Tratamiento Psicológico de La Ansiedad Por Separación
Tratamiento Psicológico de La Ansiedad Por Separación
Emotive imagery techniques work by initially engaging a child in imagining scenarios featuring their favorite characters that evoke positive emotions. Over time, the child progresses to envision scenarios that trigger mild anxiety, gradually moving to more distressing situations. The initial positive imagery serves to inhibit subsequent anxiety, utilizing desensitization methods to incrementally develop a tolerance to distressing situations, thereby diminishing anxiety symptoms over time .
Initiating a psychological treatment for Separation Anxiety Disorder requires a precise diagnostic evaluation and an exhaustive understanding of factors involved in the origin and development of the issue, such as antecedents, triggering factors, predispositional factors, maintenance factors, attempted solutions, etc. It also necessitates a comprehensive knowledge of the patient's circumstances and personal characteristics, emotional state, and significant factors affecting their well-being. Moreover, an appropriate relationship between the patient, specialist, family members, and educators must be established to work efficiently together. Based on a thorough understanding and formulation of an explanatory framework, measurable objectives and sequenced means are established to constitute the treatment .
Multi-technique integration is critical because it addresses the multifaceted nature of Separation Anxiety Disorder by employing diverse methods to target different symptoms and underlying causes concurrently. Techniques such as gradual exposure, relaxation, cognitive restructuring, and behavioral reinforcement complement each other by tackling anxiety on various fronts — physiological, cognitive, and behavioral. This integrative approach enhances treatment efficacy, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the child's needs and increasing the likelihood of sustained therapeutic outcomes .
Specific cognitive-behavioral techniques applied to children with Separation Anxiety Disorder require adaptations due to the young age of the patients. It is crucial to consider the child's developmental stage to differentiate what is normal from what is not. The therapy should ideally occur in the child's natural context, with the therapist adopting a more active role due to the child's limited decision-making capacity. Initially, having familiar caregivers present is advisable to provide security and support. Parents and educators are also trained to act as co-therapists by learning and applying therapeutic strategies outside formal sessions .
Parents and educators act as co-therapists in the treatment of a child with Separation Anxiety Disorder. They are educated in operant techniques, learning to reward the child's small progress and avoid reinforcing behaviors that prolong anxiety unnecessarily. This involves praising incremental achievements and gradually reducing support as the child becomes more independent. Educators encourage the child to use therapeutic strategies in real-world settings, reinforcing the skills learned in therapy. Effective training enables parents and educators to provide consistent support and apply techniques beyond the therapeutic environment .
Modeling techniques involve using a relatable figure who gracefully manages anxiety-provoking situations without negative outcomes, prompting the child to emulate these behaviors while receiving emotional support. This method is advantageous because it provides a concrete example, beneficial for children with limited abstract reasoning. However, the challenge lies in ensuring the model is appealing and similar to the child to maximize authenticity and connection. It's crucial to consistently reinforce the child's successes to maintain motivation and progress towards overcoming anxiety .
Reinforced behavior shaping involves setting a final goal, like attending school independently, and breaking it down into manageable steps. Each phase achieved by the child is rewarded, creating a positive reinforcement cycle that encourages further progress. This method reduces separation anxiety by gradually building the child's confidence and capability to face increasingly challenging situations while receiving immediate reinforcement for success. It also includes stopping reinforcement for avoidance behaviors to ensure focus on positive outcomes .
Gradual exposure involves systematically confronting the child with increasingly anxiety-provoking separation situations, starting with the least feared and progressing to the most challenging. Initially, a significant person accompanies the child, but the goal is for the child to ultimately manage these situations independently, enhancing their confidence and reducing anxiety. The long-term objective is for the child to regularly engage in auto-exposure within their usual environment, thereby minimizing anxiety in separation situations without external support .
Relaxation techniques, such as Jacobson's Progressive Relaxation, are commonly used due to their ability to create a physiological state incompatible with anxiety. For children under 8, short sessions with simple instructions and clear demonstrations using props are recommended to maintain attention and facilitate learning. Additional methods include laughter, play, and music to engage the child and serve as anxiety relief. These techniques are effective because they offer tangible means to distinguish between tension and relaxation, helping children experience and become accustomed to a calm state .
Positive self-instructions target disruptive cognitive patterns by encouraging children to shift from negative self-talk ("I can't do this," "Something bad will happen") to empowering statements ("I'll try my best," "It might be okay"). This cognitive restructuring aids in reducing anxiety and fostering resilience. However, very young children might struggle with this technique due to their limited cognitive and verbal development, making it challenging for them to articulate or internalize such instructions without adequate comprehension skills .