad en la parte superior de la cabeza". Éste
es un llamado de atención al mundo. Al mundo porque el «Documento Voynich», habla de una «tercera organización cerebral», que es aquella mediante la cual,
civilizaciones desaparecidas lograron sus impresionantes conocimientos, dado que sabían poner en funcionamiento ese «sono medular» cuya utilización,
significa descubrir nuestra identidad divina. Cantidad de copias del «Documento Voynich», circulan alrededor del planeta. Sí, seguimos descifrando el famoso y
no menos temible «Documento»
En la segunda mitad del siglo 16 visitó la corte de Rodolfo II en Praga el alquimista, mago y astrólogo inglés, John Dee. Las tesis que defendía representaban
una transición entre la alquimia medieval y la incipiente química. Sus intentos de comunicarse con ángeles le acarrearon burlas y persecuciones, pero su aporte
a las matemáticas, óptica, astronomía y náutica asentó los cimientos en los que se erigiría posteriormente la fama de sus sucesores, como Isac Newton.
El filósofo, matemático, coleccionista de libros, espiritista y alquimista John Dee fue reiteradamente acusado de herejía, brujería y espionaje. La biografía de
este personaje que vivió entre 1527 y 1608 recuerda una novela de aventuras. John Dee viajó por toda Europa y de sus viajes enviaba a la reina Isabel I reportes
que firmaba con la sigla 007... Siglos después sería la del agente James Bond.
En 1583 John Dee viajó con el alquimista inglés Edward Kelley a Europa Central. Pasaría la mayoría de su tiempo en Cracovia y en Praga. Las relaciones de
John Dee con el reino checo tenían una larga tradición. En 1563 John Dee publicó en Amberes su obra más engimática, titulada "La mónada jeroglífica", que
dedicó al padre de Rodolfo II, el emperador Maxmiliano II que era también rey checo y húngaro.
John Dee ofreció un libro suyo también al emperador Rodolfo II. Ello tuvo lugar durante la audiencia en el Castillo de Praga en 1584. El alquimista inglés llegó
a ser recibido por el desconfiado monarca gracias a una intervención del embajador de España. Algunas fuentes señalan que John Dee presentó a Rodolfo II un
impresionante juguete mecánico: un escarabajo volador, con el que ya había deslumbrado durante la coronación de la reina de Inglaterra, Isabel I.
John Dee irritó a Rodolfo II con sus pronósticos sobre el ocaso de su gobierno y el emperador le prohibió en junio de 1586 la estancia en todo el reino checo. El
grande checo Guillermo de Rozmberk no acató la orden del emperador y ofreció a John Dee asilo en su sede en la ciudad de Trebon, en Bohemia del Sur. El
alquimista realizaba en el palacio de Trebon sesiones espiritistas y con su colega Edward Kelley intentaba obtener la piedra filosofal.
A principios de 1589 el mago donó a Guillermo de Rozmberk sus libros y su piedra pulida que le servía supuestamente para comunicarse con seres de esferas
superiores y a través de Alemania regresó a Inglaterra.
A John Dee dedicó una novela el escritor de habla alemana Gustav Meyrink que residió largos años en Praga. La novela, titulada "El ángel de la ventana
occidental", parte de un episodio, registrado en el diario del alquimista. El 21 de noviembre de 1582 John Dee anotó en su diario que en la ventana occidental
de su gabinete de trabajo se le apareció el ángel Uriel en forma de un niño y le donó una piedra pulida de color negro. Según el alquimista, era la piedra de la
profecía que hacía posible la comunicación con seres superiores.
Mientras que el agente 007 John Dee abandonó las tierras checas tras cumplir su misión de espionaje para la reina Isabel I, su colega alquimista Edward Kelley
quedaría en el reino checo hasta su muerte.
Edward Kelley se desempeñara en su Worcester natal como escribano. Tras haber falsificado un documento oficial, el verdugo le cortó las orejas. Kelley huyó y
su vida cambió radicalmente tras encontrarse con John Dee. Juntos viajaron a Polonia y Bohemia dándoselas durante el viaje de magos y nigromantes.
Kelley pasó algún tiempo en la residencia de los nobles Rozmberk, en la ciudad de Trebon, y en julio de 1589 se mudó a Praga para ponerse al servicio de
Rodolfo II. Para ser admitido entre los alquimistas de la corte de Rodolfo II tuvo que someterse a un examen ante el astrónomo, botánico, alquimista y médico
del emperador, Tomás Hájek de Hájek.
La actuación de Edward Kelley durante el examen fue impresionante. Según el testigo presencial, el médico y alquimista francés, Nicolás Barnaud, el
alquimista inglés vertió una gota de un aceite color carmesí a medio kilo de mercurio y lo transmutó en oro.
En febrero de 1590 Rodolfo II otorgó a Edward Kelley un título nobiliárquico, pero poco tiempo después lo arrojó a las mazmorras del castillo de Krivoklát.
Una versión reza que fue para que confesara las estafas cometidas o revelase al emperador el secreto de la preparación de un precioso elixir. Y según otra
versión, Kelley fue encarcelado por haber matado en un duelo a un sirviente del emperador.
Al intentar huir, el aventurero Kelley se fracturó una pierna y el médico tuvo que amputársela. El emperador lo indultó, pero el inglés, una vez en libertad,
contrajo muchas deudas que lo llevarían a la cárcel en la ciudad de Most, en Bohemia del Norte. Su intento de fuga fracasó y el alquimista decepcionado,
agotado y enfermo, se envenenó.
En Praga se han conservado dos casas relacionadas con las estancias de Edward Kelley: la llamada casa de Fausto que el alquimista adquirió en 1590, y la
denominada casa del Asno en la Cuna. En la esquina de esta última casa se alza una torre de la que se disfruta un hermoso panorama del Barrio Pequeño y de la
Ciudad Vieja de Praga. Y precisamente en la torre tenía Kelley su secreto taller alquimista
Reseña: La Mónada Jeroglífica de John Dee es el texto más famoso del célebre mago inglés, y una de las obras más importantes de la corriente mágico-
hermética europea del siglo XVI.
Extraordinariamente dotado para el estudio de las matemáticas, Dee despuntó en su época como astrólogo llegando a ser nombrado primer astrólogo de Isabel I.
Dee propugnaba una síntesis entre los métodos de la Cábala hebrea y la Magia tradicional apoyándose en los sistemas matemáticos y la simbología alquímica.
La presente edición, única completa en castellano, ha sido realizada por Luis R. Munt, a partir de la edición original latina de 1564 (que se reproduce en
facsímil) y cotejada con la de 1591.
John Dee nació el 13 de julio de 1527 en Londres, en una familia modesta. Al término de brillantes estudios, obtiene en 1546 el título de Bachelor of Arts en el
Trinity College de Cambridge. Desde ese momento, se apasiona por las matemáticas, materia poco apreciada en esa época cuando se inicia en la alquimia y en
el hermetismo. De 1547 a 1551 viaja a Europa y permanece principalmente en la universidad de Loviana, una de las mejores del continente. En 1550, lo
encontramos en la universidad de parís enseñando la geometría de Euclides. De ahí en adelante su fama es considerable, traspasando las fronteras de Europa.
Mantiene vínculos con Inglaterra, a donde volvió en 1548, enseñando instrumentos de navegación jamás vistos hasta entonces.
...En 1570 escribe el prólogo de una traducción de los Elementos de Geometría, de Euclides, contribuyendo así de manera magistral a la promoción de las
matemáticas en los medios universitarios. En 1551, vuelve a establecerse definitivamente en Londres. Es entonces cuando Isabel lo pone bajo su protección.
