1.

BASIC PHRASES
Buenos das! bway-nohs dee-ahs Hello! / Good morning! Hola! / Chao! oh-lah / chow Hi! / Bye! Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah loo-ay-go See you / See you later. (Muchas) Gracias. (moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs Thank you (very much). Buenas tardes! bway-nahs tard-ays Good afternoon! Adis. ah-dee-ohs Good bye. Buenas noches! bway-nahs noh-chays Good evening! / Good night! Por favor. por fah-bor Please.

Hasta pronto. ah-stah prohn-toh See you soon. De nada. day nah-dah You're welcome. Con permiso / Perdn / Disculpe kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehrdohn /dees-kool-peh Excuse me / Pardon me Cmo ests? koh-moh ay-stahs How are you? (informal) Mal / Muy mal / Ms o menos mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh may-nohs Bad / Very bad / OK Cmo te llamas? koh-moh tay yah-mahs What is your name? (informal)

Hasta maana. ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah See you tomorrow. Bienvenidos byen-veh-nee-dohs Welcome

Lo siento loh see-ehn-toh I'm sorry

Vamos! bah-mohs Let's go!

Cmo est usted? koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted How are you? (formal)

Qu tal? kay tahl How's it going?

Bien / Muy bien bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn Good / Very good

S / No see / noh Yes / No

Cmo se llama usted? koh-moh say yah-mah oo-sted What is your name? (formal)

Me llamo... / Mi nombre es... may yah-moh / mee nohmbreh ess My name is...

Mucho gusto. / Encantado. moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahntah-doh Nice to meet you. De dnde es usted? day dohn-day ehs oo-sted Where are you from? (formal) Cuntos aos tiene usted? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-aynay oo-sted How old are you? (formal) Habla usted espaol? ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol Do you speak Spanish? (formal) Entiende usted? / Entiendes? ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehntyen-dehs Do you understand? (formal / informal) Puede ayudarme? pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh Can you help me? (formal) Dnde est / Dnde estn... ? dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh-stahn Where is ... / Where are ... ? Cmo se dice ____ en espaol? koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en eh-spahn-yol How do you say ____ in Spanish?

Igualmente. ee-guahl-mehn-tay Same here. / Same to you. De dnde eres? day dohn-day eh-rehs Where are you from? (informal) Cuntos aos tienes? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs teeayn-ays How old are you? (informal) Hablas ingls? ah-blahs een-glehs Do you speak English? (informal)

Seor / Seora / Seorita sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / sayn-yor-ee-tah Mister / Mrs. / Miss Yo soy de... yoh soy day I'm from... Yo tengo _____ aos. yoh tayn-goh _____ ahnyohs I am _____ years old. (No) Hablo... noh ah-bloh I (don't) speak...

(No) Entiendo. noh ehn-tyen-doh I (don't) understand.

Yo (no lo) s. yoh noh loh seh I (don't) know.

Claro / Claro que s klah-roh / klah-roh keh see Sure / Of course

Cmo? koh-moh What? Pardon me?

Aqu / Ah ah-kee / ah-ee Here / There

Hay / Haba... eye / ah-bee-ah There is / are... / There was / were...

Qu es esto? keh ehs ehs-toh What is that?

Qu te pasa? keh teh pah-sah What's the matter (with you)?

No importa. noh eem-por-tah It doesn't matter. No tengo ninguna idea. noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah ee-deh-ah I have no idea. Estoy cansado / enfermo. eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehnfehr-moh I'm tired / sick. Estoy aburrido. eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh I'm bored. Est bien. ehs-tah bee-ehn That's alright. / It's ok. Listo? lees-toh Ready? Qu chistoso! keh chees-toh-soh How funny! Salud! sah-lood Bless you! Te toca a ti. teh toh-kah ah tee It's your turn. (informal)

Qu pasa? keh pah-sah What's happening? Buena idea! bweh-nah ee-deh-ah Good idea!

Sin novedad. seen noh-veh-dahd Nothing much. Pase! pah-seh Go ahead!

Tengo hambre / sed. tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed I'm hungry / thirsty. No me importa. noh meh eem-por-tah I don't care. Me olvid. meh ohl-vee-deh I forgot. Quizs / Depende. kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh Maybe / It depends. Que le vaya bien! keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn Have a nice day! Felicitaciones! feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs Congratulations! Callate! kah-yah-teh Shut up!

Tengo calor / fro. tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh I'm hot / cold. No se preocupe. noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh Don't worry Tengo que ir ahora. tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah I must go now. Todava no. toh-dah-vee-ah noh Not yet. Nos vemos! nohs veh-mos We'll see you! Buena suerte! bweh-nah swehr-teh Good luck! Te amo. tay ah-moh I love you. (informal and singular)

Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in

Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish language is calledcastellano instead of espaol.

2. PRONUNCIATION
Spanish Letter a e i o u ll v r rr d j g qu ai / all / ay z English Sound ah ay ee oh oo y b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels ny (as in canyon) almost like a d when in between 2 vowels r with a roll of the tongue almost like a th when in between 2 vowels hard h g, sometimes a h k eye s

z, ce, ci

th (in northern Spain only)

The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end). Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pjaro (bird).

Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several regional dialects and accents so pronunciation rules may not apply to all countries. This tutorial is mostly concerned with the language that is spoken inMexico and Spain.

3. ALPHABET
a b c
ah bay say

j k l ll

hoh-tah kah ay-lay ay-yay

air-ay

rr airr-ay s t
ay-say tay oo bay chee-kah vay doh-blay ah-kees ee-gree-ay-gah say-tah

ch chay d e f g h i
day ay ay-fay hey

m ay-may u n o
ay-nay

ayn-yay w oh pay koo

x y z

ah-chay p ee

The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but in Latin America most dialects just use bay and an adjective, such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile). 4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES
Masc. Singular the a, an this that that el (ail) un (oon) este ese aquel Fem. Singular la (lah) una (oon-ah) esta esa aquella the some these those those Masc. Plural los (lohs) unos (oon-ohs) estos esos aquellos Fem. Plural las (lahs) unas (oon-ahs) estas esas aquellas

El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -cin, -tad, dad, or -tud. Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquelforms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: ste, sta, stos, stas, se, sa, sos, sas, aqul, aqulla, aqullos, aqullas.

