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Correcci(l n de textos
Primcrn cdici6 n l 'ir.;tl:idilioll: Mexico, 2008
Imprcso y hccho en Mex ico l'ti11tul tmd Jllttde iH Mexiro
[Link], rc:r,
Pm~ji'I'(JI/~r
'J iwl!ft~lioll
(N O ICE
INDEX
P.1. RE I NO
DF.
THE R EAI.~ I OF
[Link].
CoLossus.
T l IE PLACL; OF [Link]
10- 11
[Link];o nr. onR;\
77
i\c"N< >WI.I-.n< ;EMEN'I~
A [Link] II.r-.:n>s
85
CREDrros
[Link]'fS
86-87
I
I
EL REINO DE COLOSO.
EL LUGAR DEL ASEDIO EN LA
EPOCA DE LA IMAGEN
I . INTRODUCCION
La ponia.y d j!l'~l!.rt'SO .roll rlo.r tllltbiciolll'.f qnc .fl' otlio11 toll 1111 odio [Link]'O.)~ Cllrl!lrlo
Si'
mr:;:rm m
C harles
ei111iS!IIO 1'011/illll
B Al <[Link] :,
cs j)l'ctisll q11c 11110 de los rlo.r .1e f!O!{f!,a a/ .renido del olro.
pp.6-7
1~1'~0 B~RRFY
TH E REA LM OF CO LOSSUS.
THE PLACE OF SIEGE IN T HE
AGE OFTHE IMAGE
I . INTRODUCTION
btllntd, ami1JJhC11 tbf()' !lite/ t~pon tbe sc/11/e road, one <!l the111 bas to ,~ive pltiCC.
Charles BAU D I~LAIIU:., quoted by Walter lkNJAMI:-.1 in The Aml(les Project
In the nineteenth centtuy, Baudd:tire established the difference between phorography and art for him, the fo rmer was not willing or
able to usurp the creative and imaginative functions o f the latter. Certainly, his tory proved him wrong; not only because a good part of [Link]
technology would be explored to make arr. as :;uch; but also becau~e,
once photography appeared, the statu~ o f representation would change
for good. From the loss of the original, which already was an issue fo r
Benjami n in the (.l[st third of the t\vcntierh cenrury, to-and perhaps
this is even more meani ngful-the mode of circulation of these images, massive industrial technologies of '"i~ualiry (phorography, film,
video and digiLal images) put the idea and the function of representation imo a crisis. Furthermore, in doing so, they also proJ uce a change
in rJ1e configuration of narrative forms, i.e. in history and lit"t:rature, as
well as in the conformation o f cultural imagination: beyond the established ~ys rcm s of vis uality, the mass po [Link] of these reprcsc:;[Link] technologies brings along a Lransformation of the claim to truth
of the image. Certainly, the indexical condition o f this kind of image
con figures a new dimension in the relations between visuality, truth,
and i m~tgi nation, one that will be fundamcnml for fumre cb elopmems
in memory, knowledge and desire as funcrion$.
pp. 8-9
S1F\'E .\lc:Ct"RRY
i\fagnum Photos
LL:E M II .[Link]
1942
Cal. 42
I 0
l .as tecnologfas de producci6n masiva de Ia ,-isualidad no son solo una avance del
sistema de saberes desarrollados d urante los siglos XIX y xx, sino en un scntido son
su realizacion misma. Desdc una perspecci"a dialectica de Ia [Link], son Ia sintesis
enrre el saber ob jctivo de Ia ciencia, que produce tecnologias de represenraci6n
"exactas", y Ia realizaci6n de la idea de progreso, que encuemra en estas Ia forma
de darse a si misma el "momenta objctivo de su devenir''. Emre el valor de verdad
de un hecho, aconrecimiento o descubrimiento, Ia modernidad produce un dispositive [Link] cuya pretension de [Link] responde a las [Link] entre saber,
verdar.l e historia sobre los gue sc construye Ia idea de sf misma. Sin duda, se tnW\ de
un cambio de paradigma en el que, como lo observara Walter Benjamin, se da "Ia
primera imagen del encuentro entre Ia m:\.guina y el hombre".1 No solo 1111a m:\.quina, sino Ia maquina: un nuevo reg1stro de representaci<'in dondc Ia [Link]
encucntra clmodo de darse a sf misma. J\caso, co mo lo piensa lleidegger, no hay
distintas ep ocas de im:\.genes del mo ndo, solo existe l111 11/111/rlo Cilia tfpot"l.l de Ia imagett.
Pero c:c6mo entender el mundo como imngc:n? 2 En un contexte ampliado, t]ue
muy posiblemente no ern Ia preocupacion del fil6sofo aleman, el mundo como
irnagen supone al mc:nos dos asuntos: cl que abarca las relaciones entre poder,
tecnologia y representaci6n en la [Link] y Ia modernidad tardia, y que refiere
a las rclaciones encre quiett y pam que se produce cl mundo como imagen; y el
que sc relaciona mas directamente con Ia producci(m misma del mundo como imagen,
con el que de la imagen, cs dccir, (}UC significa Ia reprcscnraci6n del mundo Q1echos,
acontccirniemos, pcrsonajes, descubrimienros, etc.) c<)mO pum imagen.
Las rclaciones entre tecnologia, poder y represenracion son tres momenros de
un mismo proceso, en el <.JUC el desarrollo de una tecnologfa no se explica sin el
poder que Ia p rod uce y, donde lo que se produce como representaci6n no es sino
consccuencia de Ia relaci6n de las primeras. ~n orras palabras, m:\.s all:\. de la utopia de Ia modernidad, coando Ia tecnologia se pensara como liberadora, esta mas
bien es un sistema de control de los cc:ntros de podcr y [Link] a sus intereses.
E n cstc sentido, lo gue se representa esta acotado siempre al interes del podcr
que regula y distribuye el acceso a! desarrollo tecno16gico y con cllo a1 dispositivo
mismo de la representaci6n. Esto es mas evidence en cl hccho mismo de que el
desarrollo tecnol6gico est:\., desde inicios del siglo xx, fmimamente relacionado
con las cstra tcgias de guerra y espionaje y no s6lo cso, sino que su aplicaci6 n inicial
est:\. vinculada, en primer lugar, con las politicas de dcfcnsa de Ia soberanfa y los
sistemas de seguridad. En otras palabras, e/ 1111111do t"OI!JO imagen signi lica tambien el
modo en gue se construyc Ia reprcsentacion en term inns del in teres del podcr y de
Ia [Link] politica y social de esta imagen.
II
14
The technologies for the mass production of visualiry are more tha n an adYance
of the knowledge ~ystems d eYelo p ed during the nineteenth and rwentierh
centuries, since- to some extent- thel'c knowledge sysrems were fu lfi lled by
them. From a d ialectic pcrspective o f h i~>tory, they 'tire the ~>ynth csis of science's
<>bjeci ivc knowledge- w hich prod uces ''exact" representation rec hno logicsand the fu lfi llment o f the idea of prog ress-which used these technologies to
give itself rhe " objective momenr o f its becoming." Between the tru th ,'tllue o f a
fact, event, o r discoverr, modcrniry produces a technical device whose claims to
objectivity arc a response to the relations between knowledge, truth, and hisrory on
which rhe ide'tl o f modernity is built. Certainly, as noted b~ \\'alter Benjamin,
this constitutes a paradigm shift, one where the "6rst image of [Link] encoun ter between men and rhe machine is given". 1 Not just a machine, but lbt machine, a new
register of rep resentatio n th:1t modcrn.i ty used so it [Link] appear befo re itself.
Maybe, as lle idegger thinks, thcrc nrc no different period s of images in the
world; there is jus t a 1ror/d in t!Je t~!(e r!f' lhl' image. Gut this leaves us to ask: how can
the wo rld as image be understood ?2 In a wider context- which probably was not
one o f the concerns of th<:: Genmtn philosopher- the wo rld as image 5upposes,
at least, two issues: one that invokes the relations bct\\een power, technology, and
represenration in modernity and late modernit-y-and points at rhe gucstions of
wbo produces rhe world as image and Jtitb n1Jal j>Hrpo..-1'--; and one that is directly
related to the p roduction of rhe world as image in itself, to the JJb(f/ of the image, i.e. to w hat is the meaning of the rep resentation of the world (f~tc t s, event!',
char::tcters, discoveries, etc.) as ;um image.
T he relations between technology, power and repres~..:nt<ttion arc rhrcc moments of n sing le pro cess, in which the development of a giv<.:n tech nology can
no t be exp lained without recourse to the power that produces it, and in which
whate\er is produced as repn.:senration is nothing but a con~cqucnce of the relation of technology with power. In other words, if we go beyond rhc utop ia that
conceived technology a!' an agent of liberation, technology is a conrrol system
p roduced b~ the.: centers of p ower, and it responds to their inrerests.
ln this sense, rhat which is represented is always delimited by the interest of the
power that regulates nnd distributes access to technolog1cnl development and to devict.:s of represent~tion. T his bccomcs obvio us if we acknowlcdge that- from tl1e
start of the t\ventieth cen tu ry - technological development has been closely
li nk~..:d to strategies of war and espionage, and furthermore, that the early applications
of these technologies were related, first and foremost, to securitr systems fas hioned in
relation to the politics of the defense of sovereignty. In other words, tbr wodd as illlt{~
F.n esre contexto, el que del mundo como imagen no solo hace referencia a lo
tematico de las imagenes, tambicn incluye la implicaci6n que la tecnologfa tiene
en Ia determinacion de lo representado: su n :produccion y circulaci6n masiva, su
condici6n intermedia de exjstencia entre Ia rcalidad y la ficcion, entre Ia verdad y
la falsedad, entre Ia memoria y el deseo, etc. Tnvolucra, en suma, la comprensi6n
de la imagen como el dispositive donde se inscriben las relaciones entre realidad
y deseo del tecno-poder. E l que de las tccnologias de rcproducci6n industrial e
informatica plamea desde su apa.rici6n una contradicci6 n irresoluble: clo vista cs
lo acomecido? cPuede el instance de la representaci6n dar cuenta del tiempo y
de los hechos? cPuede elmonmje de imagenes dar cuenta del Iugar y el acontecimiento? 0 mas bien tendriamos que pensar que ese dar Iugar es s6lo ilusi6n, que
en tanto opera, constrU)'C la realiclad y al hacerlo oculta In t'erdad o su verdad.
Pero (que verdad? La de m odcrnidad. La que ciene que ver con cl engarce entre
saber, poder, tecnologia y representaci6n, csa donde se vinculan las rclaciones
entre tccnica, imagen y cadaver para producir cl fantasma del terror y con ello el
asedio y con ello Ia imposibilidad de Ia muerte. Si algo earacreriza Ia proclucci6n
masiva de imagenes es la puesta en circulaci6n del dcspojo, de los cadaveres, hacienda con eUo imposible el acto mortal: la soledad del cucrpo y su posibilidad
de yaccr horizontal. Acaso por ello se haec neeesario llcvar cstas p regunras al
Iugar mismo donde este tipo de representaci6n tiene Iugar, a las iml\genes gue
activan, al menos en primera instancia, tal relaci6n y que no es otro que el de lo
colosal tecnol6gico.