Redacta para ella confusos horóscopos, crea cartas geográficas, trabaja en un nuevo calendario y contribuye a la elaboración de los planes de defensa naval de
Inglaterra: los conocimientos que consideramos actualmente "serios", no se distinguen en esa época de los demás. Por otra parte, continúa la fascinación de Dee
por el ocultismo y trabaja en la búsqueda de la piedra filosofal, cara a los alquimistas. En 1581, aunque aún no se comprueba su veracidad, recibe la visita de un
ángel que le entrega una bola de cristal pulido, en cuyo interior hay un ángel llamado Uriel, y un espejo mágico de antracita negra: actualmente podemos
apreciar la famosa bola de cristal en el British Museum, así como tablillas de cera sobre las cuales el astrólonomo había grabado jeroglíficos matemáticos que
utilizaba durante las ceremonias mágicas.
El 18 de abril de 1587, una primera disputa opone a ambos hombres, que, entre tanto, habían contraído matrimonio. Kelly pretende que un espíritu de la bola de
cristal le ordenó que Dee y él mismo compartieran a sus esposas. Dee no acepta y tampoco su esposa Jane. Se producen otras disputas y el cuarteto se separa.
Dee se instala entonces en Bremen mientras Kelly se va a Praga, donde, según él, continúa transformando el plomo en oro. Sus proezas le valen el efímero
título de mariscal de Bohemia; poco después cae en desgracia y es incluso encarcelado en dos oportunidades por orden de Rodolfo II de Bohemia. Durante su
segunda detención muere al intentar escapar de su calabozo. Mientras tanto, Dee ha vuelto a Londres, donde la reina renueva su confianza en él y le otorga una
pensión. Sin embargo, el retorno a su patria no es completamente feliz: al llegar a su casa en Mortlake, Dee descubre que ésta ha sido asaltada y que han
desaparecido 500 de los 4000 libros que había en su biblioteca, entre ellos unos manuscritos muy escasos. El final de su vida es muy difícil, especialmente
después de la muerte de Isabel y del conde de Laicester, otro de sus protectores. En 1603, Jacobo I, gran perdonavidas de brujos y magos, se niega a otorgarle
una pensión, y en 1605 debe abandonar su cargo del Colegio de Manchester. Muere en la pobreza en diciembre de 1608. Sin embargo, su fuerte personalidad,
dividida entre sabio y mago, marcó su tiempo. Aún más, en el siglo XX, el alemán Gustav Meyrink le dedica una novela: El Angel en la ventana de occidente
(1927).
En estos años aparecen muchos códigos cifrados, a partir de la Steganographia de Johannes Tritemius, obispo de Sponheim, alquimista y criptografista
destacado. A pesar sus varios trabajos para distintos ámbitos, militar, religioso o político, ninguno de ellos parece tener la más mínima relación con él
manuscrito Voynich.
En agosto de 1666, siguiendo la recomendación que hiciera el alquimista Georg Baresch, el rector de la universidad de Praga Johannes Marcus Marci lo envía
al jesuita Athanasius Kircher, especialista en continentes desaparecidos, jeroglíficos egipcios y criptografía en general. Este tampoco consiguió descifrarlo que
sepamos. Por fin, termina olvidado en alguna parte (¿la Biblioteca Vaticana?). Lo cierto es que reaparece en 1912 en Mondragone, cuando Voynich lo encuentra
en la librería privada de Petrus Beckx (22.º General de la Compañía de Jesús). A partir de ese momento viaja hasta Estados Unidos, donde se proporcionan
copias a diversos especialistas. En 1919 llega a conocimiento del decano de la universidad de Pensilvania William Romaine Newbold, especialista en
lingüística y códigos cifrados -felicitado por Franklin Roosevelt por su éxito en la interpretación de mensajes interceptados a espías-. Trabajó con él dos años y
creyó haber encontrado la clave, pero luego comunicó su pérdida. Curiosamente, a partir de 1921 da conferencias en las que afirma cosas como que Bacon
descubrió que la nebulosa de Andrómeda era una galaxia copia de la Vía Láctea, que conocía las leyes de la formación de embriones y la estructura celular
completa. También cita frases del monje como: "He visto, en un espejo cóncavo, una estrella que semeja un caracol. Está entre el centro de Pegaso, los pechos
de Andrómeda y la cabeza de Casiopea" -allí se descubriría la Gran Nebulosa-. Sin embargo, el resto de expertos cuestionan su interpretación. Su obsesión le
lleva a la demencia y muere loco en 1926. Sus trabajos son publicados por Roland Grubb Kent. La contestación a su interpetación estaría encabezada por
Manly, profesor escéptico. La polémica se salda con el desinterés general por el manuscrito. Tendremos que llegar a 1944 para que el especialista en
criptografía militar, William F. Friedman, decida analizarlo con un ordenador R.C.A. 301, que evidencia, no sólo su cifrado sino que se corresponde con una
lengua construida artificialmente. En 1961 el anticuario neoyorquino H. P. Kraus lo compra por 24.500 dólares (4.500.000 pesetas). Después lo valora en
160.000 (29 millones), pero no encuentra comprador. Por fin es donado y desde 1969, está depositado en la universidad de Yale, en la Librería de Libros
Extraños Beinecke, catalogado con el número MS 408.
El manuscrito
El texto y los dibujos están caligrafiados al modo medieval vulgar y quien lo escribió lo hacía de corrido -no con letras aisladas-, por lo tanto estaba bien
adiestrado. Se detecta un alfabeto de entre diecinueve y veintiocho letras, y no existe ningún código cifrado de la época que se le parezca lo más mínimo, tanto
en texto como ilustraciones. No tiene correcciones visibles. Sus colores son amarillo, rojo, azul, verde y pardo. Los dibujos representan plantas raramente
identificables, diagramas fantásticos quizá astronómicos con aparentes agrupaciones de estrellas y multitud de engimáticas y diminutas mujeres desnudas
sobrenadando en un líquido verde en bañeras a las que llegan cañerías extrañas. Hay también personas diminutas vestidas al modo europeo en una especie de
cubos de basura. En un parte los dibujos parecen remitirse a biología microscópica. Tiene abreviaturas latinas y numeración arábiga. Códigos o claves que se
repiten a lo largo del libro. En su última página hay una especie de clave que es la que llevó a Newmann a su primera y errónea interpretación. También hay
anotaciones en alemán y nombres de meses en la sección astronómica que seguramente se añadieron años después de su creación. Algunas notas en otra
escritura extraña también desconocida.
Analizado estadísticamente en ordenador el misterio se hace mucho mayor. Se distinguen dos tipos de "lenguajes" distintos, según Currier y D'Imperio, A y B.
Su entropía -medida cuantitativa del comportamiento azaroso de las agrupaciones de signos- es baja, menor que en la mayor parte de los lenguajes humanos.
Sólo algunos de Polinesia presentan valores inferiores. Esto significa que se utilizan muchos signos para un solo sonido y que esta regla es común para todo el
texto. Los dos tipos de lenguajes pueden corresponderse con diferentes materias, autores o uno solo durante un largo período de tiempo. Existen otras
ornamentales típicas de los alrededores del 1400 y el estilo de línea de las "ninfas" es de la época que va desde el 1480 al 1520. Adam McLean, experto en
alquimia sugiere la posibilidad de que se trate de un texto temprano de la disciplina. Según el profesor Sergio Toresella las hierbas fantásticas son a su vez
"alquímicas", y los textos se corresponden con diversos hechizos y encantamientos
Sus secciones son: herbal, donde aparecen dibujos de plantas fantásticas inidentificables; astronómica, signos zodiacales extraños, planetas y estrellas;
cosmológica, con círculos, estrellas y esferas celestiales; farmacéutica, vasos y partes de plantas; biológica, donde aparecen las famosas figuras femeninas
nadando en curiosas tuberías; un sección incatalogable donde aparen muchos párrafos cortos precedidos por una estrella.