5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS
yo t yoh too I nosotros / nosotras noh-soh-trohs / we noh-soh-trahs boh-soh-trohs / you all boh-soh-trahs they / they / you (plural)

you (informal) vosotros / vosotras he / she / it / you (formal)

ail / ayl / ella /usted yah / oosted

ay-yohs / ayellos / ellas /ustedes yahs / oo-stedays

Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras andvosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs. 6. TO BE & TO HAVE present soy I am eres es somos sois son you are ser - to be past I was you were he/she/it was / you were we were you were future ser I will be you will sers be he/she/it / ser you will be seremos we will be you will seris be they / you sern will be

fui fuiste

he/she/it is / you fue are we are fuimos you are fuisteis

they / you they / you fueron are were estar - to be

present estoy I am ests you are

past estuve I was estuviste you were he/she/it was / you were we were

he/she/it est is / you estuvo are estamos we are estuvimos estis estn you are

estuvisteis you were

they / you they / you estuvieron are were tener - to have present past I have tuve

future estar I will be you will estars be he/she/it / estar you will be estaremos we will be you will estaris be they / you estarn will be

tengo tienes tiene

you have tuviste he/she/it has / you tuvo have

tenemos we have tuvimos tenis tienen you have tuvisteis they / you tuvieron have

future I will I had tendr have you will you had tendrs have he/she/it / he/she/it / tendr you will you had have we will we had tendremos have you will you had tendris have they / you they / you tendrn had will have

Highlighted forms are only used in Spain.

Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels. Uses of Ser El edificio es un templo. Identify person/object La casa es Inherent grande. characteristics Carlos es pobre. or qualities Es carpintero. Nationality/Occupation Son las tres. Telling time Los libros son de Express ownership Juan. Impersonal Es necesario. expressions El telfono fue Passive voice inventado por Bell. Uses of Estar Location/position El libro est en la Temporary mesa. condition/state La ventana est State of health abierta. Form Juan est enfermo. progressive Miguel est tense estudiando. The book is on the table. The window is open. John is sick. Michael is studying. The building is a temple. The house is large. Charles is poor. He is a carpenter. It's three o'clock. The books are John's. It is necessary. The telephone was invented by Bell.

Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.

Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all): to be afraid to be against to be at fault to be careful tener miedo estar en contra tener la culpa tener cuidado to be in a hurry to be jealous to be lucky to be patient to be sleepy to be successful to be thirsty to be tired to be ___ years old tener prisa, estar de prisa tener celos tener suerte tener paciencia tener sueo tener xito tener sed estar cansado/a tener ___ aos

to be cold tener fro to be curious to be happy to be hot to be hungry ser curioso/a estar contento/a tener calor tener hambre

7. QUESTION WORDS
what who how when where why qu quin(es) cmo cundo dnde por qu which how much how many whom whose cul(es) cunto (-a) cuntos (-as) a quin(es) de quin(es)

8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 cero uno dos tres cuatro cinco seis siete ocho nueve diez once doce trece catorce quince diez y seis diez y siete say-roh oo-noh dohs trays kwah-troh seen-koh says see-ay-tay oh-choh new-ay-vay dee-ays ohn-say doh-say tray-say kah-tor-say keen-say dee-ays ee says first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth primero segundo tercero cuarto quinto sexto sptimo octavo noveno dcimo undcimo duodcimo dcimo tercero dcimo cuarto dcimo quinto dcimo sexto dcimo sptimo dcimo octavo dcimo noveno vigsimo vigsimo primero vigsimo segundo trigsimo cuadragsimo quincuagsimo sexagsimo septuagsimo

dee-ays ee see-ayseventeenth tay

diez y ocho dee-ays ee oh-choh eighteenth dee-ays ee new-aydiez y nineteenth vay nueve veinte veinte y uno bayn-tay twentieth

bayn-tay ee oo-noh twenty-first twentysecond thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth

veinte y dos bayn-tay ee dohs treinta cuarenta cincuenta sesenta setenta trayn-tah kuar-ain-tah seen-kuain-tah say-sain-tah say-tain-tah

80 90

ochenta noventa

oh-chain-tah noh-bain-tah see-ain-(toh) meel

eightieth ninetieth hundredth thousandth

octogsimo nonagsimo centsimo milsimo

100 cien(to) 1000 mil

If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use diecisis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintids, veintitrs, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers. Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun. 9. DAYS OF THE WEEK
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday day week weekend today tonight last night yesterday lunes martes mircoles jueves viernes sbado domingo el da la semana el fin de semana hoy esta noche anoche ayer loo-nays mar-tays mee-air-coh-lays hway-bays bee-air-nays sah-bah-doh doh-ming-oh dee-ah say-mahn-ah feen day say-mahn-ah oy es-tah noh-chay ah-noh-chay eye-yair

tomorrow my birthday next last day before yesterday day after tomorrow the following day the day before

maana mi cumpleaos prximo / prxima pasado / pasada anteayer pasado maana el da siguiente la vspera

mahn-yahn-ah mee coom-play-ahn-yohs prok-see-moh / mah pah-sah-doh / dah ahn-teh-eye-yair pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh vees-peh-rah

Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays

10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January February March April May June July August September October November December month first of [a month] year decade century enero febrero marzo abril mayo junio julio agosto septiembre octubre noviembre diciembre el mes el primero de [month] el ao la dcada el siglo ay-nair-oh fay-bray-roh mar-soh ah-breel mi-oh hoo-nee-oh hoo-lee-oh ah-gohs-toh sayp-tee-aim-bray ohk-too-bray noh-bee-aim-bray dee-see-aim-bray mais pree-mair-oh day _____ ahn-yoh deh-kah-dah see-gloh

millennium

el milenio

mee-leh-nee-oh

The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing. Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date? Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st. 11. SEASONS
spring summer winter autumn la primavera el verano el invierno el otoo in spring in summer in winter in autumn en primavera en verano en invierno en otoo

12. DIRECTIONS to the right to the left straight ahead

north south east west el norte el sur el este el oeste

a la derecha a la izquierda todo derecho

northeast northwest southeast southwest el noreste el noroeste el sureste el suroeste

13. COLORS & SHAPES

red pink rojo / roja rosado / rosada circle square el crculo el cuadrado

orange yellow green blue light blue purple violet brown black gray white golden silver

anaranjado / anaranjada amarillo / amarilla verde azul celeste morado / morada violeta marrn negro / negra gris blanco / blanca dorado / dorada plateado / plateada

rectangle triangle oval cube sphere cylinder cone octagon box pyramid

el rectngulo el tringulo el valo el cubo la esfera el cilindro el cono el octgono la caja la pirmide

dark light

oscuro / oscura claro / clara

All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrn) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s. a red house = una casa roja

14. TIME
Qu hora es? Es la una. Son las dos/tres/cuatro... Es medioda. Es medianoche. Son las cinco y cinco. Son las ocho y cuarto. Son las diez menos cuarto. Son cuarto para las diez. Son las nueve menos diez. What time is it? It's one. It's two/three/four... It's noon. It's midnight. It's 5:05 It's 8:15 It's 9:45 It's 9:45 (common in Mexico) It's 8:50

Son diez para las nueve. Son las tres y media / treinta. de la maana de la tarde de la noche en punto A qu hora?