IIll
\RD< F .\RRI
Posicion de arlillelio
1982 Cat. 32
also means the way in whkh representation is built in t<::rms of the interests of
power and tJ1c political and social distribution of this image.
in this context, the 'ul;at' o f the world as linage means more d1an the subject matter
of i mage~, a~ it also concerns tlx: liwolvcmcnt of technology in deten nining what is to
be represented : its massiv<.! n:product ion and circulation, its conditio n as something that
exists l>etwccn n:ality and fic tion, tr uth and deceit, memory and desire, etc. Tn short, it
involves Llnderstanding the image as the device where the relations between rhc desire
and the reality of techno-power a rc insc1i hed. f-rom the mo ment w he n indllstrial and
[Link] technologies of representa tion appeared, the "[Link]'' of tl1e image posed a n
unsok ahle conrrndiction: what is seen is what has happened? !\lay the instant of repre
sentmion account for rime and facts) J\[ay the monmge o f images accou nt tor the lime
and the place? .\la) be we should think instead, that this accountillg for somctlung that
took place 1 is nothing but an illusion rhat conceals tmtb--or its uutl1-by [Link]
"m~kc
it; but what truth? The truth of modernity, a rruth related to the links bet\veen know]
edge, power, t<..><:lmology, and n.:prescm,-lLion. In it, the relations betwc<.!n technique,
linage, and ilic corpse produce the phantom of terror leadillg to the :-iq,rc, and ilien
to ilie impos~ibility of death. lf there is somerh.ll1g peculiar m d1c ma:-sivc produccion
of images, it is the circulation of morral remains, of co rpses that make the act of ely
ing impossible b) denying the solitude of the body and irs possibility of l)ing down.
J.\ Iaybe that is why it is necessary ro ask these tjuescions at the point where this kind of
represemat1on takes place, so the images that activate these relations (at least d1ey do so
at first) may be inrcrro)..ratccl: that po int is the techn ological colossaL
llt~rritr dmi/Jc1dQ
1982 Cat. 30
~iblc,
(jilt: e.r
Colosal (kolossa/isch) califica, pues, Ia presemaci6 n, Ia p uesta en escena o en presencia, mas bien cl tenerse a Ia vista de algo, pero de algo que no es u11a cosa,
dado que es un concepto. Y Ia presentaci6n de este concepto en Ia medida que no
es presentable. Ni simplcmente impresentablc: casi impresentable. Y en raz6n de su
talla: es 'casi demasiado grande'. Estc concepto se anuncia y se sustrae a Ia presentaci6n en escena. E n raz<)n de su talla casi excesiva, obscena, p odria decirse.4
2. COLOSSAL: THE
OBSCENE SUBLIME O R
'/'/111.1~
t. IQ
..c
0
r. 20 B Rt n (;u Tll' :\lagnum Photo. Ho111br~ mlllillamlo tlias tlt'lp11rs drill / 09/ 01 20tH Cat. 33
p. 21 Roni.R"I C.\P\ :\lagnum Photos Joltlatlollll'llllinmp111nlllojx,rfit<rztl.<lllllrlimlun 19-14 C:u. 19
>Si Jo monstruoso cs b
us ar-
tclco!Ogica de Ia natumlcza, cs
decir, ambos imposibilitan Ia
funcic'>n judicati'-a. AI rcsp<.:cto
Segtln esto, el casi demasiado grandees lo mismo que cl casi impresentable pero nolo
irrepresentable: es decir, lo colosal - prosibruc al autor- es sin borde pero tampoco
simple desbordamiento o Ia expetimcia de 1111a titademacioll de Ia presenlacion a ella 111iS111t1
o 111tis bit111111a illadec/facioll de/presentante e11 [Link] de Ia presmtaci611.5 Esta inadecuacion es un limite de Ia raz6n que se levanta para " desfigurar" cllimite mismo, una ralla
o medida casi excesiva que estando en escena no se cxplica por su presencia, ni
siquiera por su ausencia, sino por su exceso que levanta el borde o cllimite mismo
de Ia representacion. Noes lo sublime, porque este csta acotado al ambito de Ia emocion del sujeto y relacionado con el bien como su condici6n mo ral, pero tampoco
esta en Ia vida, que en su desordenamiento haria imposible Ia aprehensi6n sensible
y ncgaria Ia condicion teleologica de Ia naturalc:.::a (C6mo entender ento nces lo
colosal si no pertenece ai mundo de la experiencia ni al ambito de la emocion pura
del sujeto? Y mas attn: (que produce csto en terminos de conocimicnto logico y
sus implkaciones esteticas y politicas? La cifra d e csta cxplicacion, al menos en su
estructura 16gica, esra en su contradicci6 n: casi demasiaclo g rande, no lo grande
absolucamente (lo sublime marematico), sino lo que podria ser tan grande pero no
Jo CS, Jo casi presentable que aJ presentarse solo bace factible Sll impresentabilidad.
Segtm esto, lo colosal tiene su momenta de presentaci6n, al fin y al cabo es un concepto, pero un concepto cuyo ideal/1111 coosiste en su imposibilidad de ser aprehendido
y de ser comprendido al mismo tiempo. Es uo concepto que se comprende pero
no se aprehende: carece de intuici6n sensible y con todo se puede presentar, al
menos en lo que a su estructura categorial se refiere. No cs cl infinito, este es una
intuici6n for mal que se explica a sf misma: es evidente como una totalidad abierta o
actual, lo colosal es mas bien una cuasi totalidad que en su incomplerud da Iugar a
Ia representaci6n pero sin nunca poder ser agorada en lo reprcscnrado.
M:is all:i de Kam y a pesar de el, esto tiene enormes implicaciones en rcrminos
epistemol6gicos y por ende esteticos. El casi demasiado grande, a diferencia de lo absolutamente grande, abre Ia posibilidad de su realizaci6n, da Iugar al dcseo de hacer
presentable lo impresentable en tanto haec factiblc medir y medirse con un concepto que
casi carece de representacion pero cuyo casi permite cl ordcn imaginacional. Lo colosal
sct.1\tn esto aparece como meclida [Link] y [Link], es decir como una operaci6n
racional en Ia que este presentable-imprcsentable tiene que ver, sobre todo, con cl valor
de cscala. Lo colosal se mide en relacion con la clesmedida, se trata de una ilusioa'
amc lo inconmcnsurable, eJ deseo de el. Es algo que ticnc su producci6n, en tanto
racional, en el ambito de las creaciones humanas. Mas alia de lo bello y lo sublime,
lo colosal aparece, no solo como d nucleo obsceno de lo epistt:mol6gico y lo cstctico, si
no es realizable, al menos como proyeccion de deseo, en Ia cultllra <Que es Ia guerra
According w Dcrrida's ddinitjon, the almost roo great is the same as the :1lmosr
unprcsentable, but not as the uim::presentable: i.e. the colossal-conlinue~ the author-has no boundmics but it is not just excess or tbe (';[Link]: tj' em il/(u/eqll1)' of
tbe preimltltio!l btjore itief/ or mther em i11ndequcu;y of tbe presenter i11 lbr prl'sml of lbe [Link].'' Tlus inadc<.1uacy is a limit set b~ reason, which d1cn rises and "disfigures"
the lim it itself. lt is :m almo:.t-exccssive size or measure, and its smging may not he
explained by its presence, nor by the excess which lifts the boundaries or limits of
represemalion. It is not 1he sublime, because the sublime is bound within rhe re:1lm
of the subject's emotions and iris rclared to the good a~ its moral concblion; but it
is not in life citlH.:r, since its disorder would make sensible apptehension impossible,
denying the tdcological condition of n:lturt:. Therefore, how should the colossal be
understood if ir docs not belong to rhe world of experience nor to th<:: realm of
the pure emo tio n of rhe su bject? Furthermore, what dot:s that situatio n product
in terms o f logical knowledge and what are its aesrheuc and polilical implic:LLio n!'?
The key ro this expl:lnntion, at least in its logical structure, is in its contradiction: ir
is almost too great, bLi t not the absolutely great (the matht:matical sublime); it could
be as g reat as thar, but iL is not. lL is the almost presentable, since it~ pn.:sence o nl y
makes its unprtscmability ft:as ibk. According to this, even if rhe colo~sa l has irs
moment oi pr<.:scntalion, it is still a concept; and the idealtriiJ of this concept is th:ll
it can not be apprt:hended and comprehended at the same time. r\ ~ a concept it can
be comprehended, bur nor apprehended: it lacks a sensible intuition bur it still
can be presented, at least regarding its categorical st:rucrure. lt is not the inlinitc,
since the infinite is a formal imuirion that explains itself: it is self-e,ident as an open
or actual totality. Instead, rhe coloss:1l is more of a guasi-rotality. Since the colossal is incomplete, ir allows for [Link] to take p11cc; but it is nevt:r tOtally
exhausted in th:u rcprcscnL'ltion.
Bt:yond K:1nt, and agninst him, this has enormous implications in episn.:molo!-,~
cal terms, and therefo re in ncsLhetic om:s. Unlike the absolutely great, the almost
too great opens the po~sibili L~' of its fulfillmt:nt as representation; it make~ way for
tht: desire o f making the unpn:se;ntable prt:sentable imofar a~ it allows rhc subject
to measurc and bl: mc.:asL1rcd with a concept that almosr lach presentation, since
the a/;;;[Link] s1jl1 allows imagination to ta ke place. Therefore, the colossal appears as a
measure that c;ul be fulfilled as a racional operation in which this prcsenrablc-unpresentable is rnoscl\' related to a v:~l ue of sc:Lic. The colossal is measurt:d in rclatjon to
cxct:ss. lt is an illusio n gcncrntcd hcfo rc the incommensurable, Lhc desire for it; and
insofar as its productinn pcrr:1ins to rl:~\son , iris located in the realm of human cn~
ations. Thercf<Jre, and beyond the beautiful and the sublime, unless it can be fullilled in
:u~ulll<.:lll~ of
the pbilmopher
rc..~:rding th~r
rn:urer arc
rcp rc~cm.
c~1rrics; <>ur
I he
judgmc111 nf
1hc sublime,
n~ rur,
in a crisis:
~amc
rhing
ro dw tuncrion oi judgment.
!)cc JosC: l.u1s B:trrios. f:./
(llti]J<i [Link]/to: el tJ..<<o o r!JJifJifJo
I lni,cr<itbd Nacion:~l
T/)( Tmt!J in
Ibid.
culture-and even so, o nly as a projection of desi re- the co lossal appears as more
than the ob~cene nucleus of the epistemological and the aesthetic. \'\'hat is war if not
a pn:sentation of the unpresenrable, a man-made space where imagination desires
a "concept which is almost too p;reat tor presentation"? \\'hat arc the impliCttions
of measuring representation only to arri\e to the excess o f the unprescntablc when
the colossus is inscribed as \1olence? \X'har is the relation between technology and
excess? In short, what is the technological colossal and what is the meanin!!, o f this
excess in t<::rms of humanity? \X'oukln't dus be d1e place of aesthetic terror and terrorism, whether it is Scaw terrorism o r a resistance against it?