Las modernas investigaciones
Voynich quiso desde el primer momento conocer la traducción de su manuscrito e hizo los primeros intentos proporcionando copias fotográficas al paleógrafo
H. Omont de la Biblioteca Nacional de París, a A. G. Little, la mayor autoridad en Bacon, George Fabyan de los Laboratorios Riverbank y al cardenal Gasquet,
conservador de los Archivos Vaticanos. Ninguno tuvo éxito.
Como ya hemos comentado en 1919 llega a las manos de William Romaine Newbold, profesor de filosofía en la Universidad de Pensilvania. Este presenta una
traducción en la que afirma que Bacon había inventado el telescopio y el microscópo. De ahí que muchos dibujos sean agrupaciones de cuerpos celestes y otras
células y citoplasmas. Nadie le cree, sobre todo porque su obsesión le iría mermando la razón. Muere loco en 1926. En 1931 John Manly escribe una carta
desautorizándo sus trabajos y evidenciando los errores cometidos. Además dice que la tradución es irreal e incomprensible. En 1931 Voynich toma contacto con
el profesor H. Hyvernat de la Universidad Católica de América, asistido por Theodore Petersen. Éste último trabajó en él hasta su muerte, elaborando una
sistemática completa. Theodor Holm, identificó 16 especies de plantas en el material de Petersen y el benedictino Hugh O'Neil, reconoce algunas plantas
propias de América. En 1943, Joseph Martin Feely, publica un libro donde expone una traducción en latín abreviado. Su solución no ha sido aceptada. En 1969,
William y Elizabeth Friedman desautorizan de nuevo a Newbold y comunican que sigue sin traducir pero han descubierto que está en un lenguaje sintético,
construido mediante la lógica. Pero no consiguen su traducción. También hay que citar a John Tiltman y D'Imperio, que organizó un simposium en 1972.
Robert S. Brumbaugh, profesor de filosofía medieval es el autor de la hipótesis de que sería una falsificación de Dee o Kelley para estafar a Rodolfo II, pero
encuentra una forma para traducir los nombres de las plantas y los signos zodiacales, encontrando el término ortiga junto a una planta que se le asemeja
vagamente. A partir de 1991, aparecieron otros entusiastas como Reeds y Guy, autor de un lenguaje: el Frogguy, apropiado para trabajar en su solución. En
1995, el experto en botánica medieval Sergio Toresella publica que está escrito con una caligrafía adaptada del Movimiento Humanista Italiano y lo data
alrededor de 1460. Estaría dirigido a la clientela de algún médico o curandero.
El proyecto EVMT
El día 5 de septiembre de 1996 se presenta en público el European Voynich Manuscript Transcription Project, conocido con las siglas EVMT, o sea el Proyecto
Europeo de Transcripción del Manuscrito Voynich. Su objetivo es conseguir una traducción completa del mismo de forma legible, basada en las investigaciones
de Petersen, proporcionadas por William & Elizebeth Friedman, George C. Marchall Library, Lexington, Virginia.
Del libro lo único que conocemos es su contenido, porque su continente está profusamente estudiado. Por ejemplo, en 1991 se comunica el intento de datación
con radiocarbono, utilizando 30 milígramos de pergamino, una cantidad que no le afecta demasiado. El dato obtenido podría corresponder al momento de la
muerte del animal del que se utilizó la piel. Sin embargo la variedad de fechas detectadas, unas del siglo XIII, otras de un período inconcreto entre 1660 y 1700,
y otras del propio 1912, hacen pensar que las distintas manipulaciones a que ha sido sometido son ya una alteración irreversible de su estructura. El método
pues no es válido.
Las tareas planteadas son: ¿Puede ser descrifrado? ¿En qué lenguaje está escrito? ¿A qué codificación responde? ¿Hay documentos similares? ¿Por qué está
escrito en forma de libro? ¿Quién es su autor y cuando lo realizó? En términos analíticos sabemos lo siguiente: A grandes rasgos el texto sigue las leyes 1.ª y 2.ª
de frecuencia de palabras. Su distribución responde a un modelo de menor comprensión que las lenguas europeas. La distribución de palabras es distinta del
latín. Se comprueba perfectamente la existencia de los lenguajes A y B.
Ha sido comparado con los siguientes lenguajes naturales: latín, latín abreviado, inglés, alemán, griego, sánscrito, hebreo, árabe y latín vulgar. Con los
lenguajes oscuros enoquiano y Balaibalan. Con otros códigos cifrados. Con lenguajes artificiales: la Lingua Ignota, de Hildegart von Bingen (1153), el
Arithmeticus nomenclator (anónimo jesuíta español de 1653), Wilkins (1641), Dalgarno's (1661), Beck's (1657) y el Lenguaje Sintético de Johnston (1641). No
presenta estructura aleatoria automática.
Dee, John
by James Dilworth
John Dee was born in London on July 13, 1527. His father was a vintner and a man of high repute in the court of Henry VIII, with some affluence, allowing
him to give his son a decent education. John Dee went to St. John¹s College in Cambridge at the age of 15 in 1542, where he studied math and astronomy,
receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree two years later. After receiving his first degree, he traveled to Holland meeting with many scholars. When he returned to
England, he brought with him the first astronomer¹s staff of brass along with two brass gloves constructed by Gerard Mercator, a famous cartographer of that
time. After his return he received a Master of the Arts degree but was soon forced to leave England after being accused of being a conjurer thanks to a machine
he built. During his first sojourn away from England, he first went to Louvain, France then spent some time in Paris, giving lectures on Euclid¹s Elements and
the basics of Geometry at the Sorbonne. Dee was offered a permanent post there, but he declined the post to return to England where he had been recommended
for the post of Rector of Severn-upon-Severn by Edward VI, the son of Henry VII.
While performing the duties of Rector, with the assurance of a home and steady income, Dee exclusively devoted himself to astrological studies. However,
upon the accession of Queen Mary, also known as Bloody Mary in 1553 he was accused of ³using enchantments against the queen¹s life² and imprisoned at
Hampton Court. Such accusations of witchcraft and sorcery plagued Dee all his life, despite his many scientific achievements. Dee said in his translation of
Euclid¹s Elements in English that he was regarded as ³a companion of the helhounds (sic), a caller and a conjurer of wicked and damned spirits². In 1555 Dee
was freed by an act of the Privy Council and he took his liberty. Dee¹s fortunes began to rise upon the accession of Elizabeth I, due to the fact that Lord Morely,
one of the queen¹s favorites, asked Dee to pick a ³propitious day² for her coronation. Elizabeth met Dee and was so impressed with him that she had him give
her lessons in astrology. Soon after, Dee again went to the Continent for several years, traveling throughout Europe. In 1571, Dee purchased a mansion at
Mortlake on the Thames river where he began a collection of curious books and manuscripts and objects, most of which were later destroyed by mobs that
thought Dee was familiar with the Devil and was confiscated by the Queen after 1583. The collection included 4000 rare books and 700 choice manuscripts,
many of which are to be found in the British Museum. He also became well known as an astronomer, as well as an astrologer with many people coming to
consult his advice. Dee practiced astrology for his living, but he studied the Talmud, Rosicrucian theories and practiced alchemy in hopes of finding the elixir of
life and the Philosopher's Stone¹.
