1

TEMA 2. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES

02.01.- INTRODUCCION
En este tema vamos a profundizar y completar las oraciones condicionales que vimos
en el curso anterior. Se aadirn variantes sobre los tres tipos generales tratados, al igual que
alguna variante y error comn frecuente. Recordemos en un principio, que una oracin
condicional se compone de tres partes:
If you buy that house, youll have a bigger living-room.

Nexo: If
Condicionante (If-clause): you buy that house
Condicionado (Main clause): youll have a bigger living-room

02.02.- NEXOS
Los ms usuales que nos aparecern en los textos con los que os tenis que enfrentar
son:

If (Si...)
Whether (Si...)
Unless (A menos que...)
Provided that (Con tal de que...)
On condition that (Con tal de que...)
As long as (Con tal de que...)

02.03.- ORACIONES PROBABLES (LIKELY SENTENCES)

Todas ellas tienen en comn el hecho de que la if-clause est forzosamente en
presente simple. Sin embargo, hay varias posibilidades en la main clause:
a) Shall/Will: Unless you study harder, you wont pass your exams
b) Be going to: If our baby is a girl, were going to call her Susan
c) Auxiliar-modal: If you want, you can sleep here

d) Imperativo: If you havent got the key, dont try to open the safe
e) Presente simple: If you dont want to share her flat, why dont you move?

02.04.- ORACIONES IMPROBABLES (UNLIKELY SENTENCES)

Al contrario que en los tipos anteriores, hay dos posibilidades en la if-clause:

Were ( con el verbo to be )

Pasado simple (con los restantes verbos)

Por lo que respecta a la main clause tenemos:

a) Condicional simple: If I were you, I wouldnt speak to her like that
b) Pasado simple: If you knew that why did you trust him?
Existe una variante formal, poco frecuente, pero que es bueno que sepis de su
existencia. Es una alternativa al pasado simple en la if-clause, y se forma invirtiendo el
orden del sujeto y del primer tiempo verbal (que en este caso es should + infinitivo), y
eliminando if.

Should they arrive on time, we could go to the cinema

ERRORES COMUNES
A.-UNLIKELY SENTENCES:
El error que suele cometer el alumno espaol con estas oraciones es usar un condicional:
If I would know...
La forma correcta sera utilizar el pasado simple:
If I knew how to drive...= Si supiera conducir...
Cuando se utiliza el verbo to be la forma de

subjuntivo debe ser were:

If I were rich...
B.-IMPOSSIBLE SENTENCES:
El error en este tipo de oraciones es usar un
condicional perfecto:
If I would have finished...
Lo correcto es utilizar pasado perfecto:
If I had finished...= Si yo hubiera terminado...
PRACTICA
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.
1.-Ive hung out the clothes. Its lovely and sunny; if it (stay) like this they (be) dry in two
hours.
2.-French is essential in this job. All the telephonists speak it. If they (not know) French they
(not understand) half the callers.
3.-How did you do in the car rally? We came in last actually; but only because we got lost. If
we (not get) lost we (come) in somewhere in the middle. We certainly (not be) last.
4.-I wasnt really surprised that we got lost because I knew that the navigator couldnt mapread. But if you (know) that why you (take) him as navigator?.
5.-This flat would be all right if the people above us (not be) so noisy.
6.-A group of spectators,including myself, left the stand just before the end of the game. When
we were half way down the stairs a goal was scored and there was a great cheer from the
spectators. If there (not be) a goal the crowd (not cheer).
7.-If the crowd (not cheer) we (not run) back up the stairs to see what had happened.
8.-If we (not run) back we (not crash) into the rest of the spectators on their way down,and
there (not be) this frightful accident.
9.-If you aren t going to live in the house why you (not sell) it?. If I (have) a house I couldn
t use I (sell) it at once.
10.-No, I didnt know any Russian at that time. But if you (not know) Russian why you
(offer) to give him Russian lessons?.
11.-Tell him to bring his bicycle inside. If he (leave) it outside someone (steal) it.
12.-Why do people always wear dark clothes at night?. If pedestrians (wear) light coloured
clothes drivers (see) them much more easily.
13.-She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for fifteen years. If she
(not love) him she (not wait) so long.

14.-If the earth suddenly (stop) spinning we all (fly) off it.
15.-Jack rang while you were out. Oh dear!. If I (know) he was going to ring I (stay) at
home.
16.-My unmarried friends are always telling me how to bring up my children. I sometimes
think that if they (have) children they (make) just as many mistakes as I do.
17.-(At a cinema) Ann: Don t worry. They get married in the
it before!. If you (tell) me that we (go) to something else!.

end. Mary: Then youve seen

18.-Be careful about the time. If you (spend) too long on the first question you (not have)
enough time to do the others properly.
19.-Ann (sitting beside her open fire): I love open fires; if I (have) nothing but a radiator to sit
beside I (get) quite depressed.
20.-Ill look for your notebook and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring.
21.-I shan t wake unless I (hear) the alarm.
22.-Of course I m not going to give her a diamond ring. If I (give) her a diamond ring she
(sell) it.
23.-Ann: All your clothes are years out of date. Why don t you throw them away?
Mary: Don t be ridiculous!. If I (throw) my clothes away I (not have) any.
24.-Why did you throw away those newspapers? I hadnt finished with them. Im sorry. If I
(know) you were still reading them I (not throw) them away.
25.-He says he refused the job, but that this was nothing to do with the salary. He (refuse)
even if they (offer) him twice as much.
26.-If I (have) heaps of money I (drink) champagne with every meal.
27.-A university degree is useful thing. If I (have) a university degree I now (sit) in a
comfortable office instead of standing at a street corner selling newspapers.
28.-If you (not know) the meaning of a word you may use a dictionary.
29.-When the director asked her to play the lead she agreed though she didnt know anything
about the play. I think that if she (read) the play first she (refuse) the part.
30.-If you (like) chocolate, why you (not buy) it?.
TEMA 2

PASSIVE VOICE
A.-FORMACION GENERAL:
Una oracin est en voz pasiva cuando el sujeto gramatical de la frase est afectado por la
accin expresada por el verbo y ste tiene forma pasiva.
La transformacin de activa a pasiva requiere:
a.-transposicin de sujeto y complemento.b.-sustitucin del verbo activo por la forma pasiva [Link] SUBJECT
Cats
Mice
PASSIVE SUBJECT

ACTIVE VERB
eat
are eaten
PASSIVE VERB

ACTIVE OBJECT
mice
by cats
AGENT OR
BY-PHRASE

En la transformacin verbal tenemos que tener en cuenta si el verbo es intransitivo (en cuyo
caso no podra ser transformado: (like,...) y concertar sujeto y verbo en la forma
correspondiente:
Active: The wave of inmigrants built the cities.
Passive: The cities were built by the wave of inmigrants.
La voz pasiva es mucho ms comn en ingls que en espaol. Hay varias razones para sto:
a.-La pasiva se usa en ingls para omitir el sujeto

activo. El espaol utiliza

se:
The cause is unknown.
Se desconoce la causa.
b.-La pasiva inglesa se expresa a menudo en espaol con
reflexiva:

una

We were married in this church.

Nos casamos en esta iglesia.

c.-Los verbos intransitivos ingleses a veces se usan en

The passengers were flown directly to Beirut.

voz pasiva:

construccin

TRANSFORMACION VERBAL:
ACTIVE

PASSIVE

PRESENT SIMPLE
Cats eat flies

am/is/are+past participle
Flies are eaten by cats

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The cat is eating the fly

am/is/are+being+past part.
The fly is being eaten by
the cat.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

The cat has eaten the fly

have/has+been+past part.
The fly has been eaten by
the cat

SIMPLE PAST
The cat ate a fly
PAST CONTINUOUS
The cat was eating the fly
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
A cat had eaten the fly
FUTURE SIMPLE
A cat will eat a fly

was/were+past part.
The fly was eaten by the cat
was/were+being+past part.
A fly was being eaten by the cat
had+been+past part.
The fly had been eaten by the cat
will+be+past part.
A fly will be eaten by the cat

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

The cat will have eaten ...

will+have+been+past part.
The cat will have been eaten by...

BE GOING TO
The cat is going to eat ...

be going to+be+past part.

The fly is going to be eaten by...

MODALS
Cats cant eat flies...

modal+be+past part.
Flies cant be eaten by cats

THE INFINITIVE
The cat wants to eat...

to be+past part.
The fly doesnt want to be eaten by...

Un verbo activo transitivo puede tener dos objetos, uno hace referencia a persona, y el otro
determina una cosa. Cualquiera de los dos puede convertirse en sujeto paciente:
Active: They offered her the post
Passive: She was offered the post.
The post was offered to her.

B.-VOZ PASIVA SIN COMPLEMENTO AGENTE:

El tipo ms comn de voz pasiva en ingls es la que prescinde de complemeto agente. El
complemento agente puede ser omitido en los siguientes casos:

a.-Cuando el sujeto de la oracin en voz activa es la

tercera persona del

plural:
Active: They gave her the novel.
Passive: She was given the novel.
b.-Si el sujeto paciente es evidente por el contexto:
Passive: People are killed on the roads every day.
c.-Si el hablante prefiere no mencionar el sujeto

paciente:

Passive: Enough has been said.

d.-Si es desconocido o si la informacin es irrelevante:
Passive: The book was published in 1989.
C.-VOZ PASIVA CON CAMBIOS DE CONSTRUCCION:
a.-Los verbos believe,claim,consider,find,know, say, suppose y think,
cuando se usan en voz pasiva pueden llevar a continuacin un infinitivo:
Active: They say he is a thief.
Passive: He is said to be a thief.
Active: They say he was a thief.
Passive: He is said to have been a thief.
Estos verbos tambin pueden llevar la construccin:
Passive: Its said that he is/was a thief.
La transformacin verbal se realiza del siguiente modo:

Active:

Passive:

SUJ.
They

VERBO
say

[Link].
He

[Link].
(that)

[Link] is
said

[Link].h
e

[Link].
is/was

INF/[Link].
[Link].
to be
to have been

ATBTO.a
spy

ATBTO.
a spy

Cuando el tiempo del verbo copulativo sea pasado, al transformarlo en voz pasiva debe ser
sustituido por un infinitivo perfecto (infinitivo del verbo to have + participio de pasado del
verbo copulativo):
was/were=to have been
b.-Tambin debe llevar un infinitivo la construccin pasiva Sujeto + be supposed. Dicha
construccin lleva consigo una idea de obligacin, sobre todo cuando el sujeto de la
construccin es you:
Active: It is your duty to respect him.
Passive: You are supposed to respect him.
Esta construccin normalmente se usa para expresar:
1.-Una opinin general:
Active: Everybody thinks its a very good film.
Passive: Its supposed to be a very good film.
2.-Una disposicin no tomada por el sujeto:
Active: Somebody has arranged for us to go to the concert.
Passive: We are supposed to go to the concert.
3.-La sorpresa o desaprobacin del hablante:
Active: You shouldnt smoke here.
Passive: You are not supposed to smoke here.

D.-USO CAUSATIVO DE LOS VERBOS TO HAVE y TO GET:

Cuando en la transformacin en voz pasiva queremos inclur la idea de que alguien va a
realizar una accin en lugar del sujeto, debemos emplear los verbos to have o to get en su
uso causativo; del siguiente modo:

Active:

Passive:

SUJETO
I

SUJETO
I

[Link]
am going

[Link]
am going

[Link].
to have
(to get)

[Link].
to cut

O.D.
my hair

O.D.
my hair

[Link].
cut
(Ppo.)

ERRORES COMUNES
A.-VERBO + PREPOSICION/ADVERBIO:
La preposicin o el adverbio que acompaa al verbo principal para formar un phrasal verb,
debe ser retenida al transformar la oracin en voz pasiva. La tcnica ms til es la de respetar
su posicin original en la oracin activa:
Active: The government has called out troops.
Passive: Troops have been called out by the government.
B.-NEGACION DE UN VERBO EN INFINITIVO:
El infinitivo simple de un verbo se niega utilizando el adverbio de negacin not
inmediatamente delante del mismo. Los alumnos espaoles suelen cometer el error de
intercalar that + sujetocomo si se tratase de una proposicin subordinada:
Incorrecto: He asked me that I opened the door.
Correcto: He asked me to open the door.

C.-UTILIZAR EL COMPLEMENTO AGENTE CUANDO NO ES NECESARIO:

Incorrecto: Suddenly the main door was opened by someone.
Correcto: Suddenly the main door was opened.
PRACTICA
Change the following sentences into the passive voice.
1.-The milkman brings the milk to my door but the postman leaves the letters in the hall.
2.-They havent stamped the letter yet.
3.-Fog held up the trains.
4.-We added up the money and found that it was correct.
5.-People steal things from supermarkets every day; someone stole twenty bottles of whisky
from this one last week.
6.-They didnt pay me for the work; they expected me to do it for nothing.
7.-You are to leave this here. Someone will call for it later on.
8.-Im employing a man to tile the bathroom.
9.-Normally men sweep this street every day, but nobody swept it last week.
10.-He escaped when they were moving him from one prison to another.
11.-They didnt look after the children properly.
12.-Someone seems to have made a terrible mistake.
13.-The postman clears this box three times a day. He last cleared it at 2.30.

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14.-She didnt introduce me to her mother.

15.-All the ministers will see him off at the airport.
16.-It is your duty to make tea at eleven oclock.
17.-Women clean this office in the evening after the staff have left; they clean the upstairs
offices between seven and eight in the morning.
18.-When they have widened this street the roar of the traffic will keep residents awake all
night.
19.-They threw him out.
20.-People know that he is armed.