It's 8:50 (common in Mexico) It's 3:30 in the morning / AM in the afternoon / PM in the evening / PM exactly / sharp At what time?

15. WEATHER
Qu tiempo hace? Hace buen tiempo. Hace mal tiempo. Hace fro. Hace calor. Hace sol. Hace viento. Hace fresco. Est nublado. Hay niebla. Hay neblina. Hay humedad. Hay granizo. Llueve. Nieva. Truena. Llovizna. What's the weather like? The weather's nice. The weather's bad. It's cold. It's hot. It's sunny. It's windy. It's chilly. It's cloudy. It's foggy. It's misty. It's humid. It's hailing. It's raining. It's snowing. It's thundering. It's sprinkling.

16. PREPOSITIONS
a con contra at, to with against al lado de alrededor de cerca de beside, alongside of around near, close to

de en entre hacia para por sobre sin

of, from in, on between, among towards, about for, in order, by for, through, along, via on, over without

lejos de delante de debajo de en frente de detrs de encima de hasta desde

far from in front of below, under opposite behind above, on top of till, until from, since

There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del. 17. FAMILY & ANIMALS
family parents husband wife father / dad mother / mom son daughter children brother sister brothers & sisters only child (m) only child (f) kid / boy kid / girl half-brother half-sister la familia los padres la mujer / la esposa el padre / el pap la madre / la mam el hijo la hija los hijos el hermano la hermana los hermanos el hijo nico la hija nica el muchacho la muchacha el medio hermano la media hermana cousin (m) cousin (f) relatives stepfather stepmother stepbrother stepsister stepson stepdaughter godfather godmother baby teenager boy girl boys & girls man el primo la prima los primos los parientes el padastro la madrastra el hermanastro la hermanastra el hijastro la hijastra el padrino la madrina el beb el adolescente el nio la nia los nios el hombre

el marido / el esposo cousins

father-in-law mother-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law son-in-law daughter-in-law grandfather grandmother grandparents grandson granddaughter grandchildren uncle aunt aunts & uncles nephew niece nieces & nephews

el suegro la suegra el cuado la cuada el yerno la nuera el abuelo la abuela los abuelos el nieto la nieta los nietos el to la ta los tos el sobrino la sobrina los sobrinos

woman adult twins (m) twins (f) dog cat bird fish gold fish horse goat pig cow rabbit turtle mouse deer duck

la mujer el adulto los gemelos las gemelas el perro el gato el pjaro el pez la carpa dorada el caballo la cabra el cerdo la vaca el conejo la tortuga el ratn el ciervo el pato

18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS

conocer - to know people conozco conoces conoce conocemos conocis conocen saber - to know facts s sabes sabe sabemos sabis saben

19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS 1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa las casas 2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel los papeles

3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz las luces 4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lpiz los lpices 20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Initial Forms Terminal Forms

my your

singular mi tu

plural mis tus sus nuestros / nuestras vuestros / vuestras sus

singular mo / ma tuyo / tuya suyo / suya nuestro / nuestra vuestro / vuestra suyo / suya

your/his/her/its su our nuestro / nuestra vuestro / vuestra su

plural mos / mas tuyos / tuyas suyos / suyas nuestros / nuestras vuestros / vuestras suyos / suyas

your your/their

Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain). Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronoun may be used following the noun: de Ud., de l, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas. los libros de ellos their books

The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc. el libro mo my book Qu haces, hijo mo? What are you doing, my son? un amigo mo a friend of mine

21. TO DO / MAKE hacer - to do or make hago haces hace 22. WORK & SCHOOL accountant actor / actress architect author baker banker barber bookseller businessman butcher carpenter computer programmer cook el contador el actor / la actriz el arquitecto el autor el panadero el banquero el barbero el librero el comerciante el carnicero el carpintero el programador el cocinero musician nurse official / civil servant optician painter pharmacist (chemist) pharmacist photographer pilot plumber policeman postman priest el msico el enfermero el funcionario el ptico el pintor el qumico el farmacutico el fotgrafo el piloto el fontanero el agente de polica el cartero el cura hacemos hacis hacen

customer dentist doctor electrician employee engineer firefighter fisherman gardener grocer hair stylist jeweler journalist judge lawyer librarian mason mechanic model

el cliente el dentista el mdico / el doctor el electricista el empleado el ingeniero el bombero el pescador el jardinero el dependiente el peluquero el joyero el periodista el juez el abogado el bibliotecario el albail el mecnico el modelo

professor publisher salesman scientist secretary servant shoemaker singer soldier student surgeon tailor teacher teacher (grade school) typist waiter / server watchmaker worker (blue-collar) writer

el profesor el editor el vendedor el cientfico la secretaria el criado el zapatero el cantante el soldado el estudiante el cirujano el sastre el profesor el maestro el mecangrafo el camarero el relojero el obrero el escritor

accounting algebra architecture art astronomy biology botany business

la contabilidad el lgebra la arquitectura el arte la astronoma la biologa la botnica el comercio

law linguistics literature mathematics medicine modern languages music natural science

el derecho la lingstica la literatura la matmatica la medicina las lenguas modernas la msica las ciencias naturales

chemistry computing (IT) drawing earth science economics engineering English French geography geometry German Greek history Italian Latin

la qumica la informtica el dibujo

painting philosophy physical education

la ciencia terrestre physical science la econmia la ingeniera el ingls el francs la geografa la geometra el alemn el griego la historia el italiano el latn physics political science Portuguese psychology religious education science sociology Spanish technology zoology

la pintura la filosofa la educacin fsica las ciencas fsicas la fsica las ciencias polticas el portugus la psicologa la enseanza religiosa la ciencia la sociologa el espaol la technologa la zoologa

23. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES Africa African Albania Albanian America American Argentina Argentine Asia Asian Australia Australian el Africa africano/a Albania albano/a la Amrica americano/a la Argentina argentino/a el Asia (f) asitico/a Australia australiano/a Indonesia Indonesian Ireland Irishman Israel Israeli Hebrew Italy Italian Japan Japanese Latvia Indonesia indonesio/a la Irlanda irlands/esa Israel israel hebreo/a Italia italiano/a Japn japons/esa Letonia

Austria Austrian Belgium Belgian Bolivia Bolivian Bosnia Bosnian Brazil Brazilian Bulgaria Bulgarian Canada Canadian China Chinese Chile Chilean Colombia Colombian Costa Rica Costa Rican Croatia Croatian Cuba Cuban Czech Republic Czech Denmark Danish Dominican Republic

el Austria (f) austraco/a la Blgica belga la Bolivia boliviano(a) la Bosnia bosnio/a el Brasil brasileo/a la Bulgaria blgaro/a Canad canadiense China chino/a la Chile chileno/a Colombia colombiano/a la Costa Rica costarricense la Croacia croata la Cuba cubano/a la Repblica Checa checo/a Dinamarca dans/esa Repblica Dominicana

Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian Luxembourg Luxembourger Macedonia Macedonian Malta Maltese Mexico Mexican Netherlands Dutch New Zealand New Zealander Nicaragua Nicaraguan Norway Norwegian Panama Panamanian Paraguay Paraguayan Peru Peruvian Poland Polish Portugal Portuguese Romania Romanian

letn/ona Lituania lituano/a Luxemburgo luxemburgus/esa Macedonia macedonio/a Malta malts/esa Mxico mexicano/a los Pases Bajos holands/esa Nueva Zelanda neozelands/esa Nicaragua nicaragense Noruega noruego/a Panama panameo/a Paraguay paraguayo/a Per peruano/a la Polonia polaco/a Portugal portugus/esa Rumania rumano/a

Dominican Ecuador Ecuadorian Egypt Egyptian El Salvador Salvadorean England English Estonia Estonian Europe European Finland Finnish France French Germany German Great Britain British Greece Greek Guatemala Guatemalan Honduras Honduran Hungary Hungarian Iceland

dominicano/a Ecuador ecuatoriano/a Egipto egipcio/a El Salvador salvadoreo la Inglaterra ingls/esa Estonia estonio/a la Europa europeo/a Finlandia finlands/esa Francia francs/esa Alemania alemn/ana la Gran Bretaa britnico/a Grecia griego/a Guatemala guatemalteco/a Honduras hondureo Hungra hngaro/a Islandia

Russia Russian Scotland Scottish Serbia Serbian Slovakia Slovak Slovenia Slovene South Africa South African Spain Spanish Sweden Swedish Switzerland Swiss Turkey Turk Ukraine Ukrainian United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uruguayan Venezuela Venezuelan Wales Welsh

Rusia ruso/a la Escocia escocs/esa Serbia serbio/a la Repblica Eslovaca eslovaco/a Eslovenia esloveno/a Sudfrica sudafricano/a Espaa espaol/a Suecia sueco/a la Suiza suizo/a la Turqua turco/a Ucrania ucraniano/a Reino Unido Estados Unidos Uruguay uruguayo/a Venezuela venezolano/a el pas de Gales gals/esa

Icelandic India Indian

islands/esa India indio/a

24. TO / IN AND FROM to from in a de en

Remember to use the prepositional contractions when a noun with an article follows the preposition. 25. TO COME & TO GO venir - to come vengo vienes viene venimos vens vienen ir - to go voy vas va vamos vais van

26. COMMON WORDS a lot very much a little very little sometimes well after poorly mucho muchsimo poco muy poco a veces bien despus mal always everyday now usually there over there too bad siempre todos los das ahora usualmente ah all demasiado malo

27. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS

Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive. Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing, while cant- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems: o as a -ar amos is an o es e -er emos is en o es e -ir imos s en

Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here are some more regular verbs: -ar verbs to dance bailar to want desear escuchar to listen to study estudiar to speak hablar practicar to practice to take tomar to travel viajar -er verbs to learn aprender to eat comer to run correr to read leer to sell vender to drink beber comprender to understand -ir verbs to live vivir to write escribir compartir to share to receive recibir

To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb. 28. REFLEXIVE VERBS The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with case and gender and precedes the verb when not used in the infinitive form. Reciprocal verbs are the same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. It can only be used in the first and third person plural forms. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other." reflexive pronouns

me te se Some common reflexive verbs: acostarse - to go to bed baarse - to bathe oneself casarse - to get married despertarse - to wake up irse - to go away levantarse - to rise sentarse - to sit down vestirse - to dress oneself atreverse - to dare quejarse - to complain 29. IRREGULAR CONJUGATIONS

nos os se

Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural. e to ie pensar - to think querer - to want, like, love cerrar - to close comenzar - to begin despertar - to awaken empezar - to begin entender - to understand perder - to lose preferir - to prefer sentar - to seat sentir - to regret, feel pensar o to ue contar - to count poder - to be able costar - to cost dormir - to sleep encontrar - to find, meet jugar - to play morir - to die mostrar - to show volar - to fly volver - to return e to i ui to uy pedir - to ask construir - to (for) build repetir - to repeat seguir - to follow servir - to serve vestir - to dress

contar

pedir

construir

pienso pensamos cuento contamos pido pedimos construyo piensas pensis piensa piensan cuentas contis cuenta cuentan pides peds pide piden

construimos

construyes construs construye construyen

A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms follow the regular pattern: traer salir hacer saber dar ver tener poner decir valer caer conocer deducir to carry to go out to do to know to give to see to have to put to say to be worth to fall to know to deduce traigo salgo hago s doy veo tengo pongo digo valgo caigo conozco deduzco I carry I go out I do I know I give I see I have I put I say I am worth I fall I know I deduce

Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending. 30. PERSONAL A When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if a number precedes the object though. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone), nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) requirea as well, when used as the direct object. Veo a Juan. I see John. Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend. Veo a alguien. I see somebody.