In 1581 Dee began to experiment with crystalomancy or crystal gazing, a mode of divination using a globe, a clear pool of water (the method that Nostradamus
used to collect his quatrains) or any transparent object. According to his diary on May 25, 1581 Dee first saw spirits while crystal gazing, and during the
following year, he saw a vision of the angel Uriel, who gave him a convex piece of crystal that would allow communication with the spirit world. After using
the crystal many times, Dee discovered that he was only able to use the crystal by concentrating his entire mental faculties on the crystal. Concentration of this
kind can lead to powerful delusions, that can lead to insanity and it is generally thought that Dee didn¹t see anything, only deluding himself. Dee found he was
able to use it for such communications, but he could not write down what he would see during his visions. It became necessary for Dee to have an assistant
write down what he saw and heard, and Dee found him in Edward Kelly.
Edward Kelly was born in 1555 in the county of Lancashire. Nothing is known about his early life, but after being convicted of counterfeiting, he was
sentenced to the pillory at Lancaster where he lost his ears. Then he moved to Worcester, becoming an apothecary and an alchemist, gaining a reputation for
being a sensualist. While Dee sought knowledge for knowledge¹s sake, Kelly only was interested how it could make him rich. Kelly was famous for claiming to
have discovered the Philosopher¹s stone, and a deep knowledge of necromancy. He was also well known as a con man, having duped many people. Upon
meeting Dee, Kelly looked into the convex crystal and nearly every time he did so, he seemed to have wondrous visions. Although Dee was very intelligent and
learned, he was also too trusting. Kelly not only saw visions of angels, but also of devils whose task was to destroy the two men. Dee was so convinced of the
truth of these visions that he transcribed them verbatim and they can be found in the book: ³A True and Faithful Relation of what passed between Dr. Dee and
some Spirits². Now, Dee claimed to have finally found the elixir vitæ in the ruins of Glastonberry Abbey, and with the elixir and the spirits, Dee¹s fame spread
throughout Europe attracting many curious visitors, including Albert Laski, a Polish nobleman. Laski invited the two men, along with their wives and children
to return with him to Poland, so they all went.
For several years after 1583 Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelly lived in Trebona in Poland, the home town of Albert Laski, who sponsored their alchemical
researches. In about a year, Laski¹s fortune was spent, and the men began to travel about Poland and Bohemia, from city to city finding new people to dupe.
These travels went on until 1587, when in Prague Dr. Dee¹s health began to fail and when Kelly and Dee had a falling out because of Kelly's new explorations
of a book called The Necronomicon, that frightened both Dee and his family. Dee is said to have found a copy of the Necronomicon, given to him by the
alchemist Jacob Eliezer known as the "Black Rabbi" (this book does exist and was the basis of Kelly and Dee¹s Endochian magic, Crowley¹s The Book of the
Law and H.P Lovecraft¹s Cthulthu Mythos). Shortly after that Dee returned to England along with his family. As for the final fate of Kelly, he continued to
attempt to dupe people in Germany, claiming that he had the philosopher¹s stone and the elixir vitæ as before, but not finding as much interest as before.
Eventually he was arrested as a heretic and a sorcerer in Prague, and again in southern Germany. But, after the second imprisonment he attempted to escape
from his prison, only managing to fall and brake two of his ribs and both legs. He died in 1593 due to his injuries.
Dee returned to England, welcomed by Elizabeth and the court then went back to his home in Mortlake, continuing his search for the philosopher¹s stone, that
always had eluded him. His experiments yielded nothing except to impoverish Dee. Seeing his plight, Elizabeth gave him first the position of chancellor of St.
Paul¹s Cathedral in London and then the wardenship of Manchester College that he held until 1603 when he finally retired to his home for good. While he was
warden of Manchester College Dee translated his copy of the Necronomicon into English and was never printed. After Dee¹s death the book went into the
collection of Elias Ashmole then into the Bodleian Library in Oxford until it was stolen in 1934 Back at Mortlake for good, Dee was a fortune-teller which gave
him the reputation of being a wizard. Dee petitioned James I in 1604 for protection against such accusation. Replying to them by saying ³that none of all the
great number of the very strange and frivolous fables or histories reported and told of him were true². Dee died at the age of 81 in 1608, in extreme poverty.
Dr. John Dee, despite his apparent delusions, was one of the keenest minds of his time. He his credited for making the calculations that would enable England
to use the Gregorian calendar, he championed the preservation and the collection of historic documents and he was very well known for being a great
astronomer and mathematician. It could be said that Dr. Dee was the one of the first modern scientists, although he was one of the last serious alchemists,
necromancers and crystal gazers.
Man of science and magus extraordinary, and for two decades England's leading mathematician, it is only in recent years that John Dee's reputation has begun
to properly recover from the obloquy attached by an age of militant rationalism to those notorious angel raising episodes in which he engaged in the 1580s.
Meric Casaubon's poisonous 1659 edition of Dee's angelic diaries, which did not include all extant volumes, leaves us with little more than an impression of a
rather pathetic Dee seeking to communicate with angelic spirits with frustratingly meagre results. What I am seeking to identify is the political and religious
significance of these episodes and the clues they give to the secret society culture of the late Elizabethans.
Dee's religious views have always been irritatingly opaque. That he was a Protestant of some sort is beyond dispute. In the time of Edward VI he associated
with reformers. The curious affair in the reign of Catholic Queen Mary, when, during investigation by the Court of Requests (a committee of the Star Chamber)
in 1555, he was accused of casting horoscopes of the Queen and her Spanish husband with evil intent, is ambiguous, for some of his companions in this
possibly criminal venture subsequently proved lackeys of the Catholic monarchy of the most loyal kind. In any case, Dee was released, the official suspicions
presumably dispelled. 1
Did Dee go through a Familist stage? We know of his strong links with the bookseller Arnold Birckmann, for a letter of 1604 written by Johann Radermacher
refers to their meeting in Birckmann's shop more than forty years before. In 1577 Dee advised the cartographer Abraham Ortelius (a Familist) that
correspondence could reach him via Birckmann's servants in Antwerp. 2 Birckmann has long been suspected of being a member of the Family of Love – a
secret society with several grades of membership, which seems to have taken a spiritualist turn and which recruited indiscriminately from both Catholic and
Protestant ranks in England, the Low Countries, Germany and France. In 1585 Birckmann's London shop passed into the hands of the Familist Arnold Mylius,
who had married his daughter. 3 Dee was an avid explorer of all frontier territories of knowledge and a flirtation with Familism would have been characteristic
of him. One of Dee's pupil-friends, Sir Philip Sidney, was fascinated by the sect: there is a letter to Sidney from his intimate friend, the French savant Hubert
Languet, written from Antwerp, where Languet was a guest of the printer, Christopher Plantin, today the best remembered of all Familists. 4 Dee's greatest
patron was Queen Elizabeth, and it has been surprisingly uncommented upon that after her death she was accused of being a favourer of the sect. 5
Was Dee ever initiated into freemasonry? There is nothing to indicate that he was, yet he seems to have been keenly interested in matters architectural, an area
in which England was singularly deficient even by the mid-16th century, going by the paucity of published works available in the vernacular. Dee owned five
editions of Vitruvius; his 1567 copy is laced with notes on architecture. 6 We have no direct evidence of any interest in the mysteries associated with King
Solomon's Temple. On the other hand, he wrote the "History of King Solomon, every three years, his Ophirian voyage, with divers other rarities–" in 1576, of
which fragments were published by Purchas years later. 7 These voyages had been undertaken by the sailors of Solomon, who had been taught seamanship by
the mariners of Hiram of Tyre, without whose assistance, of course, the Great Temple at Jerusalem could never have been built, as all freemasons would have
known. In the 1590s, having returned, quite prudently, from the uncertainties of Bohemia, where Kelley languished in gaol, accused of fraudulent
transmutation, Dee's financial situation was precarious. He ceaselessly sought an office that would bring financial security. In his diary there is an entry for
December 7 1594 stating "and on the 8th day, by the chief motion of the Lord Admirall, and som[e]what of the Lord Buckhurst, the Quene's wish was to the
Lord Archbishop presently that I shuld have Dr. Day his place in Powles [St. Paul's]." 8 Charles Howard, the Lord Admiral, and Thomas Sackville, Lord
Buckhurst, have a prominent role in James Anderson's The New Book of Constitutions (1738): both had been Grand Masters of the freemasons.