21.-We never saw him in the dining-room. A maid took all his meals up to him.
22.-A Japanese firm makes these television sets.
23.-They will have to adopt a different attitude.
24.-We know that you were in town on the night of the crime.
25.-Someone left this purse in a classroom yesterday; the cleaner found it.
26.-The manufacturers are giving away small plastic toys with each packet of cereal.
27.-We believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police.
28.-We build well over 1,000 new houses a year. Last year we built 1,500.
29.-A machine could do this much more easily.
30.-Hes a dangerous maniac. They ought to lock him up.
31.-You neednt have done this.
32.-Passengers leave all sorts of things in buses. The conductors collect them and send them to
the Lost Property Office.
33.-Visitors must leave umbrellas and sticks in the cloakroom.
34.-Her story didnt take them in.
35.-Its a little too loose; you had better ask your tailor to take it in.
36.-You will have to get someone to see to it.
37.-When I returned I found that they had towed my car away.
I asked why they had done this and they told me that it was because I had parked it under a
No Parking sign.
38.-You have to see it to believe it.
39.-My neighbours are going to get someone to redecorate the living -room.
40.-He doesnt like people laughing at him.
TEMA 3

INFINITIVE, GERUND
SUBJUNCTIVE

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En este tema vamos a revisar una serie de expresiones y verbos que indican deseo y
preferencia. Todas ellas estn sujetas a un tiempo verbal determinado; por lo tanto,
debemos conocer no slo su significado sino tambin la manera de emplearlas y el tiempo
verbal que deben regir a continuacin.
Dicho tiempo verbal puede no coincidir con el que se emplea en castellano debindonos familiarizar
as con su equivalente en lengua inglesa:

LIKE, DISLIKE, HATE, ENJOY, LOVE...

Los verbos to like (gustar), to dislike (no gustar), to hate (odiar), to enjoy (disfrutar), to love
(ama, encantar) y similares indican siempre PREFERENCIA, llevando a continuacin una
forma de infinitivo o de gerundio:
Mr. Jones loves listening to music but he hates to listen

to his sons rock band.

De modo general, la eleccin entre uno y otro tiempo depende del hecho de si lo que
preferimos o no es algo general (escuchar msica), o bien si es algo concreto (la banda de rock
de su hijo). Dicha distincin debe quedar clara dentro del mismo contexto. Si no existe esa
oposicin dentro de la misma frase y expresamos una preferencia, deberemos siempre recurrir
al gerundio:
Incorrecto: I love to listen to music.
Correcto: I love listening to music.

WIS
H
El verbo to wish (desear) nos presenta dos posibilidades diferentes:
a) Cuando su traduccin es la propia del verbo (desear), funciona gramaticalmente como
cualquier otro, sin alteracin alguna de las reglas habituales:
I wish you a very pleasant stay in Cornwall.
b) Al igual que if only, cuando corresponde a la expresin Ojal, vara los tiempos
verbales que aparecen a continuacin en la frase:
Sujeto + wish + sujeto + subjuntivo.
Las formas simples de subjuntivo presentan tres alternativas:
1.-En el caso del verbo to be la forma correspondiente es
personas:

were para todas las

I wish he were a hard-working student!

2.-Con el resto de los verbos las formas correspondientes

son:

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2.i.

El pasado simple:

I wish he became a lawyer like his father!

[Link].

Would + infinitivo sin to:

I wish Henry would stay in London more often.

Las formas compuestas de subjuntivo se forman con el pasado perfecto:
I wish John had agreed to help her.

WAN
T
Al igual que el verbo to wish (desear), el verbo to want (querer), tambin plantea varias
alternativas:
a) Por una parte, cuando el sujeto del verbo coincide con el sujeto del verbo que le
acompaa, want va seguido de un verbo en infinitivo con to:
Mary wants to improve her knowledge of German.
b) Por otra parte, want puede ir acompaado de una forma en -ing para que la frase
adquiera un valor pasivo dndole al verbo el significado de requerir,necesitar:
Your hair wants cutting.
Necesitas cortarte el pelo. (Tu pelo requiere ser

cortado).

c) Adems, cuando el sujeto del verbo want es diferente

al sujeto del verbo que le acompaa, imnplicando que el primer sujeto demanda una accin por
parte del segundo, el verbo que acompaa debe llevar un infinitivo con to:
My father wants me to become a plastic surgeon.
Si la oracin es negativa, hay dos alternativas:
a) My father doesnt want me to become a plastic surgeon.
b) My father wants me not to become a plastic surgeon.
WOULD RATHER/WOULD
PREFER
Ambas expresiones deben ser traducidas en castellano por preferira. Sin embargo, el empleo
de dichas construcciones es diferente:
a) Would rather (d rather) vara si el sujeto de la expresin es el mismo que el sujeto de
la proposicin subordinada o si es distinto:

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a.i.
En el caso de que ambos sujetos coincidan, el verbo de la subordinada debe
emplear infinitivo sin to:
Id rather live closer to the sea.
[Link] el caso de que ambos sujetos no coincidan, el verbo de la subordinada debe
emplear subjuntivo (Ver variante b) del verbo to wish):
Id rather Mary apologized for what she did.
b) Would prefer (d prefer) siempre emplea infinitivo con to:
b.i.
Con un solo sujeto:
She would prefer to take a sleeping pill.
[Link] sujeto diferente en la proposicin subordinada:
I would prefer you to accept the offer.

MIND/CARE
FOR/ENJOY
Los verbos to mind (importar), to care for (importar) y to enjoy (disfrutar, gustar mucho), van
seguidos normalmente de una forma en -ing:
I dont mind accepting your offer at once.
Con respecto al hecho de expresar preferencia o deseo, los dos primeros se utilizan a menudo
en forma negativa (dont/doesnt), contrastando la forma afirmativa del primero:
My sister enjoys cooking but she doesnt care for washing up.
WHAT ABOUT...?
Esta forma obligatoriamente va seguida de una forma verbal en -ing,con la traduccin de
Qu te parece si...?,
e implica una proposicin o sugerencia a una segunda o terceras personas de singular o plural:
What about spending our pocket money in petrol?
PREFER.....TO/LIKE.....BETTER THAN/PREFER.....RATHER THAN
Cuando queremos expresar nuestra preferencia de una accin sobre otra, contrastndolas,
podemos escoger entre una de las tres opciones mencionadas:
a)prefer.....to.....
La primera actividad mencionada tras el verbo prefer debe llevar una forma en -ing, al igual
que la segunda actividad que figura detrs de to:
[Link] prefers dozing off to working in his own garden.

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b)like.....better than.....
Al igual que en el primer caso, ambas van seguidas de una forma en -ing:
Janet likes skiing better than watching it on T.V.
c)prefer.....rather than.....
Con esta construccin la forma verbal que sigue a prefer debe llevar una forma en -ing,
mientras que la que sucede a rather than debe llevar la forma de infinitivo sin to:
I prefer staying up all night rather than go to bed.

WOULD LIKE/WOULD
WANT
Las formas condicionales de los verbos to like (gustar) y to want (querer,requerir), funcionan
gramaticalmente con formas de infinitivo, ofrecindonos las siguientes posibilidades:
She would like to go there.
Cond + Infinitivo

(A ella le gustara ir all.)

I would like you to make a

Cond + O.C. + infinitivo
speech.

(Me gustara que tu hicieses un discurso.)

We would like to have seen

[Link]
it.

Cond +

They would have liked

Cond comp + inf.
to avoid it.
They would have liked to have
[Link] + [Link]
avoided it.

(Nos gustara haberlo visto.)

(Les habra gustado evitarlo.)

(Les habra gustado haberlo evitado.)

ERRORES COMUNES
A.-USO DEL VERBO WANT:
Con esta construccin los alumnos tienden a incluir una proposicin subordinada haciendo
paralelismo con el castellano:
Incorrecto: I want that he opens the door.

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Correcto: I want him to open the door.

B.-CONFUSION GENERAL/CONCRETO:
Se tiende a usar el infinitivo cuando la oracin expresa claramente una preferencia general:
Incorrecto: Mary likes to sit up in bed.
Correcto: Mary likes sitting up in bed.
C.-NO USAR INFINITIVOS PERFECTOS:
Incorrecto: I would like that I have seen it.
Correcto: I would like to have seen it.
PRACTICA
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1.-If only we (have) a phone! Im tired of queuing outside the public phone box.
2.-You (have) better take off your wet shoes.
3.-I wish I (know) what is wrong with my car.
4.-I wish I (ask) the fishmonger to clean these fish.(Im sorry I didnt ask him).
5.-If you want the milkman (leave) your milk in the morning, remember (put) a milk bottle
outside your door.
6.-Would you like me (turn) down the radio a little bit?
7.-I want the boy (grow) up hating violence.
8.-Would you mind (write) your address on the back of the cheque and (show) us some proof
of your identity?.
9.-If only he (know) then that the disease was curable!.
10.-Ill pay you by cheque monthly.
Id rather you (pay) me cash weekly.
11.-What about (have) a picnic in Picadilly Circus?.
12.-Can I take your best umbrella?
Id rather you (take) the other one.
13.-Jack: I dont mind (travel) by bus, but I hate (stand) in [Link]: I dont care for
(queue) either; and you waste so much time (wait) for buses. I think its better (go) by tube,
or taxi.
14.-I wish I (not try) to repair it.I only made it worse.
15.-She prefers (ride) on horseback to (go) for a swim.
16.-My husband enjoys (work) with his new computer but he doesnt care for (clean) up his
own bedroom.
17.-I wish I (know) then that she was married. After I had fallen in love,I couldnt help visiting
her.
18.-I hate (drive). Id much rather you (drive).
19.-She likes (write) novels better than (read) them.

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20.-I wish you (not give) him my phone number!(You gave it to him).
Translate the following sentences:
1.-Ojal la publicidad fuese mucho ms real.
2.-Me gustara haber sabido eso antes de que tu estuvieras preocupada.
3.-No quiero que traigas a nadie a la rueda de prensa.
4.-Sera mejor que no escuchases la msica tan alta por las noches.
5.-Qu te parece si vamos a la exposicin de Picasso en Navidad?.
6.-Prefiero escribir a mquina a trabajar con el ordenador.
7.-A Susana no le importa seleccionar un producto, pero preferira que los centros
comerciales lo hicesen por ella.
8.-Odian practicar deportes pero les gustara jugar al golf.
9.-A Juan no le gusta planchar sus [Link] se las planchase su madre!.
10.-Preferimos comer fuera a cocinar en casa.
11.-Me habra gustado haberte llamado por telfono para comprar una guitarra nueva.
12.-Queremos que firmes el cheque antes de ir al banco por la maana.
13.-Ojal respondieses a todas mis preguntas antes de darte cuenta de que tu abogado tena
razn.
14.-Me gustara haber llegado a ser un buen [Link] pueda hacerlo en el futuro!.
15.-No queremos que ella trabaje como profesora. Es un empleo muy poco gratificante.
16.-Me gustara haber arreglado la ropa antes de ir a su boda.
17.-No nos importa pasar el prximo verano en esa casa, porque odiamos vivir tan lejos del
mar.
18.-Qu te parece si vamos de compras despus del concierto?.
19.-Ojal no hubieses hablado con los nuevos vecinos, son bastante desaggradables.
20.-Me gustara haber repasado los apuntes ants del examen.

[Link] GERUNDIO
04.01.-Expresiones con gerundio:

17

To admit: admitir.
To deny: negar.
To be suspected of: ser sospechoso de.
To be accused of: ser acusado de.
To be charged with: ser acusado de.
To avoid: evitar.

Los siguientes verbos y construcciones van seguidos de una forma en -ing.

Ejemplo:
He was accused of raping a six-year-old girl.
(Fue acusado de violar a una nia de seis aos).

04.02.-Expresiones con pronombre objeto + gerundio.

To imagine: imaginar.
To have: consentir.
To prevent from: evitar.
Ejemplo:
I won t have him playing records all night long.
(No voy a consentir que l ponga discos toda la noche).
Nota: Los pronombres objeto son: me, you,him,her,it,us,you,them.

04.03.-Expresiones con pronombre objeto/adjetivo posesivo + gerundio.

18

To mind: importar.
To object to: estar en contra de, poner objeciones a algo o alguien.
It s no use/it s no good: no vale la pena.
To insist on: insistir en.
Estas expresiones pueden construirse igual que las que vimos en el apartado anterior o
bien sustituir el pronombre objeto por el adjetivo posesivo correspondiente. En ingls formal
(como el que debes usar en el ejercicio de Selectividad) es preferible utilizar el adjetivo
posesivo.
Ejemplo:
He insisted on our welcoming his new guests.
(Insisti en que le diramos la bienvenida a sus nuevos invitados).
Nota: Los adjetivos posesivos son: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.

04.04.-To look forward to

Este verbo, por su complejidad, lo trataremos como un apartado independiente. A
continuacin del verbo, existen, bsicamente, tres maneras de continuar la frase:
a) Con un pronombre (normalmente neutro):
Ejemplo:
A: Are you going to see your father this evening?
B: Oh yes!, Im looking forward to it.
(Vas a ver a tu padre esta tarde?. S, lo estoy esperando con ansiedad.)
b) Con un verbo:
Ejemplo:
She is looking forward to visiting her boyfriend.
(Ella est esperando con ansiedad visitar a su novio.)

c) Con un adjetivo posesivo / Genitivo Sajn + gerundio:

Nota: Utilizaremos el genitivo sajn en el caso de que aparezca un sustantivo o un
nombre propio a continuacin del verbo. Si, por otra parte, la frase en castellano
contiene que + pronombre personal, utilizaremos un adjetivo posesivo.

19

Ejemplos:
Most teachers are looking forward to your passing the A-levels.
(La mayora de los profesores estn esperando con ansiedad que aprobis la
Selectividad).
Good parents are always looking forward to their children s getting a plum job.

04.05.-Otras expresiones con gerundio

To fancy: Ah es nada!.
To be used to: estar acostumbrado a.
To get used to: acostumbrarse a.
To suggest: sugerir.
To try: probar*.
To want/to need: necesitar, requerir.
To be afraid of: tener miedo de.
To be interested in: estar interesado en.
To feel like: apetecer.
To have difficulty in: tener dificultad en.*
In spite of/despite: a pesar de.
There s no point in: no tiene sentido*.
What s the point of: Qu objeto tiene?.
To succeed in: arreglrselas para.*.
To mean: tener intecin de.*
Can t help: no poder evitar.
*Notas:
a) El verbo to try seguido de un infinitivo se traduce por intentar.
b) To have difficulty in tiene una variante seguida de infinitivo: to find it
easy.
c) There s no point in admite la construccin objeto + gerundio.
d) To succeed in tiene una variante seguida de infinitivo: to manage to.
e) To mean utilizado en pasado va seguido de infinitivo.

04.06.-Prctica
1.-Siempre se las arregl para ir de vacaciones cuando los dems estbamos trabajando.
2.-Neg haber comprado ese cuadro para el museo despus de su visita a Amsterdam.
3.-No tiene sentido madrugar si puedes quedarte en cama hasta las doce.
4.-Ah es nada saber tocar el piano cuando tienes catorce aos!.

20

5.-Ella est esperando con ansiedad a que su hermano le compre una bicicleta nueva.
6.-No consentir que Ana est viendo la televisin cuando yo estoy cocinando.
7.-A pesar de tener mucho xito, Elvis era un actor bastante malo.
8.-Estoy acostumbrado a aparcar el coche en el garaje todos los das.
9.-Susana se est acostumbrando a no ser tan orgullosa conmigo.
10.-Insisto en que la secretaria traduzca esa novela antes de que sea publicada.
11.-Esa ley va a evitar que la gente aparque en lnea amarilla en calles ajetreadas.
12.-No vale la pena visitar Londres si no compras en Harrods.
13.-Necesitas un corte de pelo. No puedes ir a la boda con ese aspecto.
14.-A: No entiendo esa noticia. B: Prueba a leerla ms despacio.
15.-Mi hermana tiene miedo a ver las pelculas de terror por la noche.
16.-No estamos interesados en visitar esa exposicin cuando vayamos a Madrid.
17.-Me apetece darme un bao ahora. El agua est fra y hace mucho calor.
18.-Siempre me result fcil comprar buenos discos cuando tena suficiente dinero.
19.-Sola ser un buen alumno; pero desde que sale contigo se est acostumbrando a no
estudiar.
20.-La mayora de los polticos no pueden evitar mentir antes de las elecciones.
21.-Ah es nada salir con esa chica un Sbado por la noche!.
22.-El fue acusado de robar cuadros de Velzquez en el museo del Prado el ao pasado.
23.-Mis amigos estn esperando con ansiedad ir al concierto de Nirvana en San Sebastin.
24.-No tiene sentido estar en clase si no puedes evitar hablar con el compaero.
25.-Estoy acostumbrndome a escuchar msica en un CD. Los discos, a pesar de ser muy
caros, tienen un sonido excelente.

[Link] INFINITIVO
05.01.-LOS VERBOS DE PERCEPCION
Entendemos por verbos de percepcin aquellos que nos permiten darnos cuenta de
otras acciones por medio de los sentidos. Como es lgico, estos verbos son prcticamente
innumerables, pero, para tener una idea general de su funcionamiento seleccionaremos tres:

21

To see
To hear
To watch
Estos verbos pueden ir seguidos de un sustantivo o de un pronombre objeto y a
continuacin un infinitivo sin to.
En ese caso, se entiende que la percepcin que indica el verbo ha sido total por parte
del hablante.
Ejemplo:
My sister saw our neighbour commit the crime.
(Mi hermana vio a nuestro vecino cometer el crimen).
En este caso, entendemos que realiz la accin completa: desde que comenz a
perpetrar el crimen hasta que lo concluy.
Nota: Estos verbos tambin pueden utilizar la construccin nombre/pronombre
objeto + gerundio, en cuyo caso el hablante solamente vio parte de la accin.

05.02.-Had better
La traduccin de esta forma corresponde a sera mejor que. Debe colocar el sujeto
delante de la expresin, y el verbo que va a continuacin debe llevar infinitivo sin to.
Ejemplo:
You had better listen to your parents advice.
(Sera mejor que escuchases los consejos de tus padres).

Nota: Si queremos poner el verbo situado detrs de la construccin en forma

negativa, deberemos emplear not.
Ejemplo:
You had better not buy at [Link] is too expensive.
(Sera mejor que no comprases en Harrods. Es muy caro).

05.03.-Expresiones seguidas de pronombre de complemento + infinitivo sin to

Estas expresiones, al igual que en el caso 1, tambin pueden llevar simplemente un
sustantivo en lugar del pronombre. Son dos:
To let

22

To make
El primer verbo, to let, se traduce por dejar (permitir). El segundo por mandar
(obligar, hacer).
Ejemplo:
He made us believe that our friends had arrived late.
(Nos hizo creer que nuestros amigos haban llegado tarde).
Nota: el verbo to let es irregular. To let/let/let.

05.04.-Verbos con cambio de referencia temporal

Este apartado incluye tres verbos:
To remember
To regret
To forget
Adems de permitir la construccin adjetivo posesivo + gerundio que vimos en el tema
4, estos verbos pueden elegir a continuacin ir seguidos de infinitivo con to o de gerundio
segn la referencia temporal que quieran dar:

Los verbos to remember , to forget y to regret utilizan el gerundio cuando la accin

a la que se refieren pertenece al pasado:
Ejemplo:
He remembers watching a silent movie when he was a child.
(El recuerda ver una pelcula muda cuando era nio).
Los verbos to remember y to forget utilizan el infinitivo con to cuando la accin a la
que se refieren pertenece al futuro:
Ejemplo:
Don t forget to send me a postcard when you get to Rome.
(No te olvides de enviarme una postal cuando llegues a Roma).
El verbo to regret normalmente utiliza el infinitivo con to cuando la accin va a tener
lugar casi de forma inmediata:
Ejemplo:

23

I regret to say that most of our lifts are out of order.

(Lamento decir que la mayora de nuestros ascensores estn averiados).
Nota: El verbo to forget es irregular: To forget/forgot/forgotten.

05.05.-Verbos seguidos de infinitivo con to

To happen (Darse la casualidad de que, coincidir que)
To be afraid (Tener miedo de)
To be horrified (Estar aterrorizado)
To be glad (Estar contento)
To be surprised (Estar sorprendido)
To be amazed (Quedarse atnito, estar desconcertado)
To be relieved(Sentirse aliviado)

Ejemplo:
Citizens are surprised to find politicians complaining about their salaries.
(A los ciudadanos les sorprender descubrir que los polticos se quejan de sus sueldos).
Nota: Recordamos que es posible construir to be afraid + of.

05.06.-Otras expresiones con infinitivo

It is/was + adjetivo +of + pronombre objeto + infinitivo con to

Too + adjetivo +infinitivo con to
Adjetivo + enough + infinitivo con to

24

Ejemplos:
It is very nice of you to be here with me.
(Es muy bonito por tu parte estar aqu conmigo).
It was very wise of him to have become a lawyer.
(Fue muy inteligente por su parte haberse convertido en abogado).
My brother is the kind of person that is too good to hurt anyone.
(Mi hermano es la clase de persona que es demasiado buena para herir a nadie).
Most of our students aren t tall enough to play basketball.
(La mayora de nuestros alumnos no son lo suficientemente altos para jugar al
baloncesto).
Nota: Se recomienda estudiar el tema 4 comparndolo con el tema 5, pues resulta
ms sencillo estudiar a la vez los verbos que rigen infinitivo con los que rigen gerundio o
ambas formas.

05.07.-Prctica
1.-Les omos hablar un rato desde nuestra habitacin. Parecan estar muy contentos.
2.-Se da la casualidad de que me gusta Nueva York. Es una ciudad fascinante.
3.-Saba que ella me dejara. Era demasiado bonito para ser verdad.
4.-Recuerdo caerme de un rbol cuando tena siete aos.
5.-Nos oblig a estudiar toda la tarde y no nos dej ver la televisin.
6.-Sera mejor que no vieses esa clase de pelculas, son demasiado aburridas.
7.-Les vimos caer desde el rascacielos, desde que saltaron hasta que llegaron al suelo.
8.-Te o llegar a casa ayer por la noche. Era muy tarde y me despertaste.
9.-Lamento decir que la mayora de nuestros vecinos no pagan sus facturas.
10.-Olvidamos dejar la llave en el buzn. Cuando llegamos a casa, la puerta estaba cerrada.

25

11.-Sera mejor que intentsemos aprender a montar en bicicleta antes de ir a Holanda de

vacaciones.
12.-No me hagas sentir tan triste.! Devulveme el libro que te prest.
13.-Se da la casualidad de que a la mayora de los espaoles no les gusta viajar al extranjero.
14.-Recuerdo a Neil Amstrong aterrizar en la luna cuando yo era un nio.
15.-Fue estpido por su parte no invitar a Elena a la fiesta. Lo habramos pasado bien.
16.-Sera mejor que no intentases abrir esa lata con las manos.
17.-Nos hizo aprender toda la lista de los verbos griegos en dos semanas.
18.-Espero que Antonio no se olvide de comprar las bebidas para el picnic.
19.-No nos permitieron entrar en el edificio porque no llevbamos la ropa adecuada.
20.-La mayora de los candidatos no eran lo suficientemente buenos para conseguir el
empleo.

[Link] FINALIDAD
06.01.-INTRODUCCION
De la misma manera que en castellano tenemos ciertos nexos para introducir
subordinadas finales, el ingls emplea tambin unas formas determinadas segn el tipo de
finalidad (Purpose clause) a usar:

06.02.-CON EL INFINITIVO
Tenemos tres formas de introducir la finalidad con el infinitivo:
In order to + infinitivo
Infinitivo + to
So as not + infinitivo
a) In order to + infinitivo y el infinitivo con to expresan siempre el concepto de
para + infinitivo, cuando el sujeto de la oracin principal coincide con el de la
proposicin subordinada:

26

Ejemplos:
He went to Germany to learn more about the Second World War
(Fue a Alemania para aprender ms acerca de la segunda guerra mundial).
He usually reads good novels in order to improve his knowledge of French.
(Generalmente lee buenas novelas para mejorar sus conocimientos de Francs).
Las formas infinitivo con to e in order to son equivalentes. De todas formas, siempre
es ms formal el uso de la segunda:
He went to Germany in order to learn more about the Second World War.
Nota: Se debe intentar no utilizar nunca la forma incorrecta for + gerundio, y,
por supuesto no cometer el error de incluir la preposicin for en un infinitivo.

b)La tercera forma so as not con infinitivo la utilizaremos preferentemente para las
oraciones negativas:
Ejemplo:
Ill try not to play music so loudly so as not to wake you up.
(Intentar no poner la msica tan alta para no despertarte.).

06.03.-CON EL SUBJUNTIVO
Tenemos tres formas de introducir las subordinadas finales con subjuntivo:
so that
in order that
prevent + pronombre complemento + (from) + gerundio

a) Las dos primeras formas se utilizan para incluir una proposicin subordinada final
donde el conector es para que, los sujetos son normalmente diferentes y el verbo de
la proposicin subordinada en castellano corresponde a un pretrito imperfecto de
subjuntivo:

27

Ejemplo:
He locked up his piano so (that) you couldn t/wouldn t be able to play it.
(Cerr el piano con llave para que tu no pudieras tocarlo).
b) Tambin se utilizan para incluir una proposicin subordinada final donde el conector
es para que, los sujetos son normalmente diferentes y el verbo de la proposicin
subordinada en castellano corresponde a un presente de subjuntivo:
Ejemplo:
We have bought a new washing-machine in order that you (may) use it.
(Hemos comprado una lavadora nueva para que la uses).
Nota: Las dos formas son practicamente intercambiables, pero para evitar
confusin con las formas de infinitivo se recomienda usar so that.

Aunque las dos formas anteriores tambin admiten oraciones negativas, en el caso
del pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo se admite la tercera forma:
Ejemplo:
She used to speak Italian to prevent me (from) understanding her.
(Ella sola hablar italiano para que yo no la entendiera).
Nota: Despus de prevent es necesario utilizar pronombre de complemento.

06.04.-CON por si
Tenemos una nica forma para expresarlo:
in case
Debemos usarla cuando el conector es por si y el verbo de la proposicin subordinada
est en presente o en pasado:
Ejemplos:
I m not going to let him drive in case he has an accident.
(No voy a dejarle conducir por si (acaso) tiene un accidente.

28

We bought her a new pair of boots in case she caught cold.

(Le compramos unas botas nuevas por si (acaso) coga fro).