31. PRETERITE TENSE The preterite tense expresses an action in the past. It is used to describe events that are finished or complete. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem. - -aste - -ar verbs -amos -asteis -aron -er and -ir verbs - -iste -i -imos -isteis -ieron

Viv en Espaa dos aos. I lived in Spain for two years. Ellos hablaron con los nios. They spoke with the children. Quin comi la fruta? Who ate the fruit? 32. IRREGULAR PRETERITE TENSE A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. The following are the most common: dar - to give di dimos diste disteis dio dieron hacer - to do, make hice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hizo hicieron tener - to have tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron decir - to say, tell dije dijimos dijiste dijisteis dijo dijeron ir - to go / ser- to be fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron traer - to bring traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajisteis trajeron estar - to be estuve estuvimos estuviste estuvisteis estuvo estuvieron poner - to put, place puse pusimos pusiste pusisteis puso pusieron venir - to come vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron

Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear. 33. IMPERFECT TENSE

The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, as repeated or habitual. It is also used with mental and physical conditions and for descriptions. The preterite tense is used much more often than the imperfect tense though, except with these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem. -ar verbs -aba -bamos -abas -aba -abais -aban -er and -ir verbs -a -as -a -amos -ais -an

Yo viva en Espaa. I used to live in Spain. Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad. El venda radios. He was selling radios. Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense: ser - to be era eras era ramos erais eran ir - to go iba ibas iba bamos ibais iban ver - to see vea veas vea veamos veais vean

34. FOOD AND MEALS bacon beef beer beverage biscuit bread breakfast butter cake candy cheese el tocino la carne de vaca la cerveza la bebida el bizcocho el pan el desayuno la mantequilla la torta los dulces el queso salad salami salt sandwich sauce sausage soft drink soup sour cream steak stew la ensalada el salchichn la sal el bocadillo la salsa la salchicha el refresco gaseoso la sopa la crema agria el bistec el guisado

chicken chocolate chop coffee cookie cottage cheese cotton candy cream custard dessert dinner duck egg fat flour fried eggs goose ham hamburger honey hot dog ice ice cream jam juice lamb lobster lollipop lunch meal

el pollo el chupete la chuleta el caf la galleta el requesn el algodn de azcar la crema las natillas el postre la comida el pato el huevo la grasa la harina los huevos fritos el ganso el jamn la hamburguesa la miel el perro caliente el hielo el helado la jalea el jugo el cordero la langosta el chupete el almuerzo la comida

sugar supper tea (iced) toast turkey veal vegetable vinegar water whipped cream wine yogurt bag bowl bottle box can can opener carton chopsticks coffee pot colander corkscrew cup dish fork frying pan glass jar jug

el azcar la cena el t (helado) las tostadas el pavo la ternera la legumbre el vinagre el agua la nata montada el vino el yogur la bolsa el tzon la botella la caja la lata abrelatas el tetrabrik los palillos la cafetera el colador el sacacorchos la taza el plato el tenedor la sartn el vaso el tarro la jarra

meat milk milkshake mustard mutton oil omelet pepper pie pork rice roast roll 35. GUSTAR

la carne la leche la malteada la mostaza la carne de carnero el aceite la tortilla la pimienta el pastel el cerdo el arroz el asado el panecillo

kettle knife lid napkin plate saucer saucepan spoon spray can table tablecloth teapot tube

la caldera el cuchillo la tapa la servilleta el plato el platillo la cacerola / el cazo la cuchara el spray la mesa el mantel la tetera el tubo

Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject. Me gusta(n) Te gusta(n) Le gusta(n) I like you like you/he/she likes Nos gusta(n) Os gusta(n) Les gusta(n) we like you like you/they like

Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is also possible to add a + complement pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. The complement pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a m and a ti. Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the flowers are pleasing to me.) A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house. No me gusta. I don't like it. Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it? A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.

36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES almond apple apricot avocado banana berry blackberry blueberry cherry chestnut coconut currant date fig fruit grapefruit grapes hazelnut kiwi lemon lime lychee mango melon olive orange papaya peach pear pineapple la almendra la manzana el albaricoque el aguacate el pltano la baya la zarzamora el arndano la cereza la castaa el coco la grosella el dtil il higo la fruta el pomelo la uva la avellana el kiwi el limn la lima el lichi el mango el meln la aceituna la naranja la papaya el melocotn la pera la pia barley beans beet broccoli cabbage carrot cauliflower celery chives corn cucumber eggplant garlic green bean herbs horse-radish leek lentil lettuce mint mushroom oats onion parsley pea pepper potato pumpkin radish rhubarb la cebada los frijoles / las judas la remolacha el brcoli la col la zanahoria la coliflor el apio la cebollana el maz el pepino la berenjena el ajo la habichuela le hierba el rabano picante el puerro la lenteja la lechuga la menta la seta / el hongo la avena la cebolla el perejil el guisante el pimiento la patata / la papa la calabaza el rbano el ruibarbo

plum prune raisin raspberry starfruit strawberry walnut watermelon artichoke asparagus

la ciruela la ciruela pasa la uva pasa la frambuesa la carambola la fresa la nuez la sanda la alcachofa el esprrago

rice rye sage seed spinach sweet potato tomato turnip wheat zucchini

el arroz el centeno la salvia la semilla la espinaca el camote / la batata el tomate el nabo el trigo el calabacn

Los frijoles is used in South America, whereas las judas is used in Spain. 37. TO TAKE OR DRINK tomar - to take or drink tomo tomamos tomas toma tomis toman

When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive, as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa - to have a drink and tomar un caf - to have a coffee. 38. COMMANDS / IMPERATIVE To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the t form and change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros form when you mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are t and

vosotros. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes in commands as well: c becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c. Affirmative -ar t Usted nosotros vosotros Ustedes -a -e -emos -ad -en -er or -ir -e -a -amos -ed / -id -an -es -e -emos -is -en -ar Negative -er or -ir -as -a -amos -is -an

Habla! = Speak! (t form) Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form) No comis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form) Beba! = Drink! (Usted form) Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form) No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form) There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only irregular for the t form. The rest of the commands follow the pattern above. infinitive decir hacer ir poner salir ser tener venir t form di haz ve pon sal s ten ven

There are several irregular stems that appear in the present subjunctive, and therefore in the imperative. infinitive dar decir imperative stem ddig-

estar haber hacer ir poder poner querer saber salir ser tener traer venir 39. MORE NEGATIVES

esthayhagvaypuedpongquiersepsalgsetengtraigveng-

To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it follows a comparative; jams means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb means the same thing as no + verb + ms (no more, no longer). ms nada nadie ninguno (a) tampoco ni ni...ni ni siquiera nunca, jams no more, no longer nothing, (not) anything nobody, (not) anybody no, none neither, either nor neither... nor not even never, ever

No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance. No juego ms. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.