To unlock the function of the notorious 1580s seances, I think we should first look to Dee's associates. Long overlooked is some correspondence between Dee
and Roger Edwardes, whose credentials remain a trifle hazy. Edwardes was, nevertheless, exceedingly well connected: his patrons included the Earl of
Hereford, Lord Burleigh and the Queen herself, it would seem. There is a letter to Burleigh of April 13 1574 in which Edwardes described the situation in the
Low Countries. 9 His sole published work, A Boke of very Godly Psalmes (1570), was dedicated to Lettice Devereux, Viscountess of Hereford. The daughter of
Sir Francis Knollys, she was the mother of the ill-fated Robert, future Earl of Essex. Edwardes mentions in his dedication that he was the "vassal" of the Earl of
Hereford. On March 29 of the previous year Edwardes had written to Burleigh forwarding a treatise to be presented to the Queen. Two months later, on May 28,
he was bragging to a Mr "Marche" that the book "had been well accepted" by her. 10
Edwardes's mind perpetually travelled the grooves of the apocalypse. In 1580 he wrote "A Phantastical Book", as a later owner of the manuscript entitled it, on
the "Conversion of the Jews", the coming of the millenium being dependent on this particular event. Edwardes's manuscript found its way into Lord Burleigh's
papers.11 His surviving correspondence with Dee dates from between July 13 1579 and July 16 1580. In one letter, Dee addressed him as "my lovinge friende
R. Edwardes". This was one of several letters apparently belonging to a circle whose members included "Thomas Lincoln" (presumably the bishop of Lincoln)
and a "W. Cestren" In a damaged letter with essential words missing, Edwardes alludes to "William Herbert", which leaves us in a quandary as to which
William Herbert was meant: the Earl of Pembroke or the apocalyptic poet.12 It probably was the latter, William Harbert of St. Gillim, whom Dee records in his
diary, in an entry for May 1 1577, as having passed him some notes on the Monas Hieroglyphica.13 Harbert, who chided Shakespeare and Samuel Daniel14
together in a poem, was a friend of Joshua Sylvester,the best translator of Du Bartas's Devine Weekes; Harbert himself produced a now lost translation of Du
Bartas Uranus, which he presented to Lord Lumley. I argue elsewhere that the late Elizabethan popularity of Du Bartas was based on the Huguenot's masonic
resonances: his Devine Weekes was a quasi-masonic text.15 In A Prophesie of Cadwaller, last King of the Britaines (1604) the Welsh poet depicted James I as a
second Brute, who had returned to reunite the kingdom of Britain, which had so famously been divided into three parts by King Lear. As Harbert put it,
"Disioynted.... by her first monarches fall", Britain will be restored by a king who "shall three in one, and one in three unite", thus inaugurating a new golden
age in which war will be bound in chains.16
Similar millenial sentiments are never far from the mind of Roger Edwardes, as can be seen in Godly Psalmes, where he depicts the "holy citie newe
Jerusalem" and projects "a newe heaven, and a newe earthe". Edwardes's influence on Dee is unmistakable, to whom a spirit discoursed freely on the 24th
March 1583 on the course of nature and reason, telling how "New Worlds shall spring of these. New Maners; Strange Men...."17 The utopianism of
Shakespeare's Tempest was perhaps forged to a degree in the spiritual workshop of the Dee circle.
The apocalyptic ethos of the 1580s was exceptionally intense at the time – or virulent, for the overcoming of Antichrist, the Pope in Rome, was the cardinal
priority in the scheme of things, coupled with the defeat of Spain. John Aylmer, who had become bishop of London, had years before assigned to Queen
Elizabeth the messianic task of destroying Antichrist in Britain, and latterly James Sandford, in his 1576 translation of Guiccardini's House of Recreation, had
developed the theme, seeing in Elizabeth "some diviner things" than "in the Kings and Queens of other countries".18 Her role was to inaugurate a new golden
age. Sandford, who profoundly believed in a millenial age or "status", was probably the "Mr Sandford" who features in Dee's angelic diaries.19 He had
translated Giacopo Brocardo's The Revelation of S. John (1582). Brocardo is rightly considered an important forerunner of the Rosicrucians: the 120 years that
elapsed between the legendary Christian Rosenkreutz's death and the finding of his tomb is anticipated by Brocardo with his theory of three stages leading to
the overthrow of Antichrist. The stages – each of forty years – represent Savonarola, Luther, and the struggle with the Pope/Antichrist.20 The goal was to be
reached in the year 1600, but the Rosicrucian manifestos shifted goalposts to 1604, when the Rosicrucian vault was discovered. Fleeing from Venice to escape
the Inquisition, Brocardo travelled in northern Europe, entering England in 1577, where he almost certainly made contact with the Dee-Sidney circle.
We must now glance briefly at the occult setting that Dee was heir to, Societies with esoteric and secretive propensities were all the fashion in sophisticated
Europe. The Italian Platonic academies had long flourished and continued to multiply. In France, poets and intellectuals had flocked to the Pléiade, a hub of
Platonism (a home to Daniel Rogers, ami of Dee and Sir Philip Sidney), whilst Henry III, the epicene Valois king, first of all set up his Palace Academy, of
which Walsingham had word in February 1576, and then established in 1583 at Vincennes the mysterious "Confrèrie d'Hieronymites". Beginning with twelve
members, it was said to be a hive of drug experimentation. It was a development of an earlier Order of the Holy Spirit, founded in 1578, to which belonged the
French ambassador to England, the cultivated Michel de Castelnau de Mauvissière, who took into his London household Giordano Bruno for two years.21 The
Family of Love, which had become alarming to authority partly because it recruited its secret membership largely outside courtly circles, possibly had as many
as a thousand members in England in 1580.
Regarding Dee, there is one important posthumous allegation. It was reported to Elias Ashmole some decades after Dee's death that he was "acknowledged for
one of ye Brotherhood of ye [Link]. by one of that Fraternity,....Philip Zeiglerus..."22 Philip Ziegler, the revolutionary Rosicrucian prophet, had arrived in
England in 1626 and created turmoil. Dee had died in 1608. I have not encountered any evidence to confirm Ziegler's assertion. But that Dee knew Francis
Thynne, the alchemically minded poet of the London "Rose" society, is probable. In his diary, Dee noted down for March 1 1598 that "I receyved Mr. Thynne
his letter".23 Of Dee's close friend and admirer over many years, Sir Edward Dyer, John Aubrey wrote that he "labour'd much in chymistry, was esteemed by
some a Rosie-crucian..."24 Dyer completed his mortal coil in 1607. Veracity was not the strong point of either Ziegler or Aubrey and their claims must be
accorded some caution.