Nota: Just in case traduce a nuestra forma coloquial por si acaso

06.05.-Prctica
1.-Ella dej caer su pauelo a propsito para que Jack lo recogiese.
2.-Vendimos el televisor para que no vieses pelculas por la noche.
3.-La cuada de Maggie estudi Judo en Japn por si acaso alguien la atacaba.
4.-El gobierno norteamericano compr diamantes en Amsterdam para poder venderlos en
Pars.
5.-No debes criticar a las mujeres conductoras para no ofenderlas.
6.-Le quit una rueda a la bicicleta para que yo no la montase.
[Link] turistas estaban hablando Francs para que no pudiramos entenderles.
8.-Fu al banco por la maana por si tu no podas.
9.-Alguien rob mi mechero para que no fumara en el hospital.
10.-Me traje toda la ropa conmigo para no causarte problemas durante nuestras vacaciones.
11.-Si vamos a Nueva York, sera mejor que comprsemos una pistola. Por si acaso!.
12.-Decid dejarte antes de la boda para que no discutisemos cuando estuviramos casados.
13.-Gast todos mis ahorros para poder comprarme un coche nuevo.
14.-Aprobar todas las asignaturas en Junio para no quedarme en casa en verano.
15.-Escondieron todos los ladrillos para que no pudisemos construir una casa tan cerca de
la playa.
16.-Me dijo que usara las tijeras por si me cortaba.

29

17.-Guardamos el sacacorchos en el cajn para que no pudieses abrir las botellas de vino.
18.-No cantar en el cuarto de bao para que no te enfades.
19.-Para hacer rer a los alumnos, el profesor de Matemticas siempre dice que soy muy
despistado.
20.-No traduzcis las frases si no sabis las conjunciones. Por si acaso!.

[Link] DIRECTO. ESTILO INDIRECTO

07.01.-INTRODUCCION
Imaginemos el siguiente dilogo:
A

B: I have an interesting film to watch now.

Imaginemos ahora que la persona B decide contar lo que le ha dicho A anteriormente a

un tercer interlocutor C:
B

C: 1) A said, I have an interesting film to watch now.

2) A said (that) he had an interesting film to watch
then.
3) A told me (that) he had an interesting film to
watch then.

El primer mtodo empleado por B, consistente en reproducir las palabras literales

que ha empleado A, incluyendo el texto original entre comillas, se denomina ESTILO
DIRECTO.
El segundo y tercer mtodo empleado por B, consistente en transformar verbos,
adverbios, verbos introductores, etc para reproducir lo que ha contado A, se
denomina ESTILO INDIRECTO.
En el caso del ESTILO DIRECTO podemos apreciar que:
Lo narrado por B se coloca entre comillas.
El verbo que introduce el estilo directo (en este caso said), situado delante del
texto, va seguido de una coma.
Inmediatamente despus de las comillas se emplea letra mayscula.

30

Nota:
a) Si el verbo introductor va colocado detrs tambin se emplea una coma:
I have an interesting film to watch now, A said.
b) Existe la posibilidad de invertir el orden del verbo introductor y el sujeto:
I have an interesting film to watch now, said A.
En el caso del ESTILO INDIRECTO podemos apreciar que:
No empleamos las comillas.
Los pronombres y adverbios del texto original cambian.
El texto va precedido de un verbo introductor, que generalmente va en pasado, ya
que contamos algo que nos han dicho anteriormente. Realmente, estamos
volviendo el tiempo atrs.
El uso de that es optativo.
Todos estos cambios que observamos en el estilo indirecto responden a unas reglas
bsicamente preestablecidas, que debemos recordar para poder transformar inmediatamente un
texto u oracin de estilo directo a estilo indirecto.

07.02.-TRANSFORMACIONES
A) TIEMPOS VERBALES:
ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Presente Simple
Presente Continuo
Pasado Simple
Pasado Continuo
Presente Perfecto
Presente Perfecto Continuo
Pasado Perfecto
Pasado Perfecto Continuo
To be going to
Shall/Will
Condicional Simple
Condicional Compuesto
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Must not
Neednt
Have to
Had to

Pasado Simple.
Pasado Continuo.
Pasado Perfecto.
Sin cambio.
Pasado perfecto.
Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
Sin cambio.
Sin cambio.
Was/Were going to.
Would.
Sin cambio.
Sin cambio.
Could.
Sin cambio.
Might.
Sin cambio.
Sin cambio*/Had to./Would have to.
Sin cambio/Wasnt to/Werent to.
Sin cambio/Didnt have to/Wouldnt have to.
Had to.
Had had to.

31

Should./Ought to
Had better

Sin cambio.
Sin cambio/Should

*Nota: Must permanece sin cambio en obligaciones, prohibiciones o deducciones.

B) LOS VERBOS INTRODUCTORES

Denominamos verbos introductores a aquellos que el hablante B de nuestro ejemplo
utiliza para citar la informacin expresada por A. Al igual que sucede en castellano, estos
verbos introductores variarn segn el tipo de oracin que vayamos a emplear (interrogativas,
imperativas).
En este apartado veremos los verbos introductores generales y en apartados
siguientes los especficos de cada tipo de oracin, pues el modificar el verbo introductor trae
consigo alteraciones en las transformaciones generales.
INTRODUCTORES GENERALES:
said
told
promised
said to
announced to
declared to
exclaimed to
mentioned to
added to
remarked to
stated to
Said se utiliza cuando lo dicho por A no iba dirigido a una persona/grupo de personas
en concreto, said to y told en el caso contrario; y aunque ambas son intercambiables, es
preferible el uso de told o de cualquiera de los restantes verbos introductores para evitar
cometer errores. En el caso de los restantes verbos, pasaremos de una apreciacin general a
una concreta colocando u omitiendo to:
Ejemplos:
He said that most of our local bands had become very popular. (General).
He told me that most of our local bands had become very popular. (Concreto).
The headmaster announced that black pens were required for the exam. (General).
The headmaster announced to his students that black pens were required for the
exam. (Concreto).

32

Nota: se debe procurar en el ejercicio de selectividad variar los introductores en

estilo indirecto, puesto que denota una mayor soltura, madurez y dominio de la lengua,
as como un gran nivel de apreciacin de matices.

C) PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
I
you
he/she/it
we
they

he/she
sin cambio/I/we
s.c./somebody else
they
s.c./some other people

PRONOMBRES OBJETO
me

him/her
you
s.c./me/us
him/her/it
s.c./s.b.e.
us
them
them
s.c./s. o. p.

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS

my
your
his/her/its
our
their

mine
yours
his/hers/its
ours
theirs

his/her
sin cambio/my/our
s.c./somebody elses
their
s.c./some other peoples

his/hers
s.c./mine/ours.
s.c./sb. elses.
theirs
s.c./[Link].

PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
myself
yourself
himself/herself/itself
ourselves
themselves

himself/herself
sin cambio/myself/ourselves
sin cambio
themselves
sin cambio.

Cuando el hablante A utiliza you en estilo directo, no se especifica a la persona a la que

se refiere, con lo cual es una buena idea sustituirlo por las primeras personas identificndolas
con nosotros:
Ejemplo:
You can phone from the hospital, the doctor said.
The doctor said that I could phone from the hospital.
No se hace este cambio cuando la persona a la que se refiere aparece citada:
Ejemplo:

33

You can phone from the hospital, Susan, the doctor said.
The doctor said that Susan could phone from the hospital.

Cuando you representa a one (generalizacin), entonces no se cambia:

Ejemplo:
You cant smoke in the library, he said, it is not allowed.
He said that you could,t smoke in the library as it was not allowed.
D) OTROS CAMBIOS
this
these
here
now
today
tomorrow
yesterday
next week
last night
a year ago
the day before yesterday
the day after tomorrow

that
those
there
then
that day
the following day/the day after
the previous day/the day before
the following week.(month,)
the previous night/the night before.(month)
the year before (month, century)
two days before
two days after

Nota: debes recordar hacer todos los cambios dentro del mismo contexto, para
reproducir exactamente lo que el hablante A dijo.

07.03.-ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
En ingls existen dos clases de preguntas, las que podemos contestar afirmativa o
negativamente (yes/no questions) y las que comienzan con una partcula interrogativa (Whquestions).
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Al hacer este tipo de preguntas hay que realizar los siguientes cambios:
Colocar if o whether para introducir la pregunta indirecta

34

No invertir el sujeto con el verbo

El resto de los cambios siguen las transformaciones del apartado anterior.
Ejemplo:
David asked Peter, Did you know that women lived longer than men?.
David asked Peter if/whether he knew that women lived longer than men.
Notas: Observa que ahora no se usa that para introducir la pregunta y que
desaparece el signo de interrogacin. Usa whether para mejorar el estilo.
WH-QUESTIONS (Who,what,where)
Si en estilo indirecto ponemos la pregunta con partcula interrogativa pueden suceder
dos cosas:
1.-La partcula interrogativa funciona como sujeto.
En este caso, los cambios seran as:
La partcula se mantiene.
El orden de las palabras no cambia
El resto de los cambios siguen las transformaciones generales
Ejemplo:
John asked Mary, Who won the basketball match yesterday?
John asked Mary who had won the basketball match the day before.
Nota: Tampoco se pone en este caso that antes de introducir la pregunta y
tambin se elimina el signo de interrogacin.
2.-La partcula interrogativa no funciona como sujeto.
En este caso habra los siguientes cambios:
Se conserva la partcula interogativa.
Se invierten sujeto y verbo
El resto de los cambios siguen las transformaciones generales
Ejemplo:
Susan asked Tom, Who did you see last week?.
Susan asked Tom who(m) he had seen the week before.

35

Nota: seguimos eliminando that y el signo de interrogacin.

VERBOS INTRODUCTORES
asked
enquired
wanted to know
wondered
would like to know
Nota: hay que tener en cuenta que las oraciones interrogativas en estilo directo
pueden introducir otros tipos de oraciones en estilo indirecto (sugerencias,
ofrecimientos) que veremos en los apartados siguientes).

07.04.-ORDENES
En estilo directo, las rdenes se suelen dar en imperativo (sin sujeto); i.e. Open the
window. Para transformarlas a estilo indirecto debemos seguir los siguientes pasos:
Poner el complemento de persona bien al que se le da la orden o bien al que te
parezca conveniente segn el contexto.
Cambiar el imperativo por infinitivo con to.
Concertar todos los verbos que dependan del primero
Mantener el resto de las transformaciones generales.
Tambin es posible la construccin that + sujeto +should +infinitivo
Ejemplo:
Stand up for your rights, Mandela said to the Southafricans.
Mandela told the Southafricans to stand up for their rights.
Mandela told the Southafricans that they should stand up for their rights.
VERBOS INTRODUCTORES
told
asked
commanded
instructed
ordered
compelled
urged

Nota: la forma negativa en las rdenes se forma con not + infinitivo con to.

36

07.05.-PETICIONES
En ingls hay dos maneras de expresar peticiones: a)con una oracin interrogativa o
b) usando un imperativo.
Ejemplos:
Will you stay at home with me tonight?, my wife asked me.
My wife requested me to stay at home with her that night.
Please, give me my money back, my brother said to me.
My brother begged me to give him his money back.
ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
Si la peticin es una (o varias) oraciones interrogativas debemos hacer los siguientes
cambios:

Desaparece el modal
Ponemos el complemento de persona a la que le hacemos la peticin.
El verbo pasa a infinitivo con to.
Desaparece Please (si aparece en el texto de estilo directo).
Desaparecen las comillas y el signo de interrogacin.
El resto de las transformaciones siguen las reglas habituales.

Ejemplo:
Son, will you tell me the truth, please?, Ann asked.
Ann requested her son to tell her the truth
IMPERATIVOS
Si las peticiones van en forma imperativa debemos:

Poner el complemento de persona a la que le hacemos la peticin.

Pasar el verbo a infinitivo con to (o not + infinitivo con to si es negativa).
Suprimir las comillas.
Eliminar Please.
El resto de los cambios siguen las transformaciones habituales.

Ejemplo:
My brother said, Please, stop smoking in my bedroom.
My brother begged me to stop smoking in his bedroom.

37

VERBOS INTRODUCTORES
asked
begged
requested
invited
askedfor
CASOS ESPECIALES:
a) Could I have emplea normalmente askfor.
Could I have a cup of tea?, Tracy asked.
Tracy asked (me) for a cup of tea.
b) Could you con peticiones emplea normalmente ask + infinitivo con to.
Could you turn on the light, please?, he said.
He asked me to turn on the light.
Sin embargo, cuando could you introduce una pregunta normal, permanece sin cambio:
Could you do this without any help?, he said.
He asked me if I could do that without some help.
c) Would you mind + gerundio tiene las dos posibilidades:
Would you mind waiting here?, she said.
1.-She asked me to wait there.
2.-She asked me if I would mind waiting there.
d) Want y would like son posibles cuando se trata de una peticin a una tercera persona
hecha a travs de una segunda:
David (on the phone to Susan): Could you get me a ticket for the bus?
Susan (contndoselo a otra persona): David wanted/would like me to get
him a ticket for the bus.
Tambin es posible David said that I was to getpero es ms autoritario.
Nota: debes revisar bien todos los casos antes de decidirte por una
transformacin determinada, y aunque muchas veces varias posibilidades son posibles,
elige la ms formal puesto que demuestra un mejor estilo.

38

07.06.-SUGERENCIAS
Como norma general, el verbo introductor es:
suggested
De todas formas, como las sugerencias tienen gran cantidad de matices y casos
especiales, los trataremos de forma individual:
WHAT ABOUT (Qu te parece si)
What about buying a new computer?, he said
He suggested buying/that I should buy a new computer.
WHY DON T YOU
Why dont you ask Susan for a pencil?, Peter asked.
Peter suggested (me) asking/that I should ask Susan for a pencil.
LET
He said, Lets go se transforma normalmente as:
He suggested going.
Tambin son posibles:
He suggested that they should go
He urged/advised them to go.
He said, Lets not go puede transformarse usando la forma negativa de las
anteriores; pero suggest + negativa es mucho menos usual y se transforma por:
He was against going/against the idea/against it.
He was opposed to the idea
He said, Let them go se transforma en:
He suggested that they should go/suggested their going
Generalmente expresa una obligacin y se sustituye por:
He said that they should go/ought to go
A veces expresa una orden y se sustituye por:
He said that they were to go.

39

Let him/let them puede expresar indiferencia, entonces se usa:

Everybody will insult you!,, I said. Let them! he answered.
He expressed indifference/said he didnt mind.
Let tambin puede ser sinnimo de allow:
Let me go!, the girl said to the man.
The girl asked the man to let her go/to allow her to go

07.07.-CONSEJOS
Normalmente los verbos introductores son:
advised
warned
reminded
Se emplean como sustitutos en las oraciones afirmativas de had better, aunque ste
tambin es posible:
My mother said, Youd better ask your Dad.
My mother said (that) Id better ask my Dad.
My mother advised me to ask my Dad.
Reemplazan tambin a I should(If I were you):
I said, Shall I phone my grandmother?
I should write to her, (if I were you), answered John.
I asked John if I should phone my grandmother and he advised me to write to her.

Nota: warn (advertir) y remind (recordar) son muy especficos, con lo que debes
usarlos cuando las oraciones tengan claramente dichos sentidos.

40

07.08.-OFRECIMIENTOS
En estos casos, el verbo introductor es:
offered
Se usa principalmente con dos tipos de construcciones en estilo directo:
Would you like something to eat?; he said.
He offered me something to eat.
Ill post it for you if you want, she said.
She offered to post it for me.
Nota: en el segundo caso, no se menciona la persona a la que se refiere, y se
coloca el verbo inmediatamente detrs de offered.

07.09.-NEXOS
Puede suceder que lo que contemos en estilo indirecto sea ms de una oracin, puede
llegar a ser un prrafo, varias oraciones, etcEn estos casos debemos igualmente unir las
oraciones en estilo indirecto utilizando nexos.
Normalmente se tiende a emplear and y unir as varias oraciones, pero esta tcnica
resulta muy pobre y reiterativa. Debemos combinar nexos del tipo:
coma, coma, and, and also (y tambin)
so (as)
as (puesto que/ya que)
for (puesto que/ya que)
since (puesto que/ya que)
because (por que)
so that(para que)
Nota: de ti depende que el estilo de tus frases sea ms completo. Si quieres
conseguir mejor puntuacin en el ejercicio de selectividad, deberas recurrir a las
tcnicas ms formales, como la variedad en la eleccin de los introductores o el uso de
nexos diferentes.

07.10.-Prctica

41

1.-My sister wants to become a lawyer, said Richard. I dont seem to understand why.
None of my family has ever been a lawyer.
2.-Youd better take another pill if your headache returns, the doctor told me.
3.-Do you want to see my new collection of stamps?, said my sister to me.
4.-Shall we go to the disco when the film is over?, said my wife. Yes, lets, said I. What
about going with Frank and Susan?.
5.-John said to me, Remember to buy a new tyre for the BMW tomorrow and dont spend
too much money on it.
6.-Fax (from the general manager to Tracy): Please, get me a complete Microsoft guide for
the computer.
Tracy (telling her sister about it): The general manager..
7.-Lets stay at home till it has stopped raining, I said.
8.-The judge said to the convict, If what you say is true, then you are not guilty and must be
set free.
9.-I neednt tell anybody how interested in the new project I feel, said the new coach.
10.-She said, I had to lock the dog in the barn because he wanted to bite everyone.
11.-Let the children watch television if they want to, said Michelle to her husband. There is
an interesting film on and Im pretty sure they are going to enjoy it.
12.-Shall I get you a drink first or would you like me to wait till you have finished your
phone call?, the barman told his customer.
13.-How did you manage to build that castle with so little sand?, Paul asked his young
daughter.
14.-Passengers with no identity cards please go to gate number four. Remember to carry all
your documents to show your nationality, the stewardess said to the tourists.
15.-If you hear the burglar alarm it is because somebody has entered the hotel without my
permission, said [Link] to his guests.
16.-Will you help me to do the washing up?, said my friend to me.
17.-Why dont you get yourself a new pair of boots?, said Mary to her sister. The ones you
are wearing are rather old-fashioned.
18.-Would you mind repeating your last question?, said Paul to the Maths teacher. Im a bit
deaf and I cant hear you properly.

42

19.-How long have you been living in London?, my landlord said.

20.-I said, Shall I tell my aunt about the accident?. If I were you, I would tell her at once,
said Anthony.
21.-We hate going shopping with granny, said the children. It is not so, said their mother.
Granny always buys you sweets and takes you to the zoo.
22.-If you want to hang that picture youll have to use a hammer, said Maureen. You cant
dig a nail with a brick!.
23.-This dictation is full of mistakes!, grumbled the teacher. I didnt do it on purpose!,
said the student. I promise not to do it again.
24.-Daryl said, Dont wipe your tears with my handkerchief. If you didnt make me cry, I
wouldnt have to do it, answered her lover.
25.-Wed better hurry if we want to catch the train!, said our father. Theres plenty of
time!, said my mother.
26.-Would you mind filling in this form?, the clerk said to me. I need a pen to do it, I
answered.
27.-I should say nothing about the robbery if I were you, said the secretary. Well get into
trouble if we dont, said the assistant.
28.-Please, please, dont leave me, said Scarlet to Ashley.
29.-Can you hear that music? Sharon said. What do you think it is?. I believe its Elton
Johns latest CD, I said. I think its our neighbour playing the piano, she said. Wed better
go and see.
30.-I know people gossip a lot about you, said Richard. Well, let them! said I.
31.-By this time next week, we will have finished painting the front wall, said the employee.
It is going to take you much longer, replied his boss.
32.-What are you going to do when you run out of money?, asked Jill. I dont know,
snorted her son. Ill tell you when it happens.
33.-I simply cant believe that most of the athletes have been taking drugs, said one of the
journalists. This will deprive them of their medals, agreed the other one.
34.-Putting sentences into reported speech is a delicate matter, said the teacher.
35.-I dislike driving on dark nights, said the chauffeur. It is very dangerous, replied his
client, but well soon get to Plymouth.
36.-Can you tell me why [Link] got divorced in May?, Katherine asked her neighbour.

43

37.-Have you ever seen a flying saucer in the sky?, Michael asked his younger brother. No,
I havent, but I would certainly like to do it, he replied.
38.-Could I have cornflakes for breakfast?, said Barbara. Yes, you can, said her mother.
39.-Could I see your passport?, said the customs officer. I have nothing to declare, replied
the foreign lady
40.-Dont go to bed till you have finished your dinner, said Mrs Smith in a very loud voice.
I have already finished it, said her little daughter .
41.-Its your turn to cook tonight, they told Ann. It cant be, said Ann excitedly. I cooked
last week! And the week before!. Could you do it just today?, they said. We wont ask you
again next week.
42.-This is the best hotel I have ever seen!, said Liz. The trouble is that its too expensive.
Why did you take me here then?, said her husband. Dont get angry, darling, we have saved
enough money this year and we can afford it!, she replied.
43.-Lets spend the night together, said Tony.
44.-All members of this club are requested to pay an entrance fee in advance, said the
owner.
45.-Why didnt you buy a car instead of a computer?, said my father. Computers are very
useful and I dont need a new car right now, said I.
46.-Wed better go shopping today, said Peter. The shopping centres will be crowded
tomorrow.
47.-I wish I had a room with a sea view!, said [Link]. Why dont you consider buying
a house closer to the sea?, said her sister.
48.-Would you mind closing the door?, said the old lady to a passenger sitting nearby. Its
very cold and these radiators dont seem to work.
49.-Please dont do anything I wouldnt do, said John to his sister
50.-[Link] (on phone to his secretary): Tell my wife to meet me at seven outside the Royal
Albert Hall.
Secretary (reporting this to [Link]): Your husband

[Link] CON EVER

08.01.-INTRODUCCION

44

En ingls determinados pronombres y adverbios forman palabras compuestas con el

adverbio ever. Adquieren un sentido distributivo y emplean reglas de formacin propias.
Dichos pronombres y adverbios son:
who(m): `+ ever = whoever (quien quiera que/a quien quiera que)
how: + ever = however (como quiera que/sin embargo)
what: + ever = whatever (Lo que quiera que/cualquiera que/cualesquiera que)
which: + ever = whichever ( cualquiera que/cualesquiera que)
where : + ever = wherever (dondequiera que)
when . + ever = whenever (Cuando quiera que/ siempre que)

08.02.-FORMACION
Se coloca delante el pronombre o adverbio y a continuacin ever. En el caso de que la
primera palabra ya termine en -e , lgicamente slo se aade -ver.
Inmediatamente detrs figura el sujeto de la frase.
Por ltimo, colocamos el tiempo verbal en el que figure el compuesto, siguiendo las reglas
habituales sabiendo:
1.-Es posible colocar may + infinitivo sin to en los tiempos presentes.
2.-Es posible colocar might + infinitivo sin to o might + infinitivo perfecto sin to
en los tiempos pasados y en subjuntivos ( que no sean presente).
3.-Si la expresin verbal es preposicional, sta se colocar detrs del verbo.

Ejemplos:
a.- You ll find a petrol station wherever you go (may go)
b.- He should have passed his exam however hard it had been (might have
been)
c.- Be polite whoever you talk to

45

Nota: Las construcciones con may/might son mucho ms formales. Es conveniente

usarlas en expresin escrita en general y en el comentario de selectividad en particular
porque demuestran un mayor dominio de la lengua.

08.03.-TRADUCCION
A la hora de traducir estas formas, debemos tener en cuenta que en castellano existen
dos variantes diferentes (la segunda duplicando el verbo) que tienen la misma forma en ingls:
Ejemplo:
He never concentrates on his homework wherever he may study
1.-Nunca se concentra en sus deberes donde quiera que estudie.
2.-Nunca se concentra en sus deberes, estudie donde estudie.

08.04.-Prctica
1.-Sea como sea, el caso es que yo no quiero saber nada sobre ese asunto.
2.-Viva donde viva, siempre le escribir y lo ir a visitar.
3.-Deberas haber llamado a casa, hubieses estado con quien hubieses estado.
4.-Voy a ir a ver esa pelcula, sea lo violenta que sea.
5.-Llegues cuando llegues, llama a la puerta antes de entrar.
6.-Escojas el color que escojas, intenta combinarlo con tus zapatos nuevos.
7.-Bailes con el chico que bailes, no le preguntes si estudia o trabaja.
8.-El rbitro no debera haber parado el partido cualquiera que hubiese sido la razn.
9.-No har negocios con esa compaa por muy importante que sea.
10.-Por muy difcil que parezca, hay gente que habla varios idiomas.

[Link] BASICO DE PREPOSICIONES

09.01.-INTRODUCCION
En este tema vamos a revisar el significado, colocacin y uso de las preposiciones ms
comunes en ingls. Exceptuaremos los casos en el que las preposiciones forman un verbo con
partcula con cambio de significado; ya que este tipo de verbos son el objeto del prximo

46

tema. Sin embargo, veremos algunas preposiciones unidas a verbos como formas frecuentes,
sin cambio de significado. Igualmente se incluirn expresiones idiomticas que deben llevar
una preposicin concreta.

09.02.-AT
De modo general, at significa en. Se utiliza cuando el lugar donde nos encontramos no
nos rodea completamente, o es un punto concreto en el espacio:
Ejemplo: at the cross-roads. (En el cruce).
CASOS GENERALES:
at the bus stop
at the traffic lights
at Easter (en Semana Santa)
at night
lugares pblicos (bank, travel agency)
lugares de trabajo (school, hospital, )
horas (at nine oclock)
at that moment,
at sea (en el mar)

cross-roads
velocidades (at 60 miles per hour)
at Christmas (perodo)
at midnight
edades (at eighteen)
at home
comidas (at lunch, at dinner)
at war (en guerra)
at the corner (en la esquina)

EXPRESIONES:
at first (al principio)
at the end (al final)
at last (por fn)
at most (a lo sumo)
at play (jugando)
at random (al azar)

at the beginning (al principio)

at best (en el mejor de los casos)
at least (al menos)
at once (en seguida)
at present (hoy en da)

EXPRESIONES VERBALES:
be good at (ser bueno en/darse bien )
look at
talented at

09.03.-IN

arrive at (llegar a lugares)

laugh at
con idea negativa (shout at/throw at)

47

De modo general, significa en (dentro de):

Ejemplo: in London: (en Londres)
LUGAR:
pases y ciudades (in Paris, in Switzerland) in the distance (a lo lejos)
in this heat (con este calor)
in that dress (con ese traje)
in the street (por la calle)
dentro de (in the classroom)
in the corner (en el rincn)
TIEMPO:
aos (in 1964)
meses (in August)
partes del da (excepto la noche)
in the sun (al sol)

siglos (in the nineteenth century)

estaciones (in Summer)
pocas (in the forties)
in the rain (bajo la lluvia)

DESPUES DE SUPERLATIVO:
in the world (del mundo)

the prettiest girl in town (de la ciudad)

EXPRESIONES:
in fact (de hecho)
in a hurry (en un apuro/con prisa)
in (en casa)
in sight (a la vista)
in the beginning (al principio de una era)

in trouble (en problemas)

in the way (estorbando)
in time (a tiempo)
in the end (al final/por fn)
in two years time (dentro de dos aos)

VERBOS:
let + [Link]. + in (dejar entrar)
arrive in (llegar a: punto intermedio)
get in (subir en un vehculo a la misma
altura)

to be interested in (estar interesado en)

succeed in (triunfar en/arreglrselas para)

09.04.-ON
Generalmente se traduce por sobre (en/encima de):
Ejemplo: on the table. (En la mesa).
CASOS GENERALES:
canales (on channel five)
pared (on the wall)

televisin (on TV)

avin (on the plane)

48

das (on Monday)

on account of (debido a)
impuestos (a tax on smoking)
on average (por trmino medio)
on time (justo a la hora)
on strike (en huelga)
on a diet (a dieta)
and so on (etc)
on Christmas (el da de Navidad)

con gerundio (on entering: al entrar)

on fire (ardiendo)
from now on (a partir de ahora)
on foot (a pie)
on sale (de rebajas)
on the right/left (a la derecha/izquierda)
instrumentos (on the piano/fiddle)
on/off (encendido/apagado)
on purpose (a propsito)

VERBOS:
based on (basado en)
turn on/off (encender/apagar)
switch on/off (encender/apagar)
have an influence on (influir en)
depend on (depender de)
on + Adj. Pos. + own (solo/sin ayuda)
on + Adj. Pos. + way (de camino a)

rely on (confiar en)

agree on (estar de acuerdo en un tema)
get on (ir en/llevar bien/subir en un
vehculo a diferente altura)
insist on (insistir en)
put on (poner: prendas)
be keen on (ser aficionado a)

09.05.-TO
Como norma general se traduce por a (hacia) indicando direccin.
Ejemplo: He goes to school every day. (Va al colegio todos los das).
Cuando se invierte el orden de objeto indirecto y objeto directo en una oracin, la
preposicin to va colocada delante del objeto indirecto.
Ejemplo: read me a poem
read a poem to me

CASOS GENERALES:
habitaciones (the key to room twelve)
para (a threat to society)
according to ( con respecto a)
back to (de espaldas a)
with regard to (con respecto a)

infinitivo (to go)

subordinadas finales (He studied medicine
to become a doctor)
maneras de actuar (She was kind/ unkind
politeto me)
next to/close to(cerca de)
to and fro (de aqu para all)

VERBOS:
get married to

be used to(estar acostumbrado a)

49

used to (sola)
get used to (acostumbrarse a)
listen to
ask + Pron. Com. + to (pedir una accin)
look forward to (esperar con ansiedad)
get to (llegar a)
repeat to (repetir a)

refuse to(negarse a)
arrive to (llegar a: punto final).
belong to (pertenecer a)
to have been to(haber estado en)
speak to/talk to
explain to (explicar a)

09.06.-BY
By normalmente lleva el significado de por (hecho por, fabricado por).
Ejemplo: This film was directed by Steven Spielberg.
CASOS GENERALES:
by the hand (por la mano)
junto a (by the riverside)
by then (para entonces)
day by day (da a da)
by heart (de memoria)
by now (ya)
pronombres reflexivos (by myself)

operaciones matemticas (multiplied by)

by night (de noche)
medios de transporte (by car, by boat)
by chance (por casualidad)
by (means of) = por medio de
by hand (a mano)

09.07.-FOR
Lleva los significados de por/para.
Ejemplos: This is a present for you (Este es un regalo para t).
He was punished for his crimes (Fue castigado por sus crmenes)
CASOS GENERALES:
direccin (the train for Paris)
for sale (en venta)
expresiones temporales con presente perfecto, presente perfecto contnuo, pasado perfecto y
pasado perfecto contnuo con el significado de durante (Ive been watching television for two
hours).
EXPRESIONES:
for ever (para siempre)
for the time being (por ahora)
ya que/ puesto que (Hell surely play basketball for he is quite tall).
VERBOS:

50

stand for (representar)

go for
wait for
apply for (solicitar por escrito)

stand up for (luchar/rebelarse por)

be ready for (estar preparado para)
ask for

09.08.-OF
Como norma general, casi siempre significa de.
Ejemplo: What kind of music do you like?
EXPRESIONES:
of age (mayor de edad)
sort of/kind of (clase/tipo de)
in spite of (a pesar de)

a friend of mine (un amigo mo)

in front of (delante de)
on account of (debido a)

VERBOS:
think of
dream of (soar con)
be afraid of (tener miedo de)

be ashamed of (estar avergonzado de)

instead of (en vez de)
be fond of (ser aficionado a)

09.09.-FROM
Expresa origen; de (desde). Ejemplo: I come from Spain.

EXPRESIONES:
from my point of view
from now on (a partir de ahora)
sacado de (a quotation from Salinger)
fromto (desdehasta)
away from (lejos de)

far from (lejos de)

from bad to worse (de mal en peor)
procedente de (the train from Moscow)
different from (diferente a)

VERBOS:
suffer from (padecer de)
escape from (escapar de)
translate from (traducir de)

made from (hecho de)

judge from (a juzgar por)

51

09.010.-OTRAS PREPOSICIONES Y ADVERBIOS

09.010.01.-SINCE
Desde. Ejemplo: Since he was an adult.(Desde que era adulto).
Tambin expresa el mismo concepto aplicado a un punto concreto de tiempo.
Conviene contrastar su uso con el de for en ellos presentes y pasados perfectos:
Ejemplos:
Hes been learning English for two years
Hes been learning English since 1995.
EXPRESIONES:
ever since (justo desde)

desde que (since I met you)

09.010.02.-UNTIL/TILL
Hasta/hasta que. Uso temporal.
Ejemplos:
until then (hasta entonces)
hasta que (until he has gone)

09.010.03.-WITH
Con. Ejemplo: Hes with me.
EXPRESIONES:
with it (al tanto/al corriente)
with pleasure (encantado).

with one blow (de un solo golpe).

VERBOS:
fill with (llenar de)
agree/disagree with
supply with (abastecer)
09.010.04.-OFF

be good with (ser bueno con o para)

provide with (proporcionar)

52

Fuera (a distancia). The bridge is twenty miles off.

EXPRESIONES:
voice off (voz en off)
libre (Im off on Saturday)

off and on (de vez en cuando)

VERBOS:
take off (quitar prendas/despegar)

be well off (estar econmicamente bien)

09.010.05.-OUT
Fuera. Ejemplo: Hes out.
EXPRESIONES:
inside out (al revs)
out of season (fuera de temporada)
out of order (averiado)

out of danger (fuera de peligro)

out of curiosity (por curiosidad)
out of sight (fuera del alcance de la vista)

VERBOS:
let + pron. comp. + out (dejar salir)

09.010.06.-UP
Arriba. Ejemplo: Up the river. (Ro arriba)
EXPRESIONES:
en pie (shes up)
up to date (hasta la fecha/hasta hoy)

up to + pron. com.(es cosa de)

VERBOS:
speak up (habla ms fuerte)
09.010.07.-DOWN
Abajo. Ejemplo: down the street (calle abajo).

53

EXPRESIONES:
up and down (de arriba a abajo)
09.010.08.-BETWEEN/AMONG
Entre dos/entre varios.
Ejemplos:
Between Peter and me
Among the crowd. (Entre la multitud)
Nota: In between (mientras tanto)
09.010.09.-DURING
Durante. (Se usa con pasados simples)
Ejemplo: He used to live there during the war

09.010.10.-OVER
Sobre (sin contacto).
Ejemplo: The plane flew over her cottage.
EXPRESIONES:
por encima de (over the rainbow)
its all over (se acab!)

over the phone (por telfono)

09.010.11.-AFTER
Tras/despus de.
Ejemplos:
one after the other (uno tras otro)
after a week (despus de una semana)

54

09.010.12.-AWAY
Se usa como adverbio. Fuera.
Ejemplo:
My father is away.
EXPRESIONES:
far away (lejos)
away from (lejos de)
pasar tiempo haciendo algo (she danced the night away)= pas la noche bailando.
09.010.13.-ABOUT
Sobre/acerca de.
Ejemplo:
A book about trains.
EXPRESIONES:
what about (qu te parece si)
VERBOS:
be about to (estar a punto de)
talk about
anxious about (ansioso por)

think about
dream about

09.010.14.-UNDER
Debajo de.
Ejemplo:
Under the mattress (debajo del colchn)
EXPRESIONES:
a las rdenes de (I work under Peter)
under arrest (bajo arresto)
under the circumstances (bajo las circunstancias)

55

bajo (under the Republic)

09.010.15.-ABOVE
Sobre/encima de (muy por encima).
Ejemplo:
Above her house
EXPRESIONES:
above all (sobre todo)
degrees above zero
above sea level (por encima del nivel del mar)
09.010.16.-OTRAS PREPOSICIONES MENOS FRECUENTES
behind (detrs de: behind the house)
round (alrededor de:round the table)
through (a travs de: we went through
round the corner (a la vuelta de la esquina)
the tunnel)
toward/towards (hacia)
past (por delante de: we walked past the castle)
half past ten

09.011.-Prctica
Fill in the blanks with one of the following prepositions: at, to, in.
1.__ the beginning of an encyclopaedia there is a preface, ___ the end there is an index.
2.-Who is the actress ___ the red dress, sitting ___ the corner of the table?.
3.-According __ the TV guide, there are no football matches tonight.
4.-She is a very nervous person, she is always ____ a hurry and drives ___ a very high speed.
5.-Our lessons start __ 8.30 every morning and finish ___ 2.10 ___ the afternoon.
6.-Im not interested __ basketball, but my brother is very good __ it.
7.-Most Irishmen went ___ sea ___ 18, and spent most of their lives ___ sea.
8.-If you want __ get __ the airport, turn right __ the cross-roads and youll find it __ front of
you.
9.- Katherine is a very polite person, never unkind __ anyone.
10.-My sister is going __ get married ___ her fiance __ Christmas.
11.-Nowadays, students do not write __ ink any more.
12.-That politician turned out __ be a dangerous criminal, a real menace __ society.
13.-__ the daytime, local beaches are crowded but __ night there is nobody __ sight.

56

14.-She is so shy that she scarcely ever talks __ anyone.

15.-Im sure my closest friends have never been __ Paris.
16.-I arrived home __ time __ record the midnight film __ channel 2.
17.-My bedroom is so small that I dont even have a desk to write __.
18.-Excuse me, can you give me the key __ my room?.
19.- My father works __ Harrods and he is always tired __ lunch time
20.-__ first, she found computers very boring but __ the end she got used __ them.
21.-I dont have enough money __ buy a brand new flat __ the moment.
22.-He refused __ tell us who had bought the building site.
23.-Somebody threw a stone __ trade union leader, trying __ hurt him.
24.-Ill leave some biscuits __ the cupboard in case you are hungry when you come __.
25.-The nine oclock news almost ever start __ time.
26.-Shes studying law __ become a district attorney like her father. __ five years time she will
have finished her degree.
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:
1.-We have lived __ this town __ three years.
2.-They have been playing tennis __ our friends __ two hours.
3.-When I was getting __ __ the car my new glasses fell __. Although we were __ a hurry, I
insisted __ looking for them.
4.-Can I have Friday __?, said the employee to his boss. I have __ go __ the doctor.
5.-How do I get __ the Town Hall?Go __ the end __ this avenue and turn left; turn right __ the traffic lights and it is ____ the
library and the police station.
6.-She succeeded __ escaping __ the burning barn.
7.-How are you getting __ __ your new job?.
8.-The lady __ her back __ the wall is a movie star.
9.-Ive got a lot of paintings __ Dal. I bought them __ a very low price __ means __ an art
dealer.
10.-Shes very fond __ skiing. __ Winter she usually drives __ the mountains __ spend a few
days practising her favourite sport.
11.-Most office clerks work __ 9 a.m. __ 5 p.m. __ an hour __ lunch.
12.-__ spite __ the heat, he insisted __ not going __ the beach.

57

13.-__ msitake, I entered Marys room instead __ my own. She was very angry __ me because
she thought I had done it __ purpose.
14.-Most contemporary films are based __ real facts.
15.-Are you going __ the beach this weekend?It depends __ the weather. If its rainy well stay __ home, if its hot well go either __ car or
__ foot.
16.-The judge said that ___ the circumstances the criminal should be put ___ arrest.
17.-It never occurred __ me __ ask my father __ money __ go __ the cinema.
18.-Ive just been told that the museum is __ fire. We must send __ the Fire Brigade.
19.-The temperature today is twenty degrees __zero. Im sure Ill have __ take __ my coat.
20.-Nelson Mandela requested his people __ stand __ __ their rights.
21.-While __ our way __ the hills __ the main road, we were attacked __ a panther.
22.-Ive heard such a lot ___ your girlfriend that Im really looking forward __ meeting her.
23.-You cant rely __ my brother __ give you a lift. Hes a very careless driver.
24.-My sister knows all Genesis lyrics __ heart.
25.-He sold his house __ a German lawyer __ fifty thousand pounds.
26.-They built a very nice cottage __ the riverside. They found their amazing property __
chance.
27.-Bats usually come __ __ night.
28.- When he gets back __ his office he sits __ his sofa doing nothing but listening __ music.
29.-___ the war, we could see thousands __ soldiers __ uniform marching __ the streets.
30.-Jaws was directed __ Steven Spielberg __ the seventies.
31.-My mother is __ a diet __ lose weight. __ now, shes already lost ten pounds.
32.-We all know that rock stars have a tremendous influence __ teenagers.
33.-Susan is so rude that Im often ashamed __ her behaviour.
34.-He knocked out the other fighter __ just one blow.
35.-The boy __ the hat and dark hair is the brother __ the girl __ white.
36.-They were __ prison __ two months. ___ that time, they became interested __ painting.
37.-Have you heard __ Ann __ her return?Yes, I had a postcard __ Thursday. Shes thinking __ visiting us next week.
38.-You have __ be __ time __ the opera. Otherwise, they wont let you __ __ the end __ the
first act.

58

39.-He accused me __ sending top secret papers __ the police.

40.-__ __ season it is very difficult __ find tasty grapes.
41.-__ the age __ 21 they were sent __ prison __ kidnapping.
42.-Well have __ go __ train, we cant go __ plane __ account __ the plane strike.
43.-The Sound and The Fury is __ William Faulkner, and youll find more __ his novels __ any
bookshop __ the United States.
44.-They had __ carry their suitcases __ themselves. Nobody helped them __ the airport.
45.-__ entering the building, we realised there was nobody __ strike.
Insert a suitable preposition if necessary:
1.-He asked __ his friend __ help.
2.-We explained __ our guest that it was a tradition __ Spain __ have a siesta __ the
afternoon.
3.-He told __ me that he had been robbed __ the weekend.
4.-She paid __ us __ the toys.
5.-He showed __ me postcards __ Greece.
6.-I rely __ her __ remind me __ buy the stamps we need __ the envelope.
7.-Ever __ he was a kid, he was afraid __ flying.
8.-He advised __ me not __ spend so much money __ alcohol.
9.-Im tired __ repeating __ you that you have __ turn __ the lights before you leave __ home.
10.-I believed he would offer __ me the job, but surprisingly he offered it __ my best friend.
11.-Pass __ her the orange juice and pass the wine __ me, please.
12.-__ my point of view, theres nothing you can give __ him __ make him happy.
13.-This landscape reminds __ me __ my hometown.
14.-Most __ __ pupils refuse __ spend their spare time helping their parents.
15.-__ detective stories, girls are usually wicked __ policemen.
16.-When I was three years old, my mother used __ read __ me fairy tales before I got __
sleep.
17.-They told __ her __ wait __ them __ the bus station.
18.-He refused __ listen __ what I had __ say.
19.-__ 1985, most __ __ banks use computers __ improve their services.

59

20.-Most __ the people who live __ the seaside enjoy going __ the beach __ Summer.
21.-He listened __ us __ a moment, then he sat __ __ a chair without saying anything.
22.-I described the picture __ him and asked __ him if he could paint __ me one like it.
23.-Im afraid youll have __ sing __ the charity concert. Dont worry!, Ill accompany __ you
__ the piano.
24.-He thinks he is very intelligent, but I know that what he said __ us was a quotation __
Shakespeare.

60

[Link] CON PARTICULA FRECUENTES

010.01.-INTRODUCCION
En este tema estudiaremos aquellos verbos que unidos a una partcula (preposicin o
adverbio), modifican su significado y adquieren otro (u otros) diferente. La relacin figura por
orden alfabtico para una mayor comodidad en su localizacin:

010.02.-BE
TO BE WAS/WERE BEEN: SER/ESTAR.
against: estar en contra de
for: ser partidario de
off: marcharse/cancelar
out: estar fuera
out of :haberse acabado
up: estar levantado

back: volver
in: estar en casa/en el lugar
on: estar en cartel/exhibir
out for: estar empeado en
over: acabar
up to: tramar/ser cosa de

010.03.-BREAK
TO BREAK BROKE BROKEN: ROMPER
away from: soltarse/escaparse
in(to): entrar por la fuerza
out: estallar (guerra/epidemia)
through: abrirse paso/penetrar

down: averiarse
off: dejar sin acabar/interrumpir
out of: salir/escapar
up: romper/teminar (sesin)

010.04.-CALL
TO CALL CALLED CALLED : LLAMAR.
at: parar brevemente
for: llamar (venir a buscar)
off: cancelar
on: requerir la presencia en otro
lugar

back: devolver una llamada

in: llamar/venir a ver brevemente/requerir
la presencia de.
up: llamar a filas

61

010.05.-CLEAR
TO CLEAR CLEARED CLEARED: ACLARAR/VACIAR
away: recoger/apartar
up: aclarar/despejar (tiempo)

out: vaciar

010.06.-COME
TO COME CAME COME: VENIR
across: encontarse cosas
por casualidad
into: hacerse con (heredar)
out: salir (tambin manchas)
up: surgir/brotar
up to/over to: acercarse a

down: bajar/reducir
in: entrar
off: desprenderse
round: volver en s/aceptar(idea)/acercarse
a casa de alguien

010.07.-CUT
TO CUT CUT CUT: CORTAR
down: talar
off: cortar(abastecimiento/
comunicacin)/aislar

down on: reducir (el consumo de)

out of: recortar

010.08.-DO
TO DO DID DONE: HACER
away with: suprimir/abolir
sacrificar (animales)
up: abotonar/abrochar/arreglar/
decorar

in: cargarse a (matar)

out: limpiar
without: pasar sin/prescindir de

62

010.09.-FALL
TO FALL FELL FALLEN: CAER(SE)
back: retroceder
down: caer (al suelo)
in with: atenerse a/seguir (planes)
out: pelear

back on: recurrir a

in: formar filas/alinearse
off: reducir (asistencia)/desprenderse
through: fracasar (planes)

010.10.-GET
TO GET GOT GOT: OBTENER/CONSEGUIR
away from: librarse de (alguien)
back: regresar/recuperar algo
perdido u olvidado
off: bajar (vehculo distinta altura)
on with: llevarse (alguien)
darse( trabajo/habilidad)
over: recuperarse de/
deshacerse de una tarea

away with: salir sin castigo/escapar con

down to: ponerse a (hacer algo)
in: entrar (vehculo misma altura)
on: subir (vehculo distinta altura)
out: salir (vehculo misma altura)
out of: salir de/librarse de
through: superar/comunicar (por telfono)
up: levantarse

010.11.-GIVE
TO GIVE GAVE GIVEN: DAR
away: regalar
in: rendirse
out: agotarse/anunciar/repartir
up: abandonar/rendirse

back: dar
off: desprender (olores)/dispararse
(por accidente)
up to: entregarse

63

010.12.-GO
TO GO WENT GONE: IR
away: marcharse
back on: desdecirse
for: ir a por/atacar
off: dispararse (por accidente)
out : salir
through : pasar por (dificultades)
revisar

back: volver/retroceder
down: recibir bien (idea/noticia) / bajar
in for: presentarse a/dedicarse a
on (with): seguir/continuar
over: revisar/inspeccionar
up: estallar (en llamas)/subir (peso)
up/down: subir/bajar (tambin precios)

010.13.-HAND
TO HAND HANDED HANDED: DAR (EN MANO)
down/on: legar (de generacin en in: entregar
generacin
over: ceder (entregar atribuciones)
round: pasar de mano en mano

010.14.-HOLD
TO HOLD HELD HELD: SOSTENER/SUJETAR/ABRAZAR
off: aguantar (no salir)
up: detener/atracar (robar)

on: esperar (al telfono)

010.15.-KEEP
TO KEEP KEPT KEPT: GURADAR/MANTENER/CONSERVAR
away from: mantener alejado
down: contener/reprimir
off: mantener alejado/fuera de
out: mantener fuera/
evitar que entre

back: postergar
in: mantener en casa
on: seguir/continuar
up: mantener una situacin
up with: mantenerse a la altura

64

010.16.-LET
TO LET LET LET: DEJAR/PERMITIR/ALQUILAR
down: alargar (ropa)
go of: soltar

in: dejar entrar

out: dejar salir/dejar ropa suelta(floja)

010.17.-LOOK
TO LOOK LOOKED LOOKED: MIRAR
after: cuidar
at: mirar
down on: despreciar
forward to: esperar con ansiedad
on:contemplar/considerar
out to:dar a (vistas)
round: mirar alrededor
to:confiar
up and down: mirar de arriba a
abajo

ahead: mirar hacia delante (hacia el futuro)

back:mirar hacia el pasado
for. buscar
into: investigar/revisar
out: Cuidado!
over: examinar/inspeccionar
through: inspeccionar/mirar de mal modo
up: buscar (en un libro/diccionario)
up to: respetar/admirar

010.18.-MAKE
TO MAKE MADE MADE: HACER (FABRICAR)
for: dirigirse a
up: maquillarse/inventar
zanjar (discusin/pelea)
up to: compensar (a personas)

out: distinguir
up for: compensar
up ones mind: decidirse

65

010.19.-PUT
TO PUT PUT PUT: PONER/COLOCAR
away: apartar
down: poner en su sitio
ahogar (rebelin)
off: posponer
out: apagar (luz/fuego)/ fastidiar
up with: soportar/aguantar

back: atrasar (reloj)

down to: echar la culpa a
forward: adelantar (reloj)
on: poner (ropa)/fingir
up: alojar/erigir (estatua)/subir (precios)

010.20.-RUN
TO RUN RAN RUN: CORRER
after: perseguir
away with: desbordar (actitud)/
quedarte con (idea)
in: rodar (probar)
out of: quedarse sin
over: desbordarse/atropellar

away: escapar
down: agotarse/hablar mal de/ dejar quedar
mal/ quedarse cansado
into: encontrarse con (personas)/ chocar
con
through: malgastar

010.21.-SEE
TO SEE SAW SEEN: VER
about: ocuparse de/pensar en
out: acompaar a la puerta
to: atender/encargarse de

off: despedir
through: calar a alguien/llegar al final

010.22.-SET
TO SET SET SET: ESTABLECER
about: hacer frente a alguien/
ponerse a
out: empezar/exhibir/
proponerse (hacer algo)

aside: apartar/reservar
off: partir (irse)
to: empezar a (hacer algo)
up: establecer

66

010.23.-STAND
TO STAND STOOD STOOD: ESTAR (DE PIE)
around: quedarse (algn lugar)
for: representar/tolerar
out: destacar
up to: resistir/hacer frente

by: quedarse cerca/apoyar (psquicamente)

in for: sustituir
up for: luchar/rebelarse por (derechos)

010.24.-TAKE
TO TAKE TOOK TAKEN: TOMAR/LLEVAR
aback: (be taken aback)/
after: parecerse a (familia)
sorprenderse
back: llevar atrs (tiempo)/retirar (lo dicho)
down: anotar/copiar
for: tomar por
in: engaar/entender
off: quitarse (prendas)/despegar (avin)
asimilar/alojar
on: llevar a cabo
out: sacar
out on: desahogarse
over: tomar posesin (relevar)
to: darte por (dedicarte a)
up: dedicarse a (hobby)/ocupar (espacio/tiempo)

010.25.-TURN
TO TURN TURNED TURNED: GIRAR
down: desestimar/bajar volumen
out: resultar/arreglar(limpiar)
volverse (con el tiempo)/
sacar (al mercado)

on: volverse a
over: volcar
up: aparecer (en un sitio)/ bajar volumen

010.26.-WORK
TO WORK WORKED WORKED: TRABAJAR/FUNCIONAR
off: librarse de
out: calcular/solucionar/
resolver

on: trabajar en (proyecto)

up: producir/excitar/infundir/provocar

67

010.27.-Prctica
Insert appropriate phrasal verbs:
1.-You must underline these sentences so that they can stand __ when you look __ them.

2.-Im afraid theres no wine left in the fridge. Unfortunately, we must do ___ it.
3.-As the German troops were moving forward, our allied army had to fall __
4.-The train was held __ by the fog and it didnt reach the station till 9.30.
5.-He employed an efficient secretary to take __ his public speeches.
6.-Of course I didnt believe you! What kind of fool do you take me __?
7.-When her father died, Susan had to take __ the family business.
8.-Tonight we are going to the airport to see you __.
9.-They are going to put __ an equestrian statue to the memory of an important jockey.
10.-It is a very important duty to look __ a baby when their parents are __.
11.-It is a well-known fact that children under fourteen look __ __ their parents.
12.-From the top of the hill we could see thousands of tourists making __ the coast.
13.-In Spain young men are called __ at the age of eighteen.
14.-Susan suddenly turned __ when everyone else was already at the party.
15.-The business meeting had to be called __ because the general manager had a terrible
headache.
16.-Most of the trees that were cut __ in the forest remained piled up for months.

17.-The Second World War broke __ in 1939.

18.-She is a very selfish person. Whenever shes angry, she always takes her problems __ __
me.
19.-I always found it very difficult to take __ most philosophical statements.

20.-When their marriage broke __, he went to live to a remote island in the Pacific Ocean.
21.-If you dont know the meaning of a word, look it __ in a dictionary.
22.-Most countries in Europe warn people to keep __ the grass in public gardens.
23.-When her fiance left her, she broke __ and cried.
24.-This is a very unfair regulation. Itll soon be done __ __.
25.-When his wife was done __ he came __ a lot of money and properties.
26.-If the weather clears __ we can spend the afternoon by the seaside.
27.-Youll have to cut __ __ sweets if you want to lose weight.
28.-Shes not as young as you think she is. Its only that she makes __ very skilfully.

68

29.-He called __ my house for a few minutes on his way to the office.
30.-Most of Marys photographs had been cut __ __ weekly magazines.
31.-He moved to a very quiet village because he couldnt put __ __ his noisy neighbours.
32.-Although we had always thought that Edward was a very mean employer, when he retired
he gave all his money __.
33.-Frank Sinatra is the kind of singer whose records never go __.

34.-Most popular proverbs have been handed __ from generation to generation.

35.-As we had lost the hammer, we had to fall __ __ a stapler to dig a nail.
36.-She became a widow when she was only twenty-one. Being out of job, it is not hard to
imagine the hardships she had to go __.
37.-French perfumes are reputed to give __ sweet and lasting smells.

38.-I understand now why shes lost all her friends. Ive been told that she looks __ __ people
who are poorer than her.
39.-The news of his marriage went __ very well. Everyone in his family was looking ___ __ it.
40.-My mother is a very talkative person. When you have something else to do it is difficult to
get __ __ her.
41.-John is known to be a naughty student. Whenever something wrong happens in the
classroom, our teacher automatically puts it __ __ him.
42.- When her name was given __ to collect the award, she was so surprised she couldnt
believe it.
43.-He soon ran __ all the money he won on that sale.
44.-Will you please turn that radio __? I cant concentrate on what Im doing.
45.-That dog is going to bite you! Look __!.
46.-Be careful with that cake! Chocolate stains dont usually come __.
47.-The kitchen is the best room in our house. Everybody likes it because it looks __ __ the
sea.
48.-Itll take him more than three months to get __ from his illness.

49.-If a tiger went __ me Id certainly run __.

50.-Im sorry I called her a fool. I take it __.
51.-I turned __ his offer because I thought it was completely outrageous.
52.-When a dog ran in front of her car she couldnt do anything and unfortunately, she ran __
it.
53.-Since we had that terrible quarrel he looks __ me every time we happen to meet each
other.
54.-The price of petrol often goes __ in January.
55.-The Fire Brigade was forced to break __ the main door to take everyone __.
56.-Your father rang this morning. He wants you to call him __ as soon as you can.

69

57.-We couldnt watch the midnight film as the electricity supply was cut __.
58.-N.A.T.O. stands __ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
59.-Dont worry about that problem. Ill see __ it as soon as I have some spare time.
60.-When we went hunting my gun went __ by accident.
61.-My watch is usually slow. I have to put it five minutes __ at least once every week
62.-When I was looking __ my passport I came __ some old photographs.
63.-Looking __, I can see now all the foolish things I did when I was a teenager.
64.-We cant put that sofa in the living-room. It takes __ too much space.
65.-The handle of the suitcase came __ as I was entering the hotel.
66.-You should take __ your boots. Its too hot in here!
67.-There was a member of Greenpeace giving __ leaflets in the street.
68.-I certainly take __ my mother. We are both blonde and have blue eyes too.
69.-On Sundays he never gets __ before 12.30. Hes such a lazy man!
70.-He took __ wind-surfing to enjoy his Summer holidays.
71.-If you lose anything you can always get it __ from the Lost Property Office.
72.-I know this pencil is not yours. You must give it __ at once.
73.-My sister is remarkably pretty. She went __ __ a beauty contest and won the first prize.
74.-The school library requests students to hand its books __ before the end of the term.

75.-I hope the rain holds __ a bit longer. This pair of trousers is almost dry.
76.-Its hard to work that problem __. Most experts refuse to find a solution.
77.-He was driving at such a tremendous speed that when his car collided it turned __.
78.-You must rely on John. Hell never let you __.
79.-I refuse to believe her story. Im sure she made it __.
80.-Smoking is not allowed in this area. Put __ your cigarette at once!.
81.-Mrs. Stone puts __ guests in Summer to make some extra money.
82.-My hobbies are getting too expensive. Ill have to give them __.
83.-The mystery of the Rosetta stone has never been cleared __.
84.-They wont let you __ unless you wear the proper clothes.
85.-The police put __ the rebellion with considerable severity.
86.-My girlfriend and I arranged to meet at the park, but in the end she didnt turn __.
87.-This lawnmower wont start. I think the battery has run __.
88.-The audience looked __ while the magician performed his latest trick.

70

89.-They look __ her as a member of their family.

90.-When Summer is __, Im going to have my car repaired.
91.-He came __ to my point of view after a long discussion.
92.-He is a very nice chap. He gets __ well with everyone in the factory.
93.-Shall we go to the cinema tonight?-

Well, its __ __ you. Ive told you a thousand times I was dying to watch that film.

94.-Shes not so sad. I believe shes just putting it __.

95.-Are you __ the idea of allowing foreign people to work in your country?.
96.-We are looking ___ __ meeting your new girlfriend.
97.-I cant stand reality shows. Whenever Im watching television they put me __.
98.-Youre all looking rather run __.I think its time for a break!.
99.-The exhibition was called __ due to the lack of interest.
100.-Our van unexpectedly skidded and ran __ a lamppost.
101.-Hes so tall that people often take him __ a professional basketball player.
102.-She surprised us all when she went __ the thief and knocked him out.
103.-He looked me __ and __ before he agreed to shake my hand.
104.-My brother steals things from shops and usually gets __ __ it. Whenever I do that, I get
caught.
105.-It took her a long time to come __ after having fainted.

106.-Wearing high-heel shoes went __ two decades ago.

107.-Lets hope you dont run __ __ the idea that Spanish people are lazy. Sometimes its so
hot that we need a siesta to feel relaxed.
108.-Ill put __ my visit to Amsterdam till you are free to come with me.

109.-After several attempts, he gave __ trying to pass his final exams.

110.-The expedition set __ at nine oclock and reached their destination before it got late.
111.-Lucy looked __ to see who was following her.
112.-Youll never be able to face the future if you always look __ to what youve done.
113.-I asked my daughter to put __ the lights if she was the last person to go to bed.
114.-I dislike living in small villages because I feel cut __.
115.-Good friends dont hesitate to stand __ whenever we need them.
116.-He realised the police had taken __ his licence number and stopped his car to make things
easier.
117.- Last night I ran __ an old friend of mine on my way home.
118.-As I was suffering from flu he stood __ __ me at the press conference.

119.-If you cant fill in all the phrasal verbs in this exercise, look them __ in your notes.

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[Link] DE RELATIVO
11.01.-INTRODUCCION
Entendemos por oraciones de relativo aquellas que utilizamos para aadir
informacin sobre un sujeto.
Ejemplo:
1.-The actress is very famous.
2.-The actress who was starring on that film is very famous.
Si comparamos ambas oraciones notamos que:

La segunda oracin aade ms datos sobre el sujeto.

Dicha oracin va precedida de un pronombre (en otras adverbios relativos).

El pronombre o el adverbio relativo suele ir colocado detrs del nombre.

Las oraciones de relativo se dividen en dos grandes grupos:

Defining
Non-defining
Entendemos por defining clauses aquellas que:

Son esenciales para definir su antecedente.

No van entre comas.

Tienen a that como relativo ms comn.

Ejemplo:
Stella is the name of the nurse who lives next door.

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Entendemos por non-defining clauses aquellas que:

No son esenciales para definir su antecedente.

Siempre van entre comas.

No se puede usar that para cosas; se ha de usar which.

Nunca se puede eliminar el relativo.

Ejemplo:
English, which most people consider a useful language, is hard to pronounce

11.02.-DEFINING CLAUSES
En este apartado veremos los relativos que se usan en este tipo de oraciones y el
significado de los mismos:
11.02.01.-who
a) El pronombre relativo who se usa slo para referirse a las personas o a los animales de
compaa muy queridos para el hablante.
b) Puede ser sujeto de la oracin subordinada de relativo.
c) Puede no desempear la funcin de sujeto. (En este caso, se puede omitir)
Ejemplos:
a) John is the name of the man who owns this bookshop.
b) Students who are too lazy may not pass their A-levels.
c) The girls who you were dancing with came from Sweden
11.02.02.-that
a) El pronombre relativo that puede usarse para cosas y personas. (Especialmente hablando)
b) Puede ser sujeto de la oracin de relativo

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c) Puede no desempear la funcin de sujeto. (En este caso se puede omitir)

Ejemplos:
a) The film that Id love to watch is the one you told me about.
b) The drinks that are being served have no alcohol.
c) The songs that the band performed are quite old-fashioned.
Nota: no se puede colocar that despus de preposiciones.
11.02.003.-which
a) El pronombre relativo which slo se usa para cosas, y es el ms formal.
b) Puede ser sujeto de la oracin de relativo.
c) Puede no desempear la funcin de sujeto. (En este caso se puede omitir).
Ejemplos:
a) The place which we would like to visit is near the city centre.
b) The book which was so interesting was published by Penguin.
c) The games which our children enjoy are rather expensive.
Nota: Como hemos visto, cuando los pronombres relativos no desempean la funcin de
sujeto se pueden omitir. La oracin sin el relativo se denomina contact clause. Debes
suprimir el relativo siempre que puedas, ya que es lo ms habitual en ingls.
11.02.04.-whose
Expresa posesin (cuyo/a/os/as). Ni desempea la funcin de sujeto ni se puede
suprimir.
Ejemplo:
The house whose owners we know will soon be demolished.

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11.02.05.-whom
a) Slo se usa con personas y es muy formal. Prcticamente, hoy en da, figura nicamente en
el lenguaje escrito. Siempre desempea la funcin de objeto ( a quien/ a quienes), nunca de
sujeto. Se puede omitir.
b) Si lo empleamos con preposiciones, stas deben ir delante del relativo. Si lo suprimimos, la
preposicin se traslada detrs del verbo.
Ejemplos:
a) The students whom the teacher was punishing happen to be my friends.
b) The lady to whom you were speaking is my mother. (The lady you were speaking to is my mother)

Nota: Al ser el uso de whom frecuente en el lenguaje formal (especialmente el escrito), se

recomienda su uso en el comentario de texto de Selectividad.

11.02.06.-what
Es el relativo que se presta a mayor confusin, porque incluye su antecedente y el
relativo en la misma palabra (lo que/aquello que).
Ejemplos:
a) He hasnt bought what he needed for the party.
b) What upsets me most is rudeness. (The thing that upsets me most is rudeness).
11.02.07.-where
Siempre se refiere a lugar.
Ejemplo:
The hotel where we are staying is close to the sea.

11.02.08.-when
Se refiere siempre a tiempo.
Ejemplo:

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The weeks when I was in Greece were really pleasant. (Tambin se podra
usar in which).
11.02.09.-why
a) Se refiere a causa o motivo. (Por el cual /la cual)
b) Se puede omitir.
Ejemplo:
The reason (why) he did that was basically that he was feeling uneasy.

11.03.-NON-DEFINING CLAUSES
a) Son infrecuentes en el lenguaje oral.
b) Si llevan preposicin, se coloca delante del relativo.
c) Which siempre lleva antecedente de cosa.
d) Tambin usamos which cuando el antecedente es toda una oracin anterior. (Se
puede sustituir por and this/and that).
Ejemplos:
b) Lucy, about whom we were talking, is one of my favourite cousins.

c) AIDS, which has become the most dangerous desease, was unknown twenty years
ago.
d) Tracys mother died when she was very young, which made her a very unfriendly
girl.

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11.04.-CUADRO SINOPTICO
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO
DEFINING CLAUSES

FUNCI

NON-DEFINING CLAUSES

EJEMPLO
ANTE FORMA DEL P.
RELATIVO
Persona

Who

FORMA DEL P.
RELATIVO

The woman who wrote the book was a journalist.

The woman that wrote the book was a jounalist.

EJEMPLO

His girlfriend, who wants to become a dentist, hates driving.

Who

That

SUJETO

Which

Cosas

Perso

That

Who(m)
That

The bicycle which was here has been stolen.

The bicycle that was here has been stolen.

The storm, which scared our children, soaked the garden.

Which
The actor whom I met on Friday is famous now.
The actor who I met on Friday is famous now.
The actor that I met on Friday is famous now.
The actor I met on Friday is famous now.

That is a present from Susan, whom you met yesterday.

Whom

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Which
That

OBJET
O

The car which I have bought is very expensive.

The car that I have bought is very expensive.
The car I have bought is very expensive.

His latest film, which was a success, was shot in Italy.

Which

Cosas

Person

Prep. + Whom
Whom..prep.
That..prep.
..prep.

The girl to whom I got married lives in Cornwall.

The girl whom I got married to lives in Cornwall.
The girl that I got married to lives in Cornwall.
The girl I got married to lives in Cornwall.

Prep. + Which
[Link].
Thatprep.
.prep.

These are the ideas in which we believe.

These are the ideas which we believe in.
These are the ideas that we believe in.
These are the ideas we believe in.

Prep. + whom

I was afraid of John, on whom I have never relied.

Prep. + which
Where

Our T.V. set, on which we are watching the film, is a Sony.

Our T.V. set, where we are watching the film, is a Sony.

OBJETO
PREP.

Cosas

A teacher whose exams are difficult is not loved by students.

Perso Whose
POSES
I
O Cosas Whose
N

Mrs. Stone, whose daughter is a singer, is my landlady.

Whose
The car whose battery has run down belongs to me.

The Prado museum, whose paintings I admire, is in Madrid.

Whose

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11.05.-Prctica
Join the following sentences using a relative clause. (There may be more than one
possibility).
1.-Most of my friends went to Oxford University. They remained there for five years.
2.-Jessica has a country house near Brighton. Her parents died last year.
3.-I saw you last night singing with some blonde girls. They were from Finland.
4.-We would love to paint that picture. It is in the art encyclopaedia.
5.-Mr. Idle isnt going to travel abroad in the near future. His brother married my sister.
6.-We are living in a very comfortable flat. It is near the city centre.
7.-She couldnt read the note you left. The reason was that she had lost her glasses.
8.-Michael s sister got divorced in May. That upset him terribly.
9.-Marriage is a long-established institution. Homosexuals dream of having this right.
10.-My youngest cousin was in London for a few days. They were really interesting.
11.-The headmaster will surely settle the argument. We rely on him.
12.-The new shopping centre is giving toys away. Most of them are black.
13.-We used to play this grand piano. The pianos owner doesnt care for it.
14.-Tony looked for his wallet in Marys bag. He finally found it inside there.
15.-You were speaking to a charming nurse at the bar. She happens to be my wife.
16.-That is an excellent proposal. I accept it.
17.-German has a very complicated grammar. Not many people speak this language.
18.-Miss Black is a promising ballet dancer. She has performed in may places in Europe.
19.-Id love to buy this record. You recommended it to me at Christmas.
20.-Stephen hasnt bought anything this afternoon. He needs something to repair his washingmachine.

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