40. HOLIDAY PHRASES Feliz Navidad Feliz Ao Nuevo Feliz Cumpleaos Feliz Pascua Merry Christmas Happy New Year Happy Birthday Happy Easter

Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.

Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra

by Francisco Gonzlez Bocanegra Mexicanos, al grito de guerra El acero aprestad y el bridn; y retiemble en sus centros la tierra Al sonoro rugir del can. Cia oh patria! tus sienes de oliva De la Paz el arcngel divino, Que en el cielo tu eterno destino Por el dedo de Dios se escribi. Mas si osare un extrao enemigo Profanar con su planta tu suelo, Piensa oh patria querida! que el cielo Un soldado en cada hijo te dio. Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que intente De la patria manchar los Mexicans, at the cry of battle lend your swords and bridle; and let the earth tremble at its center upon the roar of the cannon. Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive garlands by the divine archangel of peace, For in heaven your eternal destiny has been written by the hand of God. But should a foreign enemy Profane your land with his sole, Think, beloved fatherland, that heaven gave you a soldier in each son. War, war without truce against who would attempt to blemish the honor of the fatherland! War, war! The patriotic banners saturate in waves of blood. War, war! On the mount, in the vale The terrifying cannon thunder and the echoes nobly resound to the cries of union! liberty!

blasones! Guerra, guerra! Los patrios pendones En las olas de sangre empapad. Guerra, guerra! En el monte, en el valle Los caones horrsonos truenen Y los ecos sonoros resuenen Con las voces de Unin! Libertad! Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos Bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen, Tus campias con sangre se rieguen, Sobre sangre se estampe su pie. Y tus templos, palacios y torres Se derrumben con hrrido estruendo, Y sus ruinas existan diciendo: De mil hroes la patria aqu fue. Patria! patria! Tus hijos te juran Exhalar en tus aras su aliento, Si el clarn con su blico acento Los convoca a lidiar con valor. Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva! Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria!

Fatherland, before your children become unarmed Beneath the yoke their necks in sway, May your countryside be watered with blood, On blood their feet trample. And may your temples, palaces and towers crumble in horrid crash, and their ruins exist saying: The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes here. Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear to exhale their breath in your cause, If the bugle in its belligerent tone should call upon them to struggle with bravery. For you the olive garlands! For them a memory of glory! For you a laurel of victory! For them a tomb of honor! Mexicans, at the cry of battle lend your swords and bridle; and let the earth tremble at its center upon the roar of the cannon.

Un laurel para ti de victoria! Un sepulcro para ellos de honor! Mexicanos, al grito de guerra El acero aprestad y el bridn, y retiemble en sus centros la tierra Al sonoro rugir del can.

41. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

Hay Haba Hay que + infinitive Tener que + infinitive Ir a + infinitive Acabar de + infinitive Hace + time There is/are There was/were It is necessary to + infinitive To have to + infinitive To go to + infinitive To have just + past participle time + ago

42. PROGRESSIVE TENSES

The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem: Present Participles -ar -er -ir -ando -iendo -iendo

Juan est hablando. Josh is talking. Estaban cantando. They were singing. Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.

A few irregular present participles: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo, venir - viniendo, pedir -pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir yendo, rer - riendo.

43. HABER
haber - to have (auxiliary verb) he hemos has habis ha han This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary verb.

44. PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as have or has done something. Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than this tense when expressing the past. Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings: Past Participles -ar -er -ir -ado -ido -ido

The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito(written); morir (to die) muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto(returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done). No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house. Dnde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key? Hemos ganado mucho dinero. We have earned a lot of money. Qu ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?

45. PLACES
airport bakery bank bar barn el embassy la embajada aeropuerto la factory la fbrica panadera el banco farm la granja fire el bar la boca de agua hydrant el granero fountain garage grocery store hospital la fuente el garaje pier police station port prison restauran t road (highway) el muelle la comisara el puerto la prisin el restaurante la carretera / la va

barracks el cuartel bench el banco

bridge el puente bookstor la librera hotel e building el edificio house la butcher's hut carnicera castle el castillo inn

el supermercad school la escuela o el hospital sidewalk la acera el hotel la casa la cabaa la posada la calleja la biblioteca el mercado square stable stadium stop sign store street suburb theater tower town la plaza la cuadra el estadio la seal de alto la tienda la calle el barro residencial el teatro la torre la ciudad

cathedral la catedral

lane (town)

el cemetery cementeri library o church cinema la iglesia market

el cine el consulate consulado corner la esquina

ministry el ministerio monumen el monumento t museum el museo

courtyard el patio crosswal el cruce k peatonal dock

palace path

el palacio la senda

la drsena pavement la acera pharmacy la farmacia

el town hall ayuntamient o traffic el semforo light la university universidad village el pueblo

dry la cleaner's tintorera

46. TRANSPORTATION
by bus by bicycle by car by motorcycle by subway by taxi by plane by train by boat on foot en autobs en bicicleta en coche en motocicleta en metro en taxi en avin en tren en barco a pie

47. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO

querer-to want quiero quieres quiere queremos queris quieren poder-to be able to, can puedo puedes puede podemos podis pueden deber-to have to, must debo debes debe debemos debis deben

48. PAST PERFECT

The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It

consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common. Carlos haba vivido en Mxico. Carlos had lived in Mexico. Habamos aprendido el espaol. We had learned Spanish.