However, important links with Rosicrucianism can be made through two of Dee's servants. Roger Cook worked for the magus from 1567 till 1581. They
quarrelled and split, but made up again, with Cook returning into Dee's employ in 1600. Now it happens that a "Roger Cock" is recorded as having been an
assistant to the alchemist-inventor, Cornelius Drebbel, whilst working for the Emperor Rudolph II at Prague up to 1612. Almost certainly "Cock" was Dee's
"Cook". Drebbel was among the most important of all Rosicrucians.25 From about 1603 till his death, Dee had a young pupil called Patrick Sanders, who
acquired several of his manuscripts after his death. Eventually becoming a member of the London College of Physicians, Sanders edited Roger Bacon's Epistola
… De Secretis Operibus Artis et Naturae, which was published at Hamburg in 1618. Sanders dedicated the work to the Rosicrucian Brotherhood.26
To most effectively probe into the enigma of Dee we must look to the evidence provided by his contemporaries. We can make no better beginning than with Sir
Philip Sidney's curious comment to Hubert Languet on February 11 1574. After disparaging Humphrey Lhuyd's Commentarioli Brittanicae, Sidney wrote: "But
of course the important thing, …is for you to remember that our 'unknown God' [Dee] is of the same land and substance, and will take amiss your arousing so
much laughter at the expense of his blood brother; otherwise in his anger he may perhaps brandish his hieroglyphic monad at you like Jove's lightning bolt – for
such is the wrath of heavenly spirits."27 Sidney , who studied chemistry "led by God with Dee as teacher and Dyer as companion", was making a witty sally, at
the heart of which stands a phrase – "our 'unknown God'" – which warrants being taken more seriously.28 The hint of the cultivation of the prisca theologia – of
the original religion within conventional religion – is clearly given by Sidney, and we have to pose the issue of whether a Dee sect was already formalized by
1574? We can't be sure about this, but one thing is clear: a cult of John Dee was a fact of life. His insatiable egotism was leavened by an intelligence and
learning which commanded the admiration of other minds of stature.
It is a severe comment on the insularity of Spenserian scholarship that hitherto no Spenserian has recognized the portrait of Dee – and, by implication, the status
accorded to him – to be found within the Castle of Temperance episode in The Faerie Queene's Second Book. Spenser describes three "honourable sages", the
second of whom "could of things present best advize". Dee was certainly a practical man who organized programmes of exploration. This figure sits in the
second room, its walls enlivened with "famous Wisards", as well as with "All artes, all science, all Philosophy". Spenser paints Dee as "a man of ripe and
perfect age", who did "meditate all his life long, /That through continuall practice and usage, /He now was growne right wise, and wondrous sage." Dyer and
Sidney's co-worker in the Areopagite poetry society was Edmund Spenser, who was at work on The Faerie Queene by 1580.
What went on between Dee and the Sidney circle is unrecorded in detail. But with regard to others posterity has been blessed. The awkward tango that Dee
danced with the alchemist and explorer, Adrian Gilbert, the half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, is well written down in the spiritual diaries. On March 26 1583
Dee enquired of a spirit "Must Adrian Gilbert be made privy of these Mysteries?" In his marginal note, Dee comments that Gilbert "may be made prive, but he
is not to be a Practicer."29 The extent to which Gilbert was to be made "privy to our practice" was a perpetual worry for Dee. By the 1590s Dee had acquired a
new set of intimates. We have notes by him on a book's flyleaf, dated May 31 1594, in which he bestowed on a "Mr Barker" (the physician Thomas Barker?)
and a "Mr Alped" (undoubtedly Richard Alred) the title of "Discipulos" – disciples! Of Alred, Dee noted in the diary on March 23 the same year, "Magus
disclosed by frendeship of Mr Richard Alred". Alas, Dee gives no further explanation.30
The greatest competing ego with Dee's within his own circle was that of the Florentine patrician, Francesco Pucci (1543-97), a utopianist of fluctuating and
wayward opinions.31 Veering towards Protestantism, he entered England for the first time in 1572, taking an Oxford M.A. in 1574. The following year he was
expelled from the University. Passing from the Italian church in London to the French church, he was soon embroiled in controversy again. His unruly
personality and brand of anti-Calvinist Protestantism must have made this inevitable. Leaving England, he made his way to Fausto Socinus in Basle by 1577,
but the town soon expelled him. Returning to London in 1579-80, he encountered further persecution and departed for Holland and the company of the great
scholar Justus Lipsius, whose political thought was to influence Shakespeare and who was to be exposed for Familist tendencies a few years later. Pucci
returned to London, and it is presumed that it was in the capital that he completed – or wrote out – Forma d'una repubblica cattolica in 1581. It was some
centuries before his hand was recognized in this unpublished utopian text.
Pucci proposed the organization of a secret "republic" of good people in all lands, who would prepare the world for a great council that would reunify
Christianity. Borrowing from the notorious Anabaptists, whose implication in social and political revolution decades earlier had rendered their name anathema
in all respectable circles, Pucci's scheme envisaged "Colleges" being established, whose principal officers would include a Provost, a Chancellor and a Censor,
elected for terms of four years by males over the age of 25. There were to be central delegate meetings from time to time in friendly territories, which would
take place incognito if necessary, using the guise of merchants. Outwardly the organization was to observe conformity to the laws of a land and to obey the civil
magistrates, stipulations which indicate a Familist influence on Pucci's thinking. His objective was the unification of all peoples in a comity that reached even
the mosque and the synagogue. His immediate target – the eradication of the Christian schism – would be effected by the calling of a general council of
"spiritual persons" and "lovers of truth". At times he contemplated this council being called by the Pope.32
The rediscovery of Pucci in twentieth century Italy created a frisson of excitement in academic circles. Some have been surprised by the absence of obvious
utopian precursors to Pucci within the Italian tradition without considering that his utopia may reflect English conditions and thinking. We know that Sidney
and Daniel Rogers were strongly influenced by eirenist impulses in the 1570s, which were not completely erased by the St. Bartholomew massacre of
Huguenots in Paris in 1572. They first sought to heal schism within Protestant ranks between Lutherans and Calvinists. The religious views of these thinkers,
although having a Protestant foundation, could not be reduced to any orthodox straight jacket, Although no firm evidence has surfaced to establish that Pucci
knew Dee by 1581, the serious possibility remains that his utopia may actually represent a compendium of the commonplaces being exchanged within the
confidentiality of the magus's circle.