''Terror c;m be dennt'J (always in terms of art) as t!Jr:j (eling rf angui.r/1 that ((IIIII'S
Jmm the 111/I!.Y}>ected rmd ,wddm colli/Jill(l/to/1 of !be ..-Hbli!l/1' rmd the .[Link]'' This statement by Fcli'> D l i<Jllt: i~ given in the comexr o f his argumcm around the difference
between horror and terror in po:;unodcrn culture, a difference that, for him, invalidates a good parr o f the ani:; tic practices o f the twentieth century, I ndepencknr
of the Spani!'h phi losopher, thi~ idea allows us to think about other represenration
practices of our Limes, prncrices related to the technologies produced fo r nearl y a
hundred and fifty years of modern history. Could we think that if terror--M least
during the industrial and post-industrial periods- is the sudden mixture uf the
sublime and the sinister, it ncrually is "rhe hidden side of desire, i.e. what is really
desired, the ll that desires in us"K? Or, as l ha,-c been arguing, should we think of
terro r as a product of the colossal, i.e. as the obscene and p erverse mixture
of power, desire, and technology as an excess inscribed on the body- the place of
a!J measures? The answers to these questions should be souhrhr for in the racionalc
of the representation technologies of the unpresenrablc, i.e. in the technologies that
terror uses to produce and represent itself, making way for- but nor presenting -the
obscene sublim<:: o r the colossal. I am nor speaking of d1e event itself, bur of the ,isual
space o f its representation and of the technologies that enable it. 1f there is somcrhing
peculiar to modernity and hue-modernity, it is d1e circulation of violence and terror
as a condition enabled by technological devices such as photography, lilm, video, and
digital informa6on. While rhese devices are an outcome of instrumental thought, they
are also the means to disseminare this thought as a global social imaginary, If rerror ha5
not been closed in the Real, we will have to clcco nstrucr its devices of reprt:senr~H] on
to make way for th<:: affective space o f the unpresentable. We will have to dismount''
presence in urd<::r to show the place of the delirious illusion of Colossus: this almost too
gteat- and now I add- which lackingpresenmtion makes way for tenonts an affective
event, i.r.:. no longer as t~mtasy, but as affectation. The dismOtmcing operation needeJ to
~ind the unprcscncablc in the presence of the image produced by it is tluite complex.
'lC
out rhis
p~per,
o tc: Through-
lhrrios uses
mont:1ge. Altl)()ugh
.~~~~~Slmbk
would bt clearer
mon 1~g-~.
3. LA
Mas aca de Ia historia y a pesar de Ia urgente necesidad que tenemos de narrnrla, las
imagenes [Link] son un silencio para cl historiador y una fascinacion para el esteta:
uno le pide demasiado al tiernpo que produzca scntido, cl otro hace de esc .insL'11nte un
absoluto de sentido. Pero Ia imagen c::s mas que el tiempo y menos yue Ia etcrnidad, es
una huella, cl halo de un il~a-m;)'a-tirlo, un presente que clausura todo pasado, un pasado que apenas balbucea su presente: la im agen es un sobreviviencc que no es testigo.
E sto se vuclve particularmente .impo rtante en las imagenes de violencia bclica, sobre
todo porquc en estas, en ttltima instancia, Ia clausura del hecho es lo gue las define.
Si para Ia hisr:oria del arte la imagen supone, a pesar de Ia ilusion de que se puede
hacer narraci6n, el anacronismo como su condici6n onto16gica, cuanto mas csto es
dcterminante en las " representaciones" del terror y la violencia. El nLicleo ultimo de
su referencia esci siempre ausence: ya sea porque dan cuenta demasiado del acomecimiento mortal hasta volverlo imposiblc, ya sea porque el sobreviviente es apenas
una mera maquina instintiva sin capacidad de rcprcscmaci6n. De Lmo y otto !ado,
pareciera que el terror hace imposible el lugar objetivo del hecho y el lugar subjetivo
de Ia expcriencia. Hntre estas dos negaciones se tiendc cl c~pacio invisible del terror
,:Como pues hacer viable este acontccimiento del terror si a\ parcccr no tiene cabida
en la presencia en la im agen? Como alirma Godard (Francia, 1930), cl cine y con el
las tecnolo~:,rias tie Ia representacion que el siglo xx produjo no pudieron dar cuenta
de las rclaciones obscenas entre ellas y el poder y de ahi gue este inscrito en cstas un
fracaso polftico y etico desde el principia. Habra, pues, que pensarlas de otra mancm, co ncebirlas como un proceso <.lialcctico en el que en Ia [Link] que sc opcm un
montaje se activa un desmontaje. A Ia manera de una construcci6n cinematogrMica,
El rr-ino de Coloso parte de la producci6n material de visibilidad (fotograffa, cine y arte
electr6nico) para restiruir cl momento afectivo del terror en el espectador. Sc trnta de
un ejercicio de negaci6n de Ia presencia en la representaci6n para ir m as alia de esta:
3.
lmages are dost:r than history, and e\'cn if we have an urgent need ro fi nd hisrorical narratives, d1t:y rt:main silent fin rht: hismrian, and tnscinating for the acsthetici~ n. \X'hile the
historian a:-ks too much lrom time, demand ing the production of m eaning; the ne~ thcd
cian endows tile insmnt of the image with nn absolute meaning. But the image is more
than time and less than ctlrniry; iris a n':'lce, rhe halo o f a,~oil{~-lobe-f.,tt.f-/Je('tl, a present thm
closes al l pnst, :1 pnst that ho1rdly babbles its present: rhe image is a survi\'or, but nuL a
witness. This becomes particul:lrly important when it comes to linages oi war \'iolcnct:,
mostly because, in the end, these images are defined by the closure of the fact. a~ f<>r an
histOt'); tht: ontological condition of [Link] [Link] is anachronism-in spite of the illu~ion
that it might become narntU\'l'-, thi::. condicion becomes tantamount when determining tl1c "rcpn.:~[Link]" of terror and ''iolcnce. The ultimate nudeLt~ of reference is
always absent in the~e imagc~ lx:cau~e of two reasons: on one hand their :lccount of
d1c act of d~ ing is so dose d1:1lt:ht-y acntall~ make it impossible; on the other rhc sunhor
is nothing but an in~tincti,c machine thm has lost the ability to represent From one side
and the other, it \\ould ~cem rhat both rhc ohjcctin: as the place of f:1c~. and the subjective as the place of experience hecome impossible because of terror. The realm of terror
occupies the sp:1ce hel\vcen these two negation>. If the c\cnt of terror docs not hmc a
place in the presence ol the im:1gc, how can it become visible? As Godan.l snys (hnncc,
1930), fi lm, and with ir the technologies of represenwtion of tht: l\\'entit:dl ct:mury, were
not able to account f(>r 1heir o bscene relatio nship wid1 power, and this defeat pointt:d <ll a
politic.1l and ethic:1l fnilure that was insn ibcd .in them from [Link] sLart. 'l'hcrcfure, wc should
approach them in a dilll:rl'llt way, and [Link] of tl1em as a dialectic process in which th~ act
of montagc is accompanit:d by [Link] net. of dismounting: the exhibition L/ ni11o de (.o/[Link]
is fasbioncd alkr fi lm, where the matc:ti~1 l production of visibility (photography, fi lm and
electronic an) i~ used to rt:st itute the affective moment of terror ill the audience. It is
an exercise in th~.: den ial of pr<.:scnce in representation aimed at transcending it and
trad.
L~uncs,
IJucnos Aires,
pflg. '160.
al lu1,rar afectivo del acomecimiento, una suerte de mostracion por ausencia de alJuello
que derermina Ia cualidad estctica de terror: lo colosal.
T.a imagen dialccuca [Link] como Benjamin Ia posrula, ob]jga a abordar Ia produccio n material propia de hs im~genes, es d ecir, a tener en cuenca el d ispositivo
tecno lc)gico que las produce. En este contex to, no es fortuito que Ia :;cleccio n de
obras que se muestran guarcle una rclacion elirecta con las recno logfas de Ia representation propias de Ia m [Link] y la modcrnidad rardfn: fotogrnffa, cine, video
y tecnologias digirales. Nose trata tan solo de mostrar lo represenmdo, sino de activar
el sistema con el que se le representa y los moclos [Link] de cadn uno de ellos
para esmblecer las rclaciones entre disposit.i"o maquinico y experiencia sensorial.
En este contexte, el juego walt~ctico pane de cada una de estas tecnologias para
acti\'ar el modo mismo en que el terror se produce en y por medio de elias. En
otras palabras, Ia imagen [Link] supone tambicn Ia de lo concreto, es decir,
Ia producci6n material de objetos que una sociedad, culrura o cpoca producen;
a partir de a hi se construye Ia visualidad como momaje. I Tacerlo asi no es una
arbitrariedad sino Ia exigencia de responder a Ia condicion misma de produccion
de relaro de Ia modernidad y Ia contemporaneidad. Si algo caracteriza Ia condici6n de lo hist6rico a partir de Ia aparicion de Ia forografia y cl cine no es ya Ia
narraci6n sino el m ontaje, y no solo en su [Link] ci nematogrMico, del cual me
ocup})rc mas adelante, sino el sentido gue Ia condicion de posibilidad de Ia hiscoria que las image nes nos plantea, tal y como lo entiencle Didi-lluberman: "La
paracloja de La imagen para el historiador: representa nl [Link] tiempo Ia jt1ellle drlpecado
(por su anacronismo, su [Link] famastmiLico, el cadcter .incomrolable de su campo
de cficacia, etc.) y l:ajtm1/e de t'onoci1!1ienlo, cl dcsmontajc de Ia hisroria y cl montaje de la
historicidad." 8 Asi, p ues, esta primera idea Ia exposici<)n se consLruye como un juego de
n.:laciones entre monraje, desmonraje y rt:montaje sobre las recnicas de representaci6n
del terror. Se bata de una clialectica de lo colosal en la que Ia escala es lo presentableimprescntable, una presencia que sc rnidc con lo impresentablc clando Iugar al terror.
Ttl<l\I.I~DI\OI\1. \lo.
"1 0
arriving to the emotional place of rl1e event, which somehow shows--in iL~ ab:->cnccct1e colossal as 1hat which determines 1he aesthetic gualiry of terror.
lf we wo rk wirh rhc di::tlcc:tic im::tgc, as under::; rood by Benjamin, we should conside r
their matetial production, i.e. we should take the technological device that p roduces
d1eSe images into :1CCOU111. ' l'h:lt is why the works in rhis show arc directly related tn the
technologies of representntio n proper of modernity and late moderni ty: photography,
111m, video, :mel d igital technologies. T he exhibition is not just about the subiec lmauc r
of the linages; it also involves act.ivatit1g the svstems d1at were used to represent t.l.H.:sc
subjects, as well as the aesthetic modes of each sysrem, u1 o rder ro establish [Link] between thest: machinic tk:\'ices ;\nd the expetience of the senses. ln that comext,
a dialectic process is [Link]~ht:d fi)r tach of these technologies so that the way in which
terror is produced by them and through them becomes activated. In other words, tht:
dialectic image also imoln:... the di:dectic of their concrete material production as objects by any gi,en socie~. culture or petiod; and that is the context in which ,;sualiry is
produced as monm~-,tc. This pcrspccti,c is nor arbitrary. lbther, it is a necessary response
to the condition wherebr moderniry and !are modernity produce their O\vn narmtiw.