49. HOUSE & FURNITURE

alarm clock el drawer despertador dresser driveway el cajn el tocador pipe pipe (water) poker radio record refrigerator roof room rug sheet shelf shovel shower sideboard la pipa el tubo el atizador la radio el disco el refrigerador el tejado el cuarto la alfombra la sbana el estante la pala la ducha el aparador

armchair el silln ashtray attic balcony basement basket bathroom bathtub batteries bed bedroom bell (door) blanket blinds bookcase box el cenicero

la entrada del garaje DVD el lector de el desvn player DVD el balcn fence la cerca el stano film la pelcula la cesta fire el fuego el bao flame la llama la baera flashlight la linterna el las pilas flat apartament o la cama floor el suelo la alcoba / el floor el piso / la dormitorio (levels) planta la flower la flor campanilla el la cobija freezer congelador la persiana front walk la vereda los la librera furniture muebles la caja garage el garaje

sink el fregadero sink el lavabo (bathroom) sitting la sala

broom bucket

la escoba el balde

garden ground floor hearth hook

camcorde la cmara r la mquina camera de fotos candle la vela carpet la alfombra cassette la cinta el lector de CD player CD ceiling el techo chair la silla chimney la chimenea el puro / el cigar cigarro cigarette el cigarrillo clock closet compact disc el reloj el armario

el jardn la planta baja la chimenea el gancho

room smoke sofa stairs steps

el humo el sof las escaleras los escalones el piso la estufa el estudio el conmutador

house la casa story iron (flat) la plancha stove kerosene el petrleo study key kitchen ladder lamp lawn la llave switch

la cocina table la mesa la escalera tap (faucet) el grifo la lmpara telephone el telfono el csped television el televisor la tostadora el inodoro la toalla el aspirador el jarrn el magnetoscopi o

el disco compacto la computer computador matches a corner el rincn

light bulb la bombilla toaster living la sala toilet (WC) room la lock towel cerradura vacuum mailbox el buzn cleaner las cerillas vase

mattress microwav e oven mirror oven

el colchn el horno microondas el espejo el horno

VCR

cupboard la alacena curtain cushion la cortina el cojn

wall (house el muro ) wall (room) la pared window la ventana

desk dining room door

el escritorio pantry el comedor la puerta picture pillow

la despensa el cuadro la almohada

yard

el jardn

50. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

Comparisons are expressed as follows: ms [adjective] que menos [adjective] que tan [adjective] como tanto (-a, -os, -as) [noun] como more [adjective] than less [adjective] than as [adjective] as as much/many [noun] as

El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog. Mi prima tiene ms discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone. No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you. To form comparatives, just add ms or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a superlative. ms alta taller la ms alta the tallest Rosa es la nia ms alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.

51. IRREGULAR FORMS

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common are: Adjective/Adverb good bueno bad malo great grande small pequeo Comparative better mejor worse peor greater mayor less menor Superlative the best the worst the greatest the least el mejor el peor el mayor el menor

well badly much little

bien mal mucho poco

better worse more less

mejor peor ms menos

best worst most least

el mejor el peor el ms el menos

Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeo change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.

52. CLOTHING
apron barrette bathrobe belt blouse boot bracelet brush buckle button cap clothes coat collar comb cotton dress earmuffs earrings fashion glasses glove el delantal el pasador la bata el cinturn la blusa la bota la pulsera un cepillo del pelo la hebilla el botn el gorro la ropa el abrigo el cuello el peine el algodn el vestido las orejaras el arete la moda los lentes el guante pants pin pocket purse raincoat ring sandals scarf shirt shoe shoelace shorts silk skirt sleeve slippers soap sock stocking suit sunglasses suspenders los pantalones el alfiler el bolsillo el bolso el impermeable el anillo las sandalias la bufanda la camisa el zapato el cordn los pantalones cortos la seda la falda la manga las pantuflas el jabn los calcetines la media el traje las gafas de sol los tirantes

handbag handkerchief hat jacket jeans mittens necklace nightgown overcoat pajamas

el bolso el pauelo el sombrero la cazadora los vaqueros los mitones el collar el camisn el sobretodo los pijamas

sweater sweatsuit swimsuit tie T-shirt umbrella underwear waistcoat watch wool

el jersey el chndal el traje de bao la corbata la camiseta el paraguas la ropa interior el chaleco el reloj la lana

53. TO WEAR
llevar - to wear llevo llevas lleva llevamos llevis llevan ponerse - to put on me pongo te pones se pone nos ponemos os ponis se ponen

You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.

54. FUTURE TENSE

The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive: - -s - -emos -is -n

Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above: caber (to fit) decir (to say, tell) haber (to have) cabrdirhabrcabr dirs habr

hacer (to do, make) poder (to be able) poner (to put, place) querer (to want) saber (to know) salir (to leave, go out) tener (to have, to own) valer (to be worth) venir (to come)

harpodrpondrquerrsabrsaldrtendrvaldrvendr-

haremos podris pondrn querr sabrs saldr tendremos valdris vendrn

55. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun. In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in a: blanco and blanca (white). Adjectives that end in -n, -n, -n, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine. Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francs - francesa (French).Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent. To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns. Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero first; tercero - third When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender. Santo(saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.

56. MORE ADJECTIVES

large small long short good bad rich poor strong weak easy difficult fat thin grande pequeo largo corto bueno malo rico pobre fuerte dbil fcil difcil gordo delgado high, tall low, short pretty beautiful ugly wide narrow heavy light hard soft sweet sour bitter alto bajo lindo, bonito hermoso feo ancho estrecho pesado ligero duro blando dulce agrio amargo

When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun. pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun. bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)

57. SPORTS
ball game match team player soccer football la pelota el juego el partido el equipo el jugador el ftbol el ftbol americano pool basketball tennis swimming boxing wrestling hockey la piscina el baloncesto el tenis la natacin el boxeo la lucha el hockey

baseball racket ball (small) bat glove ball basketball hoop

el bisbol una raqueta una pelota un bate un guante un baln una canasta

volleyball net cleats skis ski poles boots helmet

el vleibol una red unos zapatos de ftbol unos esqus unos bastones unas botas el casco

58. NATURE
air el aire el archipelago archipilago bank la orilla bay la baha barn el granero beach la playa branch bridge bud bush cape cave city climate cloud coast comet la rama el puente el capullo el arbusto el cabo la cueva la ciudad el clima la nube la costa el cometa grass gulf hail hay high tide hill ice island isthmus jungle lake leaf light lightning lily low tide la hierba el golfo el granizo el heno la marea alta la colina el hielo la isla el istmo la jungla el lago la hoja la luz el relmpago la azucena la marea baja sea shadow sky snow soil south spring (water) star el mar la sombra el cielo la nieve el suelo el sur la fuente

meadow el prado

la estrella stem el tallo la storm tormenta el strait aprieto stream el arroyo street la calle sun el sol sunflower el girasol el thaw deshielo thunder el trueno

la moon constelacin country el pas mountain mountain country(side) el campo range mouth current la corriente (river) daffodil el narciso mud daisy la margarita nature la darkness north obscuridad constellation desert dew dust earth east farm field flower foam fog foliage forest frost el desierto el roco el polvo la tierra el este la granja el campo la flor la espuma le niebla el follaje el bosque la helada

la luna la montaa la sierra

tornado tree trunk

el tornado el rbol el tronco el tulipn

la tulip desembocadura el barro valley la naturaleza view el norte

peninsula la pennsula plain planet plant pond pot (for plants) rain rainbow river rock root rose sand el llano el planeta la planta el estanque la maceta la lluvia el arco iris el ro la roca la raz la rosa la arena

el valle la vista el agua water (f) fresh el agua water dulce el agua salt water salada watering la can regadera la waterfall cascada wave la ola weather west wind world el tiempo el oeste el viento el mundo