What is beyond dispute is that by 1585 Pucci met up with Dee and the brilliant alchemical charlatan, Edward Kelley, at Cracow in Poland. Pucci accompanied
the two on their journey to Bohemia. He was at Prague with them by August 20.33 In July 1586 Dee noted in his diary that he and Kelley had left Pucci behind
in their lodgings at Prague. Dee's spiritual diaries are enlivened by periodic bouts of obvious paranoia, but on this occasion his apprehensions appear well
founded. At Erfurt he wrote, "I was sore vexed in mind to think of Pucci his return to our company, as well for his unquiet nature in disputations, as for his
blabbing of our secrets without our leave or well liking or any good doing thereby".34 Dee had become hypersensitive with good reason: the Papal Nuncio was
baying for his blood at Rudolph II's imperial court. Of Pucci, the Welsh magus wrote, "he has laid such a bait for us with our mortal enemy, to entrap us by fair
fawning words".35 Pucci was trying to convince Dee and Kelley that they should make their way to Rome to conduct their angel raising sessions in the
presence of the Pope. They wisely rejected such a seductive offer. By 1587 the unstable Pucci had reconverted to Catholicism. One is baffled as to why Dee did
not break off such a dangerous acquaintanceship immediately, assuming that Pucci's move was sincerely meant and not a mere ploy to deceive the Catholic
authorities. But he did not and the uneasy relationship continued for some time. That Dee saw his own circle as being essentially a formal sect is implied by a
later comment he made on Pucci, whom he dismissed as "being but a probationer, not yet allowed of, and to us known to be cut off."36 Clearly there was a
grade of membership of a higher status than probationer. Dee himself had ambitions to enter a yet higher body. At a seance in Prague on August 20 1584 the
Spirit Uriel had communicated with him, and Dee poured his heart out: he was "most desirous to be entered speedily into the School of Wisdom…"37 Pucci
decidedly belonged to the school of unwisdom: he fell into the hands of the Inquisition, who at Rome had him decapitated and burned in 1597.
And what can be said of Dee's religious standpoint when in Bohemia? The Lutheran Budovec described his reception by Rudolph II at the time: he "was at first
well received by him; he predicted that a miraculous reformation would presently come about in the Christian world and would prove the ruin not only of the
city of Constantinople but of Rome also. These predictions he did not cease to spread among the populace." The Venetian ambassador wrote of Dee in June
1586 that "He does not profess a Christian life but declares he has revelations from angels…When the Pope was informed he rightly feared the appearance of a
new sect." Pucci, who assumed he was witnessing divine revelation at Dee's seances, at the Actio Pucciana, in which an angelic spirit was activated, "received
great confirmation of my hopes for an imminent renovation of all things which God will accomplish…" Dee recorded an angel's instructions in 1586, which
underlined his non-doctrinal Christianity: "Whosoever wishes to be wise may look neither to the right nor to the left; neither towards this man who is called a
catholic, nor towards that one who is called a heretic (for thus you are called); but he may look up to the God of heaven and earth and to his Son, Jesus
Christ".38
R.J.W. Evans's summing up of Dee as a believer in a kind of mystical universal revelation strikes me as utterly inadequate, perhaps tending to indicate the
magus was a quietist, a follower of a passive Christian route.39 To the contrary, we should regard him – particularly in view of his strong filiations with Roger
Edwardes, a friendship which lasted till the late 1590s – as a full blown apocalyptic and millenialist, with a driving activist nature. His pursuit of angelic
guidance was consciously functional, intended to steer his various enterprises – the explorations in the Americas, for example, or the rejigging of the political
map of Central Europe, with Rudolph II seen as the great prize.
Dr Adam Clarke, Hebraist, alchemist, astrologer and kabbalist, was arguably the leading Methodist intellectual of the early 19th century. Tragically, his
manuscript "Mysterium Liber" seems to have utterly vanished from the face of the earth. But at least we have Clarke's note describing this fascinating effort:
"N.B. As it is assembd that the six books of Mysteries transcribed from the papers of Dr. John Dee by Elias Ashmole, Esq., preserved in the Sloan Library,....
are a collection of papers relating to State Transactions between Elizabeth, her Ministers and different Foreign Powers, in which Dr. Dee was employed
sometimes as an official agent openly, and at other times as a spy, I purpose to make an extract from the whole work, and endeavour, if possible, to get a key to
open the Mysteries. A.C."40
In tracing the origins of Rosicrucianism, commentators have often turned to the mysterious journeyings of Nicholas Barnaud, a Huguenot alchemist around
whom an enormous mystique has gathered over the centuries.41 Barnaud's fame partly rests on his authorship of one of the most controversial of all Huguenot
political polemics, Le Réveille-Matin des Francais et de leurs voisins (prétendus), whose first edition dates from 1573 and for which he used the pseudonym of
Eusèbe Philadelphe. This ultra-radical work, which was greatly expanded in subsequent editions, betrays a line of thought more consistent with the
revolutionaries of 1789 than with the Huguenot aristocrats and their pet theologians of the 1570s. Virulently anti-church in sentiment, the author insists on the
marriage of priests and the abolition of tithes, pursues the theme of a grand Huguenot alliance with the house of Guise to overthrow the Valois dynasty, justifies
tyrannicide and the right of resistance to oppression, and outlines a novel form of political control for society with clear republican implications.42 Horrified,
the great Calvinist writer Beza rushed to condemn the book at Geneva. Both John Dee and Gabriel Harvey owned copies of the work.
Many pseudonymous works have been linked to Barnaud's name and no satisfactory biographical sketch has ever been produced. We know for certain that he
was born at Crest in Dauphiné, visited Spain in 1559, was at Paris in 1572 and fled to Geneva, where he worked as a diplomatic emissary for the besieged
Protestants.43 There his name was mispelt quite regularly as "Bernaud" or "Bernard". This raises an intriguing possibility, hitherto unnoticed by historians, for
in the Return of Aliens for November 1571 in London we encounter "Jacques Taffyn, who was recejver to the kinge of Fraunce, borne at Tourney in Flanders....
Anne his wife, borne at Tourney. Guy Barnarde and Nicholas Barnarde, brothers to the aforesaid Anna,..., and cam for religion about ij yeres past, and are yet of
no churche, but go to the French churche by occasion."44 Regrettably, we have no other information to clarify whether this was the same as our Barnaud or not.
Settling in France in his autumnal years, he was excommunicated by his local church described as "that pest". His religious sentiments leaned towards those of
Socinus – who rejected the Holy Trinity.45
We must now proceed from Barnaud the politician to Barnaud the alchemist. Two of his alchemical tracts were published in Holland by Christopher
Raphelengius, grand-son of the Familist Christopher Plantin; the others were brought out at Leyden by Thomas Basson, an Englishman of the Familist
persuasion. It was his son, Govaert Basson – also a Familist – who published Robert Fludd's very first Rosicrucian pamphlets. The Basson edition of Quadriga
Auriferae Secunda Rota was dedicated to Sir Edward Dyer, although it is clear from Barnaud's preface of July 1599 that he did not know the English knight
personally. But it is quite on the cards that Barnaud had known John Dee as early as 1583. Contrary to A.E. Waite's claim, Barnaud nowhere says that he
witnessed Edward Kelley's feat of transmuting mercury into gold at the home of Thaddeus von Hajek in Prague.46 He does state, however, that he saw
"projection" achieved by Hajek with the aid of his son at Prague in 1583.47 Now it happens that in that year Dee and Kelley were made most welcome by
Hajek, who put them up at his Prague house. Hajek appears to have known Sir Philip Sidney a few years before: his son, who was sent to England to study, was
put in Sidney's charge.48 We can infer that Barnaud probably met Dee in 1583, but we cannot prove it.
Barnaud's significance revolves around an alchemical tradition that he was a key precursor of the Rosicrucian Brotherhood, although the evidence for this
contention in remarkably elusive. The tradition seems to have crystallized with J.S. Semler's Unparteiische Samlungen zur historie der Rosenkreuzer of 1788,
which alleged that in 1591 Barnaud, who is known to have travelled in France and Holland that year, founded an alchemical society. Semler goes as far as to
claim that a great college of the fraternity of the Rosicrucians met in 1591 and 1597, the implication being that Barnaud was possibly associated with at least
the former.49
Semler did not oblige posterity with documentation for these contentions. If they contain a particle of truth, however, Dee – who shared with Barnaud patron-
friends in Bohemia and Poland – almost surely heard about such developments. But that Barnaud may have organized some alchemical sect is not quite beyond
the realm of possibility, for in 1597 he produced his Commentariolum in Aenigmaticum quoddam Epitaphium, which contained the "alchemical Mass"
originally written by the Hungarian, Nicholas Melchior. The more we know about the Renaissance alchemists, the more we have to respect them for their
practical bent: what they wrote down, they attempted to carry out in their laboratories usually. Why did Barnaud edit this "Mass", as did Michael Maier two
decades later, if it was not intended for collective use?"50
Notes
Dee was born near London on the 13th of July 1527. His father was a gentleman server in the court of King Henry VIII. John claimed to be a descendant of
Roderick the Great, a Prince of Wales.
