Tratamiento Terciario - Agua Residual
Tratamiento Terciario - Agua Residual
DEFINICIN DE AGUA RESIDUAL Se denomina aguas servidas a aquellas que resultan del uso domstico o industrial del agua. Se les llama tambin aguas residuales, aguas negras o aguas cloacales. Son residuales pues, habiendo sido usada el agua, constituyen un residuo, algo que no sirve para el usuario directo; son negras por el color que habitualmente tienen. Algunos autores hacen una diferencia entre aguas servidas y aguas residuales en el sentido que las primeras solo provendran del uso domstico y las segundas corresponderan a la mezcla de aguas domsticas e industriales.
TRATAMIENTO TERCIARIO El tratamiento terciario se emplea para separar la materia residual de los efluentes de procesos de tratamiento biolgico, a fin de prevenir la contaminacin de los cuerpos de agua receptores, o bien, obtener la calidad adecuada para el reuso, factor de importancia en la planeacin de recursos hidrulicos donde el abastecimiento de agua potable es limitado.
smosis Inversa Electrodilisis Destilacin Coagulacin Adsorcin Remocin por espuma Filtracin Extraccin por solvente Intercambio inico Oxidacin qumica Precipitacin Nitrificacin Denitrificacin smosis inversa Es una tecnologa de membrana en la cual el solvente (agua) es transferido a travs de una membrana densa diseada para retener sales y solutos de bajo peso molecular. La OI elimina prcticamente todas las sales y los solutos de bajo peso molecular. Se considera una eliminacin prcticamente total de las sales disueltas y total de los slidos en suspensin. Debido a esto, las membranas de OI son la eleccin cuando se necesita agua muy pura o de bebida, especialmente si la fuente es agua salobre o agua de mar. Electrodilisis La electrodilisis separa las molculas o iones en un campo elctrico debido a la diferencia de carga y de velocidad de transporte a travs de la membrana. Las membranas tienen lugares cargados y poros bastante estrechos (1-2 nm). En la clula de electrodilisis se sita un cierto nmero de membranas de intercambio catinico y aninico entre un nodo y un ctodo de forma que cuando se aplica la corriente elctrica los iones con carga positiva migran a travs de la membrana de intercambio catinico y viceversa. Destilacin La destilacin es la coleccin de vapor de agua, despus de hervir las aguas residuales. Con un retiro correctamente diseado del sistema de contaminantes orgnicos e inorgnicos y de impurezas biolgicas puede ser obtenido, porque la mayora de los contaminantes no se vaporizan. El agua pasar al condensador y los contaminantes permanecern en la unidad de evaporacin.
The primary purpose of tertiary treatment in wastewater management is to remove residual contaminants from biologically treated effluent. This step is essential to prevent contamination of receiving water bodies and to achieve a quality suitable for water reuse, which is crucial in regions where potable water supply is limited .
Osmosis inversa and electrodiálisis are both membrane technologies used in wastewater treatment, but they operate on different principles. Osmosis inversa uses a dense membrane to retain salts and small solutes, achieving almost complete removal of dissolved salts and suspended solids, making it ideal for producing high-purity water from saline sources . Electrodiálisis relies on an electric field to move ions through charged membranes, separating them based on charge and transport speed, which makes it efficient for ionic separation but not for completely removing dissolved and non-ionic substances .
Precipitación in tannery wastewater treatment faces challenges such as the large volume of sludge generated, which contains toxic compounds like chromium that are difficult to dewater. These sludges require specific disposal methods due to contamination, making the process less attractive economically and practically. Additionally, the formation of putrefying sludge further complicates disposal .
Destilación is an effective method for removing contaminants from wastewater because it involves the vaporization of water, leaving behind most organic and inorganic contaminants which do not vaporize. This results in highly purified water when collected in a condenser. However, the method is energy-intensive and may require significant design considerations to ensure efficient removal of all impurities .
Nitrificación and desnitrificación contribute to nitrogen removal by converting nitrogenous compounds to inert nitrogen gas. Nitrificación involves the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and then to nitrate by specialized bacteria, requiring significant oxygen. Following this, desnitrificación reduces nitrates to nitrogen gas, using denitrifying bacteria in low-oxygen conditions, thus removing nitrogen from the wastewater effectively .
Extracción por solvente, or liquid-liquid extraction, involves transferring a substance from one phase to another, typically from an aqueous phase to an organic phase. In wastewater treatment, it is primarily used to purify and concentrate metals, such as in the metallurgical processing of copper, owing to its low cost and minimal environmental impact .
Coagulación and floculación work in tandem to remove suspended particles from water by first destabilizing the particles which reduces their separation forces. Coagulación involves neutralizing charges on particles, allowing them to collide and stick together, while floculación involves the transport and contact of these particles aided by chemical bridges, forming larger 'flocs' that can be easily settled out or filtered .
Intercambio iónico is used to address water hardness by exchanging calcium and magnesium ions, which cause hardness, with sodium ions. The ion exchange resin holds sodium ions and releases them into the water while capturing calcium and magnesium, thereby softening the water. This method is widely used due to its effectiveness and the ease of regenerating resin with salt solutions .
Oxidación química impacts wastewater treatment by breaking down complex organic molecules and oxidizing inorganic substances like iron and manganese. It employs oxidizing agents such as ozone and chlorine, which can effectively reduce substances to less harmful forms. However, there are downsides, such as the potential formation of harmful by-products like haloforms when chlorine reacts with certain organics .
Adsorción is advantageous in wastewater treatment due to its ability to use activated carbon with a large internal surface area to effectively remove soluble substances. This makes it particularly useful for eliminating organic contaminants and certain inorganic substances. However, limitations include the need for regenerating or replacing saturated carbon, and its ineffectiveness in removing ions or heavy metals without pretreatment .