The condition of historr after the apparition of photography and film is no longer
characterized by narmtive, bur by monrage.111erefore in this paper the word "mont:~p,e"
is not only used as it is in film -although I \\~11 deal \\rith that late r on- but also :1s a
specific condition of possibilirv (or histoq~ Jn the \\.-ords of D idi-H ube rrnan, ''for the
histmian, tl1c paradox of linages is that they represent, at tl1e same W11e, tl1e somre q/ .1in
(because lhcy are an anacltronism, they have a ghostlv content, tl1cir t-icld of cflicicncy is
uncontrollable, etc) and the .romu: rf kiiOII'H'dge, they dismo unt history an<.l build lustoricity through rnonltlge."w T herefore, and following this first idea, the exhibition is built
as a group of relations rJ1ar edits d1e teclmiqucs of reprcst:ntation of terror thro ugh
montage in order to &;mount this narrative and put the linages togcth<.:r again. It is a
dialectic of the colo~sal in which the scale is the prcsemablc-unprcscntabk, a presence
thar is mca~urcd agaimt rhc un presenrahle and makes \vay for terror.
) E.\' Ct
r \~~ R~pho Ntiia taptindoJt lo1 oidos dtmmte /;Qmbardeo 1991 <:at. 21
lCP Trindxram Kt11t 1940 Car. 51
\LOI. C<>l
) Ho:-- T <>l'll\\t
4. MONTAJE. IMAGEN
A. El PLANO
Lt1
CONTRA PLANO:
LA
HEGEMONfA DE LA PRESENCIA
Una C(J!IIIIIIirlml 110 se t!tl llltis qur mIt~ 11/llflte..r flO pruiwmente eJJ el t"ellll'lllnio, q11e
es 1111 h~l!,ar tlr rsp"rin111imto. dr distinrion: sino en Ia ct:flii,f' de los IJomos rre!lltllotios
o en l11s pilt1s hacilwd111 dr mdtil'rm.
Jcan- l .uc 1'\,\l':<.Y, Jrr sil~l!,lllmpluml
c:Que se tiende entre Ia imagen de gran plano del zcpclin bombardeando (furguia, 1911- 191 2, guerra italo-turca) y Ia toma cerrada del soldado frances caido en
Ia batalla de Marne (1914) durante la prim era guerra mundial? Pero, mas aun, c:que
opera entre Ia promesa de muerte dicha en cine y el gran plano del bombardeo
con Ia comunidad de muerte de cadaveres hacinados y cl cucrpo del soldado?: Ia
<.lialcctica invertida entre lo que Ja mirada representa y lo que Ia palabra cnuncia
o la 16gica misma del montaje como sistema de construcci6n del tiempo y Ia
memoria en el siglo xx. E l montajc, mas alh1 de Ia na.rraci6n, es el g ran dispositive estetico de Ia modernidad, no solo porquc articula las rclaciones de tiempo
y significado a partir de Ia edicion, sino porque al haccrlo clabora una compleja
construccion del presente con el pasado de los hechos o las ficciones, en cl que la
11l
Col!llllllllil] is on!J givm in t!talh, and notprecise!J in ce/1/elelies, 11Jbich ore spocicms places
for disti11dio11: b111 i11 tbe ashes o/ cmllfllion Ol'tll! or i11 the piles o/ slocktd corpses.
Jean-Luc . ANCY, 8ei11g Jingular Plum/
..i~
0
\'""'I"
p. 32
l'ubtifoto Archi,t..,/01~ com Du~~iU.s IHJJIIlkml"m Crllllf'M lmr,,s 19 11 Cu. 11
p. :n 1II 'KI R<x.t R \ 't< [Link] Pari~icnnc de Photo~mphic \oltlt~~ln fi'lmf:, '""'11n 1?14 Car. 56
presencia de Ia imagen instaura, por decirlo de alguna mancra, una relaci6n entre
Ia supervivencia del hecho y Ia at(}Ueologia psiquica de las cosas, es clccir, una
presencia que se presenta siempre co mo Ia pcrdicla de uo acontecimiento y al
mismo ticmpo da Iugar a! fantasma de esc acontecimicnto que invariablemente
evoca Ia imagen. Esto cs particularmente impo rtantc a Ia hora de comprcnder el
sis tema narrativo configurado por Ia edicio n, sobre todo po rq ue Ia relaci6 n
de sentido que se establece, en un primer momenta, tiene que ver con cl juego
entre lo presente en cacla imagen y la vinculacio n de presentes que se da entre
cstas, entre el plano contra plano como el sustratO minimo que haec posible Ia
rclacio n cmre imagenes y con ello Ia co nstrucci6n tramatica de lo visual.
El monraje es en principia una relaci6n entre wmas, como observa D eleuze, que
consisten - en su sentido mas originario-- en el establecimiento de una siruaci6n
(roma percepci6n), una intenci6n (toma afccci6n) y una acci6n {toma accion)
y que, mas alla de que esto sea Ia condici6n de Ia narraci6n comun del cine,
permite explicar cl dispositiYo ideol6gico de Ia construcci6n cinemato!,'lafica.9
i\si, entre un contexto, una intcnci6n y una acci6n, el montajc csci determinado
por Ia hegemonia del plano, es este (plano de presencia) el principia desde el
cual todo o tro plano es deter minado y configurado. Sc trata de una imaginaci6n
montado ra donde se echa a andar un dispositive de reprcscntaci6n en el que,
casi de manera estructural, el modo en que relacio narnos imagenes y configuramos imaginarios se explica porIa relaci6n entre plano contra plano/mo ntaje.
[Link] es particularmente importante a Ia ho ra de [Link] a la dialectica
del plano/ co ntra plano en las imagenes de guerra, segun lo expucsto, pues la toma
pcrccpci6 n en este tipo de imagcncs daria cuenta, fundamentalmente, del poder
belico en-el-mundo, mientras que el contra plano seria el Iugar concreto donde
este poderfo se manifiesta, es decir, el cuerpo y particularmcntc su destn tccio n.
Vista desde esta perspectiva, co mo en tender cl g ran plano del zcpclin bombardca ndo y cl cuerpo cafdo del soldado. Mas alia de Ia cvidenre relaci6 n entre
or fictions, in which the p resence o f rhc image founds- to put it some way-a
relation berwccn 1he :;urvival o f 1he fact and the p sychic survival of 1hings, i.e. a presence that always prescn rs i1 self as the los:; o f an event and, ar the same time,
makes way for the phantom of that event, something invariably evoked by the
image. T ltis is panicularly impo rranr if we are to [Link] the narmtive system
configured by editing, m o~ rly because- at first- it create:; rneaning through thc
relations between that which is present in e:1ch image and the bond ]J<;:twccn
them, between the sho t/ counter shor as the minimum substrate thm cnabks H
relation between .[Link] and the construction of the visual as a p lot.
ln principk, as noted by Ddeuzc, montage is a relation between shuts that- in
its most originating sen~e-cons is ts o f establishing a situation QJCrception-image), an .intention (affection-image), and an action ([Link]-imagc); and he also
says that this relatio n is nm only Lhe cond ilion of common narrative in film, but
it is also what allow!' us to explain the ideological de,ice w hereby films are
constructed. 11 T hus, between a comexr, an imention and an action, montage is
determined by the hegemony of rhc shot, :md the shot (a plane of presence) is the
principle fro m which e,ery o ther shot is determined and co nfigured. 1t is a social
imaginary that wo rks as montage, triggering a representation device where the relatio n between the shor/coumer shot and montage explains the way in which we
relate images lo each o ther and configure our imagination almost in a stntctu ral
way. This is particularly important when we app roach the dialectic ol the shot./
counter shot in war images. In them, the perception shot would fund amentally
explain th<;: power of war in-the-world, while the counter shot would be.; the co ncrete placc where this pow~,;r manifests itself, i.e. the body and i t~ ckstructjon.
Prom this p<.:rspecti,c, we can repeal the C][Link] about how w understand
the extreme long shnt o f 1he zeppelin bomb ard ment and the fallen body of the
soldier. Beyond the obvio us rclntion between situatio n and action, we ~; h ou ld
think about what is con ngurecl as an e\ent in imagination. In other words, wc
?<
11
O n the:
rdn r inn ~
between
pp. 36-37 t\.'-:0'-1:110- Publiforo Archi,,es/Oiycom "livpas u!itvku ttlx117lon m OnnkefTJ'~ 1940 Car. 12
could say that a double epistem o logical device is activated between the open shot
that explains the aerial ~mack-more than the war techniq ue that was not developed before the twentieth century- , and the close up of the b ody. T he first
epistemological device is related to an operation of the imagination that bujlds
an anachronistic relatio n between both evenrs, allowing us to associate the siLUation to the action. T he second device is more complex and it is the one to show
the representation technique as its co ndit:ion of possib ility: onl~ the features of
photography as a technique (insrantaneity, reproducibility, and massive circulation) enable the anachronism hy which two images of "var may be presented and
relate to each other-in this case, the open shot that depicts the 1911 bombing
and the close-up of the body of rhe soldier w ho died at the battle o f i'vlnrne in
1914. Departing from this conditio n, imagination carries out a montage of images that could not be exph1ined withou t the support that makes them possiblt:.
The imaginaxy relatio n between the scale of that which is presented as situation and that which .is presented as action takes place in tht: set of oppositions
between the shot/ coun te r shot, which is the condition of terror. l3y setting one
scalt: against tht: o ther, the event that may be produced by technology becom e~>
unpresentabk, colossal: an excess in relation m a measure, or an almost too g reat
for presentatio n.
While the shot counrer shot/ montage explains the p lace of the presentatio n
of the unp resentable, rhe rexrual interference activates the mo ment of the inverted dialectics as some son o f ncgatiye theology of the statement, insofar as it
shuts out :mel doses the space of the unp resenta ble. T he unpresentable is that
excess which lacks a statement. I;or thinkers such as G iorgio Agamben, writers
as Primo Levi, and fi lmmakers as Claude Lanzm ann, the irreducible nucleus of
the unp resentablc is the impossibilitv of the witness. If \Ve consider the shot as
the maker f!( presl'l/re, GotlanJ's d ream of death founded in fum, and Nancy's community in the pile of Hacked corpses, it would seem that the only way to access
something that makes way for the unpresentable by being present is th rough it s
negativity, th ro~1gh the place rhat has always been closed in that prc~entation : the
impossible place
the testimo ny, the paradox of a witness tha t can not testify
because cloin~ :-:o wou ld mei\n that the witn c~s was present in the:: ope::ratjon of
death and sti ll ~ ur vivL:d. 1\ s in ncgrnive theology, appearing in the:: planes of presence is on ly possible because rerror is never explicit, and it o nly appears w hen its
condition as ~o m eth ing unpre~e nrable is hidden. The last redoubt of this condition finds its explanaLio n in the cthicnl, not the aesthetic, impossibility o f giving
a testimonv of the obscene place of te rror. In rwenrieth cenmry history, this condition
or
10
p:\g. 47.
II
40
was actualized by the nnion:~l e of the extermination of rhe j e\vs. Beyond victimology, this ratio nale wns the one to implement the perversion of rhe rehuions
between technology and power, a perversion that produced the technology for
extermination while it was also p roducing the epic dream of war; and rhat technology is the place where the radically p resentable p lace of Colossus meers
the absolut:ely clost:d place of iLs perversion: terror as annihilation machinery.
Perhaps, that is why what is being coded to be decoded by [Link] inver:--e dialectic
should be thought of as a gap, as the interstice that tears up every montage
by explaining and rcali?:ing that the purpose of whatever is present always lies
somewhere cl ~c. somewhere before the image where terror makes death impo~
sible. The extreme of the :;hot/ counte r shot may only produce the presence of
the corpse, never of death; the community o f death that on]~ has its place in the
presentation of the corpse. Thar is why an image that looks for the coincidence
of present and presence will never account for terror, since terror will always
be elsewhere, or to pur in the words of Jean-Luc Nancy, "it is always possible to
show rl1e most terrible images, but ro show what o r who is annihilated by each
possibility of the image is impossible, except if the gesture o f the m urderer is
recreated " .1z It is not about .whu kills who, but about who or what kills the possibility o f the image, what it is that leaves no place for the 1;<1Ze in relation to
terror. And this is cerrainly done by the relation bet\veen power and technology.
Godard :-1lready spoke of the political and ethical failure of filrn , one that may as
well be extended to photogr::~ph y nne\ other industrial technologies: their impossibility to account for the production line of death operated by Nazism d uring
World War 11 . Therefore, rhe parndoxical conditio n of the image-on wh ich its
ideological and spectral rcgisters may be built-hns to be explained on the basis
of this closure. It is also from here that we could deconstr uct the sense (or lack of
sense) and the status nf represcntntion in the scopic regime of the twentieth
and early Lwenty-firs t centu1ies. This ground, this liminal territory, is the one
explored by l:J rciflo de Coloso.
" ill
'l
2005, p. 47.
B. CAMPO
ll!Oili//liwt&
le
brbe/1/os_y bevel/lOS
/- . .] cmntiiOJ IIIIajiJsa m los aira 110 u _)'art' (/Ill eslrerbo.
Paul
C [Link],
B. FRAMED/OUT
In his metaphor, Celan would seem to deny Adorno's affirmation about the impossibility of making poetry after Auschwitz. The poem was wri tten in 1947, a
couple of years after the allies discovered ex1.ermina1iun camps. T he Rumanian
p oet accoun ts fu r the impossible place of death. The ve rse " 11,.1' .rhorel tl grm.e i111he
t1ir u!fJCI'f)'Oll 1110n 'tlie loo m w1Jed" addresses the image of smoke coming from the
crematorium chimneys and, in doing so, it also dcal~ with the necessarily perverse
condition that re(]Uires the cotp~cs to disappear, and to suture the obscene space of
the rat'ionalc behind the [Link]. On the orher ha nd, the pi cn~re by N ick Ut
(Vietnam, 1951) of a Napalm attack (1972) during the V ietnam \XIar is certainly
one of the images that gives face-,,alue to the acco unts of the relation bctween
J/1/0._thm apeiron o f war- and the gestme o f te rror produced by its presence.
\'\'h at is at srake between Cehtn's metaphor of eYanescence nncl the smoke that appears in
C JJRIS
Jlo, nRos
2006 Car. 36
II
'\. 11 h.
I<
.\ ssociatt d Press
I 'idtwtll :\ tJjMitll
19 7 2 C:u. 55
11
intr.
d~
N icolas Sanchez
2U03, pag.
ss.
Ia imagen de Vietnam? Como afirma Sloterdijk: "Un golpe que Ueva a cumplimiento Ia
negaci6n mas implfcita de lo m as c..xplicito en todas las expeerativas posibles: que el
ser-en-el-m undo de lo s hombres no pucd e si!:,rnificar bajo ni ngunn circunstnncia
un ser-en-cl-fuego." 11 Esta estetica del hLtmo, desde cl de las chimeneas de los campos
de exterminio pasando por el que inunda el paisaje de un campo de batalla o el del
bombardeo de una ciudad hast:a llet,>a.r al del hongo de Ia exp losion at6micn, revela Ia
condici6n, qui4a La unica posible en terminos de prcsencia/presentaci6 n, del terror en
tanto inmediatez. El coloso se hace presente, justo ahi dondc sus hordes desbordan
dando Iugar al impresentable en Ia presentaci6n. Se trata de una desproporcion del
media q ue se inscribe como una p resentaci6n indeterminada que -y esto quiz.-\
es lo mas significativo-- cletermina aqucUo que se presen ta en Ia imagen. Pero (que es
lo que se presenra a Ia im agen y como este que se presenra al mism o tiempo solo se
explica por lo impresentable? La rcspuesta a esta pregunta sc responde en Ia propia
contra posicion entre Ia imagen visual y la imagen poetica. Si el texto de Celan cia Iugar
a lo evanescente del terror, Ia fotograffa Je Nick Ut aetiva el plano de presencia de esta
evanescencia al inscribir Ia rclaci6n entre primer p lano y profundidad de campo en cl
gcsto de terror, aquf el cuerpo no es cl terror pero es el sitio dondc cste se realiza.
Qui~a esta relaci6n se haga m as clara en Ia op osici6n dialectica ya no entre la
p oesia y Ia imagen, sino entre esta y cl conccpto. Sig uiendo el juego dialcctico
que he planteado mas arriba, en Ia oposici6n entre el enuneiado derridiano en
rorno a lo q11e debe erigirse en eiJIIOJ!imiento excesivo de s11 propia desapmicioH, de s11 illlpresentable presentaciott y el fuera de cam po de Ia fotografia (Iraq, 2006) de Hondros
(Estados Unidos, 1970), donde pareciera que d gesto de terro r sc cxpljca por
eJ desbordamiento de una ma<.JUina-de-guerra-cuerpO que Jo inscribe, SC podrfa
ave nturar una suerte de sfntesis imaginaria en Ia q ue " el movimiento cxcesivo de
su p ropia desaparici6n" no es otra cosa que ese fuera de campo, esc fragm ento
q ue sc muestra en tan to que se dcsborcla y que en su desbo rdamicnto cia Iugar al
aconrccimicnto del terror, o al menos a su gestualidad, en un plano tan cerrado
..
i
c
the background o f the V ietnam photogn1ph? In the words o f Sloterdijk, it i~ "a blow
that leads to the fulfillment of the most implicit negatio n of wh:u is most explicit .in
all possible expcct:u:io ns: that the being-in-fhc-world of men m~1y not m ean, under mw
circumstances, a bcing-in-rhc-firc". L' This r~c~th etics o f smoke, that goes from the o nt
coming out o f the cremarn1ium chimneys of extermination camps, to thc one that
floods the landscnpe of a battlefield, 1'11e one from a bombarded city, or the mushroom
cloud of the atomic blast, rt'venls the condirjo n- perhaps the onh possible conditio n in terms of presence/presentation- of te rror as immediacy. Colossus arrives jLISt
when boundmies nre exceeded, nnd then the unpresentnble takes place in tht: presentatio n. The disproportion belo ngs to the medium, \\hich is inscribed a~ an indeterminate
presentation that dctcnnim:s what is to be presented in the image. But what presents
irself before the image and c:m only be explained by d1e unpresenmble? \\e should
look for the answer ro this qucsdon in the opposidon between the ,-isual image
and the poetic image. If C:clan's poem allows for the enmescenr m mke place in terror,
the photograph by 1 ick llr ncri,ares the plane of presence of this e\anescence by
inscribing the relation between foreground and depth of field in the gesture of terror:
here the body is not terror, bur the plnce where it becomes real.
Perhaps this relation will become cle::trer if we focus on the opposition between the
image and the concept instend of tocusing on the one between the image and poetry.
Follo\\~ng the ltialectical relatio n that I already formu11red between Denida's statement
on what .rbo11/d .rltmd tit 1/.le 1~'\l'eSJil't! lllfJI'l'IIMtl qf il.r OIIJ/1 rliwppearing, of its [Link]' Jm'senlalto/1 and th.e o ut of the frame in I londros's (l'SA, 1970) photography (Irak, 2006),
where it would seem that. the gestwc of terro r is explained by the excess of a warmachi ne/body lhat inscribes it, we could venture some sort of imaginary synthesis in
which the "excessive moverncn t of its own disappearance" is nothing but that out of
frame, that fragml:nt which is ~hown prcci~cly because it exceeds the limi ts and in this
excess opens a space where terror- or :.It least its gestuality- might take place., in a
shot that is so closed that it tum~ the event o f terror "into the obscenity of its abys!'".
II
jJ
Then, whatever happens in the space left outside the picture becomes the pl}'ICC where
terror is explained, something th}lt Pasolini explored in his f1Jms and that, for him, was
the necessary condition of rhc space beyond the image where the affect of terror takes
place. \'\ie should clari fy thar this [Link] image that creates the image by its excess
is peculiar tO modern reproduction technologies, and it is not related to some son of
transcendence of rl1e image. I nsteacl, it is related to a teclmical potential which C\lll
define d1e relation between the foreground and d1c depth of field with such clarity that.
it is able to put terror in a ~ ituaLion and a context, as it does when it shows the gesrure
in an extreme close-up at the foregrmmd and still puts it in an abyss through d1c iJ (the
body-machiJ1e) which exceeds me close-up and produces an emptyi ng-out, a lack of
sense. T h us, the unpresentability of technological terro r may be explai ned by a
newr again, by an immanence that both consummates and consumes itself.
Beyond the shor/ counter shot, the framed/ our of frame weaYes a plot in the
technology o f representation, in which rhe condition of the instant in photograph)' shuts the space o f te rror where no presentation is possible, and in doing so it
shows that terror is produced by the condition of possibility of this techn ology. ln
the end, whatever is shown is the outcome of the proportion between the producer o f terror (modern war) and the medium used to represent it. ln other words, we
can o nly explain the reproduction of war through its images if we consider thar [Link]
technolo.s,ries used w represent it are another moment of the same war, of the same
event, and that it only become~ prestntable throLtgh war technologies. Nevertheless, when the violence of that which is being presented exceeds its presentation, it
also exceeds the ~tatus of rcpn.;scntation proper. I Tow, if not, can we unden;rand
the gesture o f terror of the girlthar looks :u: us and the obscenity of rhc body-mnchine that produces it? The excess is nnt in the body o utside the frarne, but in that
which is inscribed in the gesture of the character in the foreground by the b:trel}'
suggested body o ut of frame. Its excess is rhe one to point at the unpresentabiliry of
terror, insc1ibing rhe power of war as pure affection: as siege?
p. 50 E'RIQI 1. lloRDI .~ 1\1:\,GI::L Ln ttm:m m!tln, represio11 p(J/idttftt ttllltii'Sflw 1960 C:u. 16
p. 51 V. Yu>"- IC.P Sobreril'imlts dt / lll!rbll'itz 1945 Cm. 57
1...-tt [Link] del cim' r.r Ia rle 1111a dta [Link] col/ Ia bisto1ia de .r11 siglo. Ji I'Sia rita Jl'
[Link] <'S porqur rl rill( ba ignomr/() .fll [Link] propia, la.r bistoria.r de rt()'tl
rittua/id(/{1 sus ill/(~~mes mm pottadoms.
JaC<.jliCS R.\ ' CII .RE, L afolm!tr rimwm!OJ?,nijira
Dir!JO de olro 111odo trxkTvk1: 1110/tlf!j<' imis1Ue m el nit, r imistbi/irlad tk>! mo11tqje e11 Ia MniJirJII.
Jcan-LtlC G o D:\RD, ivfoije
Y RESTITUCI6N
5. DISMOUNTING.T HE
VISUAL IMPOSSIBLE
AND THE INTERSTICE O F THE IMAGE
To put it iu otbtr u;orrl.r: [Link]/e lltontagr iu ji/111 aud imisibili!J of tJtOnla,~e i11 T r/.
Jean-Luc GoDArm, [Link]
A.
i\s R:1 ncicrc no ted when talking abou LGodard's 1/isloire(r) r/11 cim!JJ!t1, film should
have been presem in Auschwitz because the essence of ri lm is being present.
Nevertheless, film did mo re than not be::ing the re. It made deceit a condition for
rhe production o f presence at least in rwo ways: one re lated to pro paganda as a
condition o f represen tation and ano ther direc tly rclmcd to J-lo llywood films as
the dreams and symbols produced by power. AJthoup;h each of rhcsc ways o f
12
Negra, 2007.
''Jacques Ranciere, Lajtib11/a
tillmlflf~J!,I'djittt.
Rejlexioms sobre
r...
2004 Cat. 60
of the other:
~nl(lies
rlon
thc"e n::prcscnta-
~y~ttn~.
~Lie
Ranciere, Film
r.y,.
:--:occ: l n bn~
(sus encuadrcs, tomas, etc.), restituye el instanle de expresion del primer plano.
Pero, ademas, descubre el lugar obsceno donde se con5truye el propio dispositivo
ideol6gico de ]a tecnologia cincmatografica: desnudar cl monta je por mcdio de
Ia "pintura en m ovimiento" supone, sobrc todo, Ia desgarradura del tiempo y Ia
presencia de Ia [Link]. Se trata de una estratcgia de dcsmontaje desde la cual Jiberar el acon tecimiento. En el fotograma sobre Ia guerm de Vietnam,
el cuaclro se rasga en dos. No se trata de un mero efecto, sino de Ia partici6n del
ticmpo ilusorio de la imagen cinematogrMica para dar paso al tiempo como aconrccimiento, como si cl Iugar del terror estuviera en Ia capacidad casi [Link] de
producir imagenes que en cl imaginario se sobrcponen como asedio. A Ia mancra
de un plano brechtiano de distanciamicnto de Ia rcprcscntacion desde Ia presencia, esta desgarradura del tiempo da Iugar al acomccimicnro, convicrrc la imagen
en pura afectaci6n. El fragmento-instaote pasa a scr asi cl momcmo \'isiblc del
terror que se explica por su imposibilidad de ser narrado, antes bien su prcscntc
sc abisma por la comprensi6n del montajc no como linealidad sino como fisura
del [Link] que restituye la imagen al puro acontecimiento.
Si en Ia fotagraffa el juego dialcctico del plano contra plano/montaje y del
campo fuera de campo desmontan cllugar de mirada a partir del nucleo obsceno
del cngarzamiento entre tecnica de guerra y lccnica de representaci6n obturando cl imprcscntablc de la presentacion, el desmontajc que propone Godard nos
permire vcr Ia imagcn-movimiento a partir de Ia restituci6 n Je lo clausurado en
Ia propia mirada, he aqui doncle cobra scncido Jo dicllfJ de olro 1110do todavia: IIIOJitqje
im;[Link]/c en cl titze... E l mo ntaje invisible se haec visibk para dar Iugar a lo imprescn table. Justo en ese terri torio oculto del m o ntajc invisible como con elicion del cine,
Ia estctica de Godard nos p erm ite m irar Ia imagcn-movimicnto cincmatografLca
desdc su cond.ici6n misma: eJ tiempo a partir de Ia ncgatividad que s upone cl
instante de Ia picture in 111otion; y tomar conciencia de Ia forma en que Ia tccnica de
Ia imagen-mo,imiento nos cngana.
pp. 56-57
~<
i:::
0
...iic
~
.
<
0
:...
" :;..,
B. A coNTECIMIENTO
Y TERROR
E s sobrc csta fisura de la imagen, dcsdc cste desmontaje, gue se restiwye el cine
documcm al como cstrategia de dcsmontaje del terror en la estetica de Ia gL1erra en el
siglo xx. J\1 menos es lo c1uc sc busca al con traponer cuatro m ancms de "dar cuenta" de este en Ia imagen-movimicntn. Si, como lo piensa D eleuze, el cine moderno,
ag ue! que comienza con el neorrealismo iraliano, sc explica fundamemalmentc por
Ia imagen tiempo, por Ia preponderancia de Ia toma sobrc Ia cdicion y el monraje,
sin duda esta cualidad cinem arografica se trnsroca a Ia hora de cmcndcrla desde la
tesis de Godard sabre el mo maje como dcsmomaje de los imaginarios que cl cine
[Link] gracias a su circulaci6n masiva. Si Godard desm onta Ia imagen, SokuroY
(Rusia, 195 1), Herzog (Alcmania, 1942) y [Link] (Prancia, 1925) Ia dejan acontcccr en s u pura cl uracion. D esdc tom as d e larga duracion, ya scan fijas o en
trat,elling, csros tres directores apuman Ia condici6n impresentable del terror.
E n cl caso del frahmento d e DllkbOI'I!J't' golosa (Spirilllal I/oices, 1995), A lexandcr
Sokurov da cuenta de Ia estancia de los soldados rusos en Ia frontcra de i\ fganisnln. Se rrara del espacio esterico de Ia cspcra, en este la camara esrablece un riU110
donde cl transcurrir de Ia ,-ida de los soldados sc cxplica por Ia imposibilidad de
cstar en cl presente de su acci6n, su cotidianidad sc tcnsa por un fucra de campo
sono ro que defi ne el afecto mismo de d icha csp era. E l plano de presencia filmado po r Ia camara cs apenas cl espacio de representacio n de una subjctividacl
cuyo afecto se explica por todo lo que ew\ fu era de: la imagen: cl silbido del airc,
cl sonido ocasional de una metralJcta que dis para en alguna de las mo ntafias que
la camara o bser va apaciblemente en enorm es to mas de pro fundid ad de campo.
E l Liempo aqui se clilata al extremo de hacer del terro r un estado de espera y
de Ia guerra un murmullo y una atmosfera que rodea e inunda sin presentaci6n Ia
vida cotidiana de unos soldados apostados en una fronte ra en guerra.
pp. 58-59
\\' 1 H.'!: H.
J l LH.L()(j
Le.r.ro11.r o/
/Jt~rk11m
1992 Cat. 61
B. EVENT AND
I [Link]
When documcn 1nry film depa rt ~ from this net of [Link], from this gap in
the image ir can he rcsrirurcd ro irs role n:; a strnregy to dismount te rror in rhc
[Link]-cenrury war aesthetics. /\t least, that is what we are looking for when
we oppose four ways of "accoun ting for" in the image-movement. If, as D eleuzc
thinks, modern cinema the one that starts with l talian 1eoreatism-can be fun
damentaUy explained fwm rhe perspective o f the image time (the predomi nance
of the take O\ er cdition and montage), Godard's point of ,iew gi\'es us a different
insighL For the Iauer, mont;\gt: i~ a wa~ to dismount the imaginaries produccd by
the massi,c circulation of film. If Godard dismounts the image, Sokuro\' (Russia,
1951), Herzog (Germany, 1942) and Lanzmann (france, 1925) deli,er the image
to pure duration. Thcsc three din:crors usc continuous takes-whether the camera
is fixed or tltl\cling to point :It the unprescntablc condition of terror.
In the case of the fragment of Dllkhfii'I!J'f [Link] ('lpilitual Toicu, 1995), ,\lcxander
SokuroY is depicting rhe sray of Russian soldiers at the ,\ fghnn hordcr. Tt is
the aesthetic sr:~ce of expect:ltion. In this film, the rhythm estah li sh cd by
the camera is akin to the way in which time passes for the soldiers. Unable ro
be in the pn:sem of their actio n , the sounds that come from something unseen
on the scrc~.:n delincs the afft:ct of their expectation. The plane of presence
filmed by the cam<:ra is harlU}' the space where the subject is affected, since
the cau~e
that a iT cuion is o ut of frame: the whis tling wind, the occasiona l
sound of rnach incgun lire in one of the mountains that the camera Cjllittly
observe~ in ex treme long shots. He re, time goes so slow that terror bccom<:s
a state of cxpectation, and war becomes a mere whisper, an atmosphere that
lacking a prcscntation st ill surrounds and floods the li fe of these sold it: rs sLationcd at the hordcr.
or
En cambio, "El jarclin de Satan", parte del documental Lektionm in Fimtcmis ([Link] qf Darkne.r.r, 1992) de Werner Herzog, da cuenta desde una toma aerea de las
consccucncias de la guerra del Golfo. Las tomas sobre el derrame de petroleo en cl
desierto y cl inccndio de los pozos petroleros aparcccn como una imagen apocaliptica
del terror, de lo que Ia guerra produce. Se trata de una suerte J c paisajc romantico sobre lo catastr61ico, pero que en el caso de Ia mirada del director aleman se explica (lo
carastr6 fico) no por Ia fuerza de Ia naturaleza (JUC provoca un dcsastre Qo siniestro),
sino porIa violencia ejercida por lo humano a Ia naturab:a Qo colosal). El !mvelliltgaereo de esta secucncia dimensiona y da Iugar, gracias al ritmo continuo de la roma, a un
desbordamiento del limite de Ia imagen, la ruina del paisaje sc monumcntaliza hasta
plamcar Ia pregunt.'l porIa conclicion imposiblc del mundo. Si lo vcmos desdc Ia perspectiva de Ia cstctica kantiana, el terror en Ia naruraleza aqui sc cxplica por Ia improma
que Ia tecnica le inscribe al mundo: Ia ruina se produce como fuego y comaminaci6n,
la belleza de lo muerto o Ia imposibilidad absoluta del futuro de Ia tierra.