In 1542 at the age of 15, Dee entered Cambridge College and graduated in 1544 with a BA. In 1546 he was made a fellow of Trinity College, and appointed the
role of Greek underwriter. 1547 found Dee visiting the Holland and France, mixing with some of the key members of academic society. He was living in
Louvain by 1548. Dee spent a few months lecturing geometry in Paris, and declined the offer of a permanent appointment in Sorbonne. He also taught at both
Louvain and Brussels Universities. Returning to England in 1551, he was given the job of teaching navigation and mathematics to Naval Captains.
During the reign of Queen Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary), Dee was arrested and accused of attempting to kill her with sorcery. He was imprisoned in Hampton
Court in 1553. The reason behind his imprisonment may have been a horoscope that he cast for Elizabeth, Mary's sister and heiress to the throne. The
horoscope was to ascertain when Mary would die. He was finally released in 1555 after being set free and re-arrested on charges of heresy. In 1556 Queen
Mary gave him a full pardon.
Queen Elizabeth succeeded her sister in 1558, and Dee found a new era of prosperity, he was even commissioned to predict the best astrological time for her
coronation. Unfortunately the rumours about his diabolical dealings still persisted, and were to plague him all through his life. During this time he again began
to travel, and it is rumoured that he even got as far as St Helena.
In 1564 one of his many books dealing with Occult matters, The Monas Heiroglyphica was published, the Monas Heiroglyphica is a symbol created by Dee,
which he believed was the ultimate symbol of Occult knowledge. The following year he published Di Trigono.
Monas Heiroglyphica
It is noted that Dee was approached for consultancy when a new star was discovered in 1572, and in 1577 Queen Elizabeth asked Dee about the possible
portents of a comet that had been observed.
He began his experiments in trying to contact discarnate entities in 1581, mainly fuelled by strange dreams, feelings and mysterious noises within his home. On
25 May 1582 he recorded that he had made his first contact with the spirit world, through the medium of his crystal ball. This had taken Dee years of work to
achieve, through studying the occult, alchemy and crystallomancy. Spirit contact would prove to be a major driving force behind Dee for the rest of his life.
Dee found contacting the spirits tiring, and started to employ gifted scryers so that he would be free to make extensive notes on the communications received.
Dee had been working with a scryer called Barnabas Saul, until he had experienced some disturbing encounters, and could no longer see nor hear beings from
the other realm, so in March 1582 Dee started to search for a work colleague.
Edward Kelly, who was 27 seemed to fit the bill perfectly, however he was a gifted con artist and continued to fool Dee many years to come. Kelly's ears had
been cropped for forgery, and he is supposed to have dug up a corpse in Walton le Dale, Lancashire for necromancy, an event often wrongly attributed to Dee.
In November 1582 they encountered an Angel, Uriel. The Angel gave instructions for a magical talisman with which they could contact the spirit world more
easily. Many of their ritual objects including Dee's obsidian scrying mirror are now in the British Museum.
Kelly would continuously make new discoveries that amazed Dee, and he introduced him to the fact that both good and evil spirits existed beyond the veil. It
was around this time that Dee started using the mysterious Enochian script to communicate with the Angels. Called the language of angels it is definitely a
structured language, although its real origins are obscure. Whatever its origins people who have worked with Enochain magic have claimed that it does seem to
work.
As the claims of Kelly and his abilities grew, the pair's fame flourished, even in continental Europe. With fame came a source of income, which Dee used to
fund his experiments into metal transmutation. Dee also claimed to have found the 'Elixir Vitae' (The alchemical elixir of life or philosophers stone) hidden in
the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey.
The Polish Albert Laski, Count Palatire of Siradz, descendant of the Anglo-Norman Lacies, came to England in search of Dee and Kelly. He was duped by
Edward Kelly and his scrying ability, into believing great things were meant him. Indeed a great many messages were received from the Spirit realm
concerning Laski, Kelly, Dee, and European politics.
In 1583 Dee and Kelly convinced Laski to return to Poland, taking the two Englishmen and their wives with him. They set about trying to transmute iron into
gold to fund their regeneration of Europe. Although they were always just on the brink of success, the experimental transmutation experiments never worked.
While Dee was away in Europe things were not boding well at home. In 1583 a large mob attacked Dee's home in at Mortlake in Surrey destroying his
collection of books, occult instruments and personal belongings. The attack was probably in response to rumours that Dee was a wizard.
Meanwhile back in Poland Kelly and Dee's experiments proved very costly, Laski lost his fortune and lands funding the two alchemists work, and when it
became apparent that he could no longer afford to continue paying for their experiments, the spirits, including Uriel, expressed their doubts through Kelly that
Laski may not have been the right man to bring about the changes in Europe.
To ease his financial burden, Laski offered to pay for the pair to visit Prague, and provided a letter of introduction to Emperor Rudolph II. Amazingly this offer
coincided with a command from the spirits via Kelly, urging Dee to deliver a divine message to the Emperor. They arrived in Prague in 1586 to courteous
welcome from Emperor Rudolph II, who became intrigued with the idea of the Philosophers Stone. Their stay was cut short after a few months when the Pope
demanded that the Emperor should dismiss them, either that or they should be imprisoned or burned at the stake.
After living for a while on the streets of Krakow as fortune-tellers, they managed to convince King Stephen of Poland that he would be the one to assassinate
Emperor Rudolph and replace him. Stephen soon grew tired of their constant demands for money, and diverted their attention to Count Rosenberg, who allowed
them to live and work within his castle. Two years later their experiments had still not made any further progress.
The two Englishmen started to argue when Kelly decided that he would like to taste the carnal pleasures of Dee's young wife. Dee should not have been
surprised when the spirits, communicating through Kelly told him that they wished the pair to share their wives. As this was a command from God, it would not
be sinful. Dee grew convinced that Kelly was being contacted by evil spirits, and after another huge argument the pair parted company.
Dee failed to make a scryer out of his son, Arthur, and started to feel the absence of regular other world contact. He was so happy when Kelly returned that he
agreed obey the wish of God and share their wives. The two wives were hesitant at first but eventually obeyed God's word, and by May 1587 Kelly was sharing
Dee's wife.
This was never a suitable situation and the arrangement took its toll on all of them. When Dee was given permission by Queen Elizabeth I to return to England
in 1589 he did so, leaving Kelly behind. At Mortlake Dee continued his studies with another two scryers, both charlatans. Dee was appointed the
Chancellorship of St Paul's Cathedral by the Queen, and in 1595 swapped this for the Wardenship of Manchester College. He retired from this post in 1603
when he returned to Mortlake to continue his fortune telling.
Kelly was killed in 1595 whilst trying to escape from prison in Prague. He climbed out of a high window and fell to his death.
Dee was being accused of being a wizard in 1604, and had to petition King James I for protection. Dee died in poverty at Mortlake in 1608 aged 81 years.