59. TO SAY & TO GO OUT

decir - to say digo decimos dices decs salir - to go out salgo salimos sales sals

dice

dicen

sale

salen

60. PARA VS. POR & PERO VS. SINO

Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive - though this is not used in all dialects of Spanish.) La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha. Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn. Lo tendr para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday. Juan est para salir. John is about to leave. (not used in all dialects) Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of. por el pueblo through the town por la maana in the morning Pag un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book. Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound. Voy por tren. I'm going by train. Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice. Vot por Juanita. I voted for Juanita. Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes. La carta est por escribir. The letter is yet to be written. Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it. Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows. Bebe leche pero no bebe caf. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee. Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated. No bebe caf sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.

61. OBJECT PRONOUNS

Subject yo t l ella Usted nosotros (as) vosotros (as) Ustedes ellos (as) Indirect I me me me to me you te you te to you he/it lo him/it le to him/it she/it la her/it le to her/it you la you le to you we us nos nos to us you os you os to you you los, las you les to you they los them les to them Direct Object of Prepositions me m you ti him/it l her/it ella you Usted us nosotros (as) you vosotros (as) you Ustedes them ellos (as)

1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund. Then it is attached to the verb as one word. Dme Ud. el libro. Give me the book. 2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both pronouns begin with the letterl, then the first one is changed to se. 3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word. 4. For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition may be used. Nos envi a Ud. He sent us to you. 5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).

62. PARTS OF THE BODY

ankle arm artery back el tobillo el brazo la arteria la espalda fever finger fist flesh la fiebre el dedo el puo la carne pain nose palm pulse el dolor la nariz la palma el pulso

beard belly bladder blood body bone brain breast breath calf cheek chest chin coccyx cold complexion cough disease ear elbow eye eyebrow eyelid face

la barba el vientre la vejiga la sangre el cuerpo el hueso el cerebro el seno el aliento la pantorrilla la mejilla el pecho la barba / la barbilla el coxis el resfriado la tez la tos la enfermedad la oreja el codo el ojo la ceja el prpado la cara

foot forehead gum hair hand head health heart heel hip intestine jaw kidney knee leg lip liver lung moustache mouth muscle nail neck nerve

el pie la frente la enca el cabello / el pelo la mano la cabeza la salud

rib la costilla shin la espinilla shoulder el hombro skeleton el esqueleto skin skull sole

la piel el crneo la planta la espina el corazn spine dorsal el taln stomach el estmago la cadera tear la lgrima el intestino temple la sien la quijada thigh el muslo el rin la rodilla la pierna el labio el hgado el pulmn el bigote la boca el msculo la ua el cuello el nervio throat thumb toe tongue tooth vein wound waist wrist la garganta el pulgar el dedo del pie la lengua el diente la vena le herida la cintura la mueca

To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part. Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts. Le duelen los pies. His feet hurt.

63. ASKING QUESTIONS

Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence. Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence. Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement. These translate to many phrases in English, such as Isn't it? Aren't you? Don't you? Didn't he? Isn't she? etc.

64. TO GIVE AND TO BRING

dar - to give doy das da damos dais dan traer - to bring traigo traes trae traemos trais traen

65. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something already mentioned (the antecedent.) This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Que and quienare the most commonly used relative pronouns. Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it refers to things only. El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien. These pronouns are used for clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions. La casa en que vivo es pequea. The house in which I live is small. He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive. I visited the city near which he lives. Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause. When used with a preposition, it means whom. Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one who, those who, etc. Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence. Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, which is always the word that follows it.

66. DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS

Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb. They are the pronouns which follow prepositions, or show emphasis. m ti l ella Usted nosotros (-as) vosotros (-as) ellos ellas Ustedes

Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it. S can mean yourself, himself, herself, yourselves or themselves. When con combines with m, ti or s, the words become conmigo, contigo and consigo. For clearness, the forms ofmismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these pronouns.

67. TO HEAR, TO SMELL AND TO SEE

or - to hear oigo oyes oye omos os oyen oler - to smell huelo hueles huele olemos olis huelen ver - to see veo ves ve vemos veis ven

68. ANIMALS
animal ant antelope antenna antler badger bat beak bear bee beetle bird el animal la hormiga el antlope la antena el asta el tejn el murcilago el pico el oso la abeja el escarabajo el pjaro lark lion lizard lobster (spiny) louse mackerel mole monkey mosquito moth mouse mule la alomdra el len el lagarto la langosta el piojo el escombro el topo el mono el mosquito la polilla el ratn el mulo

blackbird bull butterfly calf carp cat caterpillar cheetah chicken chimpanzee claw cockroach cod cocoon cow crab crayfish crocodile crow deer dog donkey dragonfly duck eagle eel egg elephant feather fin fish

el mirlo el toro la mariposa el ternero la carpa el gato la oruga el guepardo el pollo el chimpanc la zarpa la cucaracha el bacalao el capullo la vaca el cangrejo el cangrejo el cocodrilo el cuervo el ciervo el perro el burro la liblula el pato el guila (f) el anguila el huevo el elefante la pluma la aleta el pez

mussel nest nightingale octopus ostrich owl ox oyster parrot partridge paw penguin pig pigeon pike pony rabbit raccoon rat rooster salmon scale scorpion sea gull seahorse seal shark sheep shrimp skin slug

la almeja el nido el ruiseor el pulpo el avestruz el buho el buey la ostra el loro la perdiz la pata el pingino el cerdo el pichn el sollo el potro el conejo el mapache la rata el gallo el salmn la escama el escorpin la gaviota el caballