Control Por Computador
Cargado por
juanangyTemas abordados
- implementación de controladore…,
- sistemas de control en lazo ce…,
- lazos de control,
- programación,
- costos,
- controladores PID,
- convertidores D/A,
- reducción de tiempo de producc…,
- optimización de procesos,
- transductores
Control Por Computador
Cargado por
juanangyTemas abordados
- implementación de controladore…,
- sistemas de control en lazo ce…,
- lazos de control,
- programación,
- costos,
- controladores PID,
- convertidores D/A,
- reducción de tiempo de producc…,
- optimización de procesos,
- transductores
Common questions
Con tecnología de IADigital control systems utilize continuous time signals by converting them into discrete form for processing. The input signal is initially continuous, then converted into a digital signal using an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter at designated sampling times. The digital signal is processed by a computer, which employs an algorithm to compute the necessary control actions. This digital output is then converted back to a continuous signal using a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter to control the system. This combination of continuous and discrete signals allows for precise control and complex calculations but also introduces challenges, such as quantization errors and the need to maintain signal integrity during conversion processes .
A schematic computer-controlled system predominantly consists of five main components: the clock, A/D and D/A converters, the control algorithm, and the process itself. The clock governs the timing of operations, ensuring synchronized sampling and processing. The A/D converter transforms continuous input signals into digital data, which are processed by the control algorithm in the computer to generate a control action. This digital output is then converted back into a continuous signal by the D/A converter to interact with the process efficiently. These components interact to provide precise and reliable control, rapidly adjusting to meet control objectives like maintaining temperature, pressure, or flow rates within set parameters .
Quantization errors in digital control systems occur during the conversion of analog signals to digital form, where continuous values are approximated to discrete steps. These errors can lead to inaccuracies in the control signal, affecting precision and potentially causing imperfections in the process output. To minimize these errors, measures such as increasing the resolution of the A/D converter, employing dithering techniques during conversion, and using error correction algorithms in digital processing can be effective. These strategies help improve the fidelity of the digital representation, ensuring more accurate control actions and system stability .
The sampling rate critically affects the performance of a digital control system by determining the time intervals at which data is collected and processed. An inadequate sampling rate can lead to issues such as aliasing, quantization errors, and delay in system response, thereby degrading the overall control performance. Strategies to mitigate these issues include selecting a sampling rate that is sufficiently fast to capture the dynamics of the system, using anti-aliasing filters before sampling to prevent high-frequency noise, and employing algorithms designed to handle quantization errors and undersampling effects. These approaches help in maintaining the stability and accuracy of the control system .
Real-time systems in the context of digital control are characterized by the requirement to produce accurate outputs within a pre-defined time frame. Adherence to strict timing is critical because any delay or failure to update the control actions promptly could lead to system instability or suboptimal performance, as these systems often manage dynamic processes with tight tolerances. Real-time constraints ensure that the system reacts quickly to changes and disturbances, thereby maintaining the desired process conditions and preventing operational disruptions .
User interfaces in digital control systems are used for effective interaction between the operator and the control software, enabling monitoring, modification, and management of system operations. They allow operators to visualize process parameters, configure system settings, and respond to alarms, facilitating informed decision-making. Consequences of effective interfaces include enhanced operational safety, improved diagnostic capabilities, and reduced errors. By providing a clear and intuitive way to oversee and interact with the system, user interfaces contribute significantly to overall system effectiveness, ensuring smooth and efficient operations .
The use of computers for controller implementation offers several benefits over analog systems, including higher precision, reduced errors, and the ability to handle complex computations and non-linear functions. It allows for easy adjustment and modification of control algorithms and supports effective user interfaces. However, there are potential issues such as higher costs in some applications, the requirement for operator programming knowledge, quantization errors from A/D conversion, sampling insufficiencies, and imperfect signal reconstruction. These challenges highlight the trade-offs between enhanced control capabilities and the technical complexities of digital systems .
The initial motivation for incorporating computers into industrial control systems was the need for precise and efficient control in complex processes, such as those found in military applications like missile and aircraft control. One of the first computer-controlled systems was implemented by Texaco Company in the 1950s to improve the polymerization process at a refinery in Port Arthur, Texas. This involved controlling multiple variables such as flows, temperatures, and pressures. These early applications demonstrated the advantages of computers in handling complex calculations and control tasks, which paved the way for broader adoption in industrial settings, highlighting benefits such as improved efficiency, precision, and the potential for real-time data processing .
A digital filter exemplifies a computer-controlled system by utilizing discrete-time processing to filter signals and remove unwanted noise or distortions from the input data. In such systems, it processes digital inputs through algorithms executed by a computer, finely tuning the output signal based on specific criteria. The typical roles of digital filters in computer-controlled systems include signal conditioning, noise reduction, and frequency response shaping, which are crucial for maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the data used for further control actions or analyses .
The presence of a real-time clock in a computer-controlled system plays a crucial role in timing and synchronization. It ensures that data acquisition, processing, and control signal updates occur at precisely defined intervals, thus maintaining system stability and performance. The real-time clock regulates the sampling periods and coordinates the transitions between discrete and continuous signals, which is essential for the appropriate execution of control algorithms. This timing mechanism allows the system to respond accurately and consistently to dynamic changes, enforcing the correct sequence of operations required for process control .