El extrema del impresentable del coloso sin J u<.la lo pone en su contradiccion
irresoluble el documental Sobibor, 14 octo/m: 1943, 16 bmre.r (Jobibor, 14 de ocl!dmt de 1943,
2001), de Claude L'lnzmman. El cine de este director judio parte de Ia pregunta ctica
fundamental por Ia imposibilidad de que las imagcnes pucdan ser testigos del horror
del exterminio nazi. Ni Ia licci6n ni el documento fotografico del descubrimiento de
los campos pueden hacer visible Ia maguinaria de Ia solucic>n final y mcnos aun el terror padeddo en los campos de concentracion, antes bien, al objctivarlo lo clausuran.
Solo el testigo y cl sobreviviente se aproximan a lo Real de Ia 11oluci6n final, son estos
los que pueden hablar por los que no ya tienen voz. Acaso por ello la secuencia final de
So/Ji/Jor; mas que exponer el horror de Ia fabrica de muerte nazi, muesrra el mecanisme
mismo de esta industria, al poner en contradicci6n Ia imposibilidad del testimonio y t~m solo haccr presente la impresentabiJidad de la muerte, :tl cnscfiar una pizarra
electrica donde se da el recucnto de los clesplazados a los campos de exterminio: como
si Ia tecnologia y Ia estadistica fueran cl momenta de visibi~dad de una mac1uinaria
=c
,..
'"Tr:msla1urs No[Link]
pp. 62-(>3 Cl
\lll)~
L \t\ZM \-.::--
machine that made an impossibiUty of the right to die. In this account, terror lies
in the negation nf indi\"iduals hy transforming each of them into mere data, into
information that i" tmnsmittcd exactl y as it i:; in an airport ar ri v<Jl/dcpn rturc screen.
Since this electronic hoard just counrs those who have been disphtced, in it, terro r i$
in the closing of subject ivity nnd bodies: there is a body count, not death.
11rorn the pcrsp<:cLivc of the tUnlcctic image, these four films arc opposed to
each other at a structu ral and at a thematic level. Structurally, Dukf.,ol'I!J't.: .~[Link] by
Sokurov works as a shot/ coun ter shot and framed/ off the frame in relation LO
Godard's film. I ( we ~<.:<.: th<.:m from the poim of view of the image-mo\'Cm<.:lll and
time the~ openll<.: th<.: opposition of expectation and event. The tnweling in Sokurov's film al' oppo~cd to the fntgmemary montage of Godard':- open~ the rdation
between lhc siege as cxpccradon and the siege as CYCnt. On 01C omcr hand, me affccci\(:
dimension of terror is op<.:ned berween the image-duration of Sokurov's film and
the image-monmge of Godard\. \X hat appears to be ~n already constituted image
in the Russian 111m is dismounrcd by rhe French one only ro be re-inscrihed in
the images/imaginaric~ of ,\.o/t; IIIIUiiJIIe as the c\ent of terror.
The other stdt: of this dialeerjc is posed hy the opposition between the impossibility of the world and the impossibiliry of the testimony. In llerzog's documentary,
the desert and thc ruin ar<.: inscribed in the social imaginary of the catastrophic
departing from Lh<.: doL1ucncc of the continuous large aerial shot where the de
struction of l and~c;tp<.: becomes monumental; instead, in Lanzamann's documentary destruction is barely a statistical pn:scncc that lets the information slide by, making
the condition for rhc tcslimony impossible. Here, the opposition work~ structurall y,
through the pure ti me of the image, where the world (Herzog) is inscrilxd in a sublime-colossnl imaginr11ion, while in Lanzmman terror happens in its un prcscntability. Some sort of conflict herween the co~mnlogi cal status of terror and its ethical
one, a con rlict that makes the rationale of the technological colossal: all we have arc
the traces it leaves ttpon rhe \Vorld and the impossibility o f the wirnes!'.
The relations between technology, representation, and aftcct arc more d1an the pure
moment of figuration, symbolizntion, and intelligibility that may be produced by those
relations. Tf we adva nce fu rther into the dialectic proccs!' o f images, into the l k vclopment o f technology and tb~.: concrete material production that :1ccompanit:s it,
the most forceful meaning of the wchnological colossal is in the notion of llj>-lo-datr.-~'
Up to date in a double sense. r:irst, d1c idea of being up-to -datt: answers to the historical development o i technology according rn modernity's idea of progress, where being
up-to-date is ddi ned by prot,'1'CS:-:. Second, the up-to-dare belongs to the actjvation of
the imaginaries related to progre~s rhrough o neitic-tcchnological cultural producrs, i.e.
the production o f objects as rhc physic'll and material actuali~1rion of the relations
between technology, the image, and the symbol. In this context, digital or elecuonic
tech nolot,~cs would be what arc up-to-date insof;lr as their matc1iality accounts fo r the
progress o f rcch nol og~' T herei"o rc, its products ar~.: the concrete outcome of the dialectic process that is gi,en between the potencial of rechnnlog~ and the projectio n into
the future of that potential. Tb c~c objects arc the maretial production of a desire that is
produced as a dream in the objects. T his idea w:1s developed by Walter 13enjamin in hi:-:
srudies o n Paris in the ninetec:.:nrh century in rei ario n to industrial modernity, and to do
sn he establish~.:d a relation between Paris as a modern city (Hauss man's urban project),
steel ;md gla::.s architecture (the arcades), and comm<XIitics (fashion). According ro the
German philosopher, the peculiarity of this dialecuc process li~.:s in showing a relation
[Link]:;n dreaming and awakening thnt corresponds t.u the deceit and f:.tlseness of [Link]
idea of progn:ss. ;\I though this dialectic could already be seen in the twentieth century
in relation to lihn, we can confirm its valillity by consideting the <bclopm ent of mass
reproduction technologies (film, \'ideo, and cli~tal image) and rhe way in which they
implement [Link] IWt SS circulations of the imaginatics !"hey produce.
i\t any ratt:, the [Link] condi tion of film n~ irs moment of li~-,rma [Link] became
deeper as the [Link].h century progrcs~ed until ir created a dith: rentiatcu rt:gi mc of
representation in human hisrory. In this regime, the ghost that was reproduced a~
mmement, shadow and lit,>ht in lilm evolved (and the idea of evolutio n is impormn t
at this pui nt) through broadcasrin~ and became the electro-Imtgn..:ric coclification o f
video ii rst, and the cligiml-algnrirhm o f info rmatio n technologies later on. The gho:;t
is no longer ow side as an objecLified projection; now it dwells within chc suhjcct. l lcre
is where Godard's :.tssertinn regarding the imisibility of montllhrc makes sense, mosd~
because that imisibility supposes rhe dissolution of [Link] limits between truth and deceit
in the im age. \Xfhen the tcclmicnl moment o f 1h~.: narrative is concealecl, it p roduces n
falsilicatio n of rc;Llit-y which is the n substituted by [Link] fo rgery. ;\lcanwhilc, thi~ m nstruction works as a deYice that controls subjects by producing rhe psychic space of
the subject's fear' This productjon is carried out d1rough the superposition of Lhe
111ontage and the n.:ferem, so nmntngc becomes the condition of truth, i.e. it substitutes the real. Terror ~ts an un pre!'cnrable that may b~.: transferred ro anr exi~t:ing sysLem
of represent<ttio n o r figuration is g rounded on thjs tnmsform~.:d no tio n of the image
as :1 plll'e spcctml siege. Terror as rhat which all/lost lacks prescnrarion also opcrarcs in
11'
wmhicn que se opera cl terror como lo que casi carece de representacio n, acaso pur
ello Ia dialecrica que propongo en esta {t!tima pane se explica por el nucleo vado de
Ia representacion, por Ia imprcscnmbilidad como cllugar de lo posible-imposible que
puedc ser ocupado por cualquier otro como c1 que me [Link].
Jusro en este [Link], cl artc qui%::\ puccla traer a cuen ta al fantasma. Traerlo
desde cierta dimension estctica, que, tal como lo postulani Ado rno, sustrae lo nbscracw hacia lo concreto y con eilo se produce el momento de [Link]. Pero
tam bien como lo <.Jueria Benjamin: un Iugar donde el propio potencial de Ia tccnica
no!> dcvuclvc al momento de Ia experiencia como condicion po Htica de lo estct..ico.
Subvertir Ia imagen desde Ia imagen m isma supone sobre todo dar Iugar a1 afecto
como el traspasamicnto de Ia reprcscntaci6n a Ia cxpcriencia. t\ caso por eilo las
dos piezas con las que sc convoca al famasma tengan que vcr con un regisrro vital
que apela a cicrms a fectacio ncs clcmentales del cuerpo como territorio de subjetividad. El juego de p ianos conLra pianos campos fL1 cra de campos, aqui se desplicga
en dos momentos: aquel dondc cl campo, Ia presencia, es convocado por cl aliento
como acto poetico-vital que al tiempo que IJama al fantasma cste se desvanccc en
Ia cesura del [Link]. A liento (1996), de ()scar Muno:.c (Colombia, 1951),
transforma Ia fOLografia en una ausencia a Ia que sc convoca por el [Link]. Justo
ahi cl fant.'lsma aparece y d terro r consiste en Ia [Link] de retener su presencia, de haccr de cst.a el transito a SLJ evancsccncia. 16 Esta picza lleva a su extremo la
contradicci6n de Ia fotografia: aquella dondc cl indice sup one sicmprc una huella y
una represcmaci6n, un limite csLct..ico y [Link] entre la memoria y cl documcnto.
Munoz lo haec a partir de traducir cl negativo en la forma misma del fantasma, esc
que signa una }lu~encia en la que el fantasma, parafraseando a D enida, no sabemos
si vicnc de un p asado claus urado o de un porveniJ [Link].
A contrapelo de Ia recnica pcro a partir de su potencia produclOra del Coloso,
/[Link] (2008) juega, como suclcn hacerlo las obras de Rafael Lozano-Hemmer
(J\[Link], 1967), con Ia tecnologia. En una sucrtc de inversion del uso y los .imaginarios
~e
d isipa.
().,uR M L ='UL.
/1/imlo
1996
C at. 44
d1e field of this transferal. 'f'h:-tt is why the dialectic proposed for this last section may
be e"vlaincd through the empty nucleus of representation, by unprcscntability as the
place nf rhe possible impossibk, and this plac<:: may be occupied by anv ot her who is
alike th<:: o n<:: that has goL illC under siege.
Just in that space, art may bring the ghost ro the d i!>cussion; bti ng it from a certain
aesthetic dime nsio n t h:t t, as i\dorno proposed, subtracts the abstract towards the con
creLe produc ing~~ moment o f ncwu i,ity. Ru t abo, as Benjamin wanted it; bring it to a
plan: where the p<Hent i:1l of tech nique itself makes us return to the mome nt of <::xper.i
cnce as the political condition of rhe aesthetic. I.n order tO subvert the image Lhrough
the image irselt: affection has LO Lake place as that which crosses over from represt:nta
tion to expetience. That is wh) the two pieces in the exhibition related to the ghost arc
related lO a ,ital register, they directly affect d1e body as the territor~ of subjecri\'ity.
In tllis section, the [Link] between the shot/ count<::r shot and d1e frmned/ oif the
frame are gi'en in two diftcrem momenL". Tn one, the things in the frame, the pres
ence, mmsforms the photogntph~ in an absence d1ar has been called forth h~ hn:arh.
The [Link]-\'ital act of brcatlling calls the ghost while it is Yanishing in the ~-,~p of the
e' enL . 1/imtq !Breath! (1996), by ()scar l\ funoz (Colombia, 1951) transforms photog
raphy into an absence thar is called forth hy breath. Just ar d1at point, the ghost appears
and terror com<.:s from the impo~sihiliry of holding on ro irs presence, of making this
presence a transition to irs ev:lncscence. 21 This piece takes the contradiction of photog
raphy to an extreme: thar the index is always a trace and a representation, mxl it poses
an aesthetic and affecri,e lim it between memorv. and the document. This is dont.: lw.
i\t1uti oz when he clircctly Lmnslatcs rhe n eg>~tive into the shape of the ghosL, as Lhe sign
o f an absence thaL- p~~r>t p h t>~s i ng Derricla-could come from a closed off past or an
uncerrai.J1 fu tu re.
T he other piece in this sec Lion takes tcchtlillue anJ reverses it by using it$ potential
to p rocluce the colossus. As many or Lhc pieces by Rafael Lozano-Hcnum.:r (M~xico,
1967), Apos/(tJLr !Apostasy! (200H) is some sort of reclu1ological game. In / lpos/[Link],
'71
el delirio fantasmag6rico del o tro, sino cl retorno de Real o el cuerpo-dcl-otro-bastala muerte. Desbordar al fam asma: este es limite y Ia paradoja donde el cstatuto de Ia
representaci6n en Ia cpoc.'l de Ia imagen se cncuentra.
Asi, entre el imposiblc mortal y el retorno de lo Real, convocar al fantasma tJuiza cs
el momemo necesario de su desmontaje. El pro blema es claro: enrre el fantasma qw.:
nos asedia y Ia subjetividad que se restituye en el cucrpo hasta la mucrte habria yue pen
sru: que lo colosal tecnologico es, c:n alguna medida, un espacio de Ia imagen do nde Ia
actualidad de Ia mstoria se plan tea como un desbo rdamiento, un cm"i tle111a.riadogra11de q11e
corece de [Link], que en si mismo habla del sueno y el despertar de Ia modernidad:
del limite e ntre Ia utopia y Ia catastrofe. Quiza valga Ia pena, como proponc Derrida,
hablar al fantasma para podcr al mcnos ganar un espacio politico mas alia dd control
social del miedo que Ia imagen espectro procura, o pcnsar con Adorno que cl sueno de
]a modcrnidad tuvo su dcspcrtar como inf1erno: ahi cl coloso, 1:\ guerra y cl terror.
the ~nist imerrs the mtionale of the use of suncillancc technologies and the im~ges
related to them when he turn:; the moment of the productinrl of pure visibility into
the moment of escape. T he work is built \\"ith senwrs and enorrno us lamps mc:am
rn prevent i1wisibiliry-as long as they always throw their light upon d1e strangcr.
Lozano-Henm1er transforms that function and insrc1d produces some kind of darke ning. in his work, light scurric:s away just when anyone wants to be under it. In Creek
aj>[Link])' means distance, imerval, scpamtion, clc~c rtion, and revoll. In the casc of this
piece-especially made fo r thc I :/ /{n!Jo de. [Link], exhibition - thc word also refers to
the moment when the technical function, or at least the use ''a lue, is removed from a
gin:n mechanism. Therefore, these meanings usc their poetic moment to genemre the
~pace where the condition of Colossus is shown: wh<.:n light runs :1way before it illuminates ~mything, its escape strips suneillance mcdumi:;m~. No/being under the light ~nd
to be there is the mommt when thc ~icge become~ desire: the ghost and the
delirium dwell in the shadows. What is dle body or ,,hose is that body dlar stays in the
w~nti ng
shadows' i\Laybc it is dle subjt.'Ct, and perhap~ it i~ the other, but it is ahvays the ghost.
Some Jines [Link] T po~t.d th<.: cli~ lectic of the ghost as the mo ment of e,~t:;ion
and excess. The constella6on rhat I have used to s how rhis la~l moment of the dialectic of imagcs \\an.s to invo],e a certain affccci,e archaeology o f the siege. Seen
in this context, the impossibility of mourning which was mentioned by Dcrrid~ in
the case of ;\ntigonc m )rks as the ur-image of dea th: it is impossible because it can
not be ~yrnholized , and it o nly becomes actualizL'd as thc disaggregation o f dearh
in the ge nocides a nd the extt:rmination machincs of conte mpornry wa rs. lnsrcad,
B~udti llard's q\1otc is used here to dismount the delirium of the other by re-inscribing subjecti,iry in the b<XIv-until-death, making rhc ghost explocle so the act of d~ing
might be restituted as an irn.:duc iblc sin~-:,'Ulari ty in which the par~dox of terror ap-
pears: the terrorist as the <::x trcme where t:ech niqu<.: and the s ubjectivity- body meet
ancl exceed tht: limit of ID<.: spccrer. \X'hen th ~tr happens, the sicg~:: is turned armmd; it
is no longer the ghosdy delirium of the other bur the return of the Real or the bodyof-the-other-until-death. l11c limit and the par:tdox of the status of representation in
the age of the image is whm<.:,er exceeds the ghost.
Thus, bctwccn thc impossibility of de~th nml the retu rn oC the Rt:al, perha ps the
best way to & ;mount the g host is by s ummo ning it. The problcm is clear: b<.:twecn
the ghost that has us under siege and the subjccti,,ity that is resriruted in rhe
body-unril-dearh we would have to think that the colossal tech no logical is, ro an
cxrenr, a space of the im:-~ge where the being up-to-date of his tory poses itself as
cxcc%, an ai/1/0SI /oo .~real j(Hpmwlalioll, that spc:ftks of the drcam :Hld th<:: awake ning o f modernity: the umit bet,n:en utopia and catastrophe. Pe rhaps, as Ocnid~
thought, it is worth talking to the ghost so at least we c~n win a political space
beyond the control rhat the fear b ro ught by the im;;~gc-ghost exerrs o n society; hur
maybe we shmdd th ink wi th Adorno that when mode rnity awoke fro m its drc~m ir
found a g host: Colossus, war, a nd te rro r.
36.
Cll f\ 1$
I ]m;oR<~S (1970)
lra<j, 2006
50.8 X 61
40.64 X 40.64
CI-\LS
Refugi~do
Albania, 1999
~lundial,
Buchenwald, 1945
50.8 X 61
36.
P .IULO LISAt\~K\'
(1958)
40.64
40.64
i\ II rights res<:rvcd
50.8 X 61
Alimtn, 1996
Apostnsis, 200!!
20 o c/u
i\IA<;'L~r
P11crros
t\ fganist:in, 2006
t<uwair, 1991
50.8
50.8 X 61
61
~L\C>'UI Pmm~
i\LIGNL'M PII<J'J'()S
Iraq, 2003
50.8x 61
50.8 X 61
z
.~
(1964)-
53. 11.\..h..\
UI\1(1'\,IX
(1966)-
M.\vNLI.\1 PIIOTCIS
lmpresi6n con
tinta~
de pigmento
lmpresion digital
50.8 X(\)
50.!! X 6'1
(1947)-
lii~IO:-JJ.'\, ( 1966)-
54. lLKK,\
.\1\(;~DI
Pflcn u s
/'..airc, 1994
lsrad , 2000
lmprc~i6n
l mpre~i<in
cromogcna
digi tal
50.8 X 61
50.8
(i l
P ERI-.:11\S (1953)
1~1.\TIJ) PRJ:&~
Vietnam,Junc 8, 1972
41 X 61
50.8 X 6\
~2007 The
Associated Press
(r\TI\IUl:Cic'>:-<)-
t\RCHI\'0 ~IL G\
p \RISII''\, "
50.8 X 6 J
50.8 X 61
I nglarcrra, 1940
lmprc~i()n
50.8 X 61
50.8 X 61
CORill~
Iraq, 1991
Beijing, 19119
I mpresion a colo r
50.8
50.8
61
(i l
CTI"F.
Pais: Francia
79 Prima,cras
M10: 200 1
Pais: C uba
,\no: 1969
i'<nop;r~fi:1:
Duraci<'m: 95 minuros
:\fu~i[Link]
Gent:ro: Documemal
1dalberto (;:ihez
Dur:tci6n: 25 minu10s
[;)rmaw: 35 mm
c;em:ro: Ducumc.:nral
Formato: 35 mm
Pais: l talia
;\1'io:
i\no: 2004
Cin~matogmfichc
1951
(Rome)
[Link] Beauvallc.:t
t\lexantlcr Kanifer,
Dur~ci6n:
Duraci0n: I0 I [Link]
80 minuws
rmmato: .)5
111111
J:'orm:no: 35 mm
64. A [Link]~'<n r R SuJa'Hm (1951)
[Spiritual Voices!
!Lessons of DarknessI
Pai:,: Rusia
Pai~: Alemania
:\iio: 1995
,\i\o: 1992
(~<>KO~II'ILM,
Fo1ografi:t: l'aullkrriff
Dumcio n: 54 minutos
MCtsic~ :
Gencro: Documental
Formaro : Slipcr 16 mm
c;cncro: Documcmal
Toru Takcmitsu
Formato:
llETAC:t\~1
sv, Stereo
tir de la
invcsrig~ciOn
AGRADECIMI ENTOS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
F~rr6
1.:\znr~
Carine
(;~uguin
Ralph
Teresa l rurmldc Ih biclle Jackson Jac<]ui [Link] cur Pablo [Link] Jeff Linton
Alfonso I .Ope~ Garcia del Alva Rafael I .mann Hemmer [Link] Luna l\ lauricio
i\laille Daniela ~kricio funancla l\lomenk Rir;a :\lormo Luz Moreno ()scar
~luiioz
Fernando
Luis Quiro~ 1\liguel :\ngd Quciman ;\kjandro Reynoso Rafael Samano Roo
( ;uillermo Sanramarina AJ,aru \ 'azt1ue;-. i\ lanwc6n .Michel Schulm an .Jennifer
Tripp / i\ n:hilo C cncral de Ia Nacic'Jn Colccci6n J1undacilin Tcklisa .\kmo rial riel 6~
Ci .\t
B1 tt'l
1..\lbl"
Iv(i(~iado
CREDITOS
CREDITS
J oSE
Lus BAJuuos
Curador
Y,wm .l M ERA
M uscografia
Jot.:!. i\t;UIL,\R
Cuidado de produccion
c imprcsi<>n fotografica
S.\J.V,\1)01\
A\'11. .\
ANTONIO B .\ [Link]
.\ l AlUO H ERJ';:\NJ)F.Z
I VONN P.
BAUTI ST'\
p c\ RA DA
M ut':oz
A""
Comunicaci1in
Ru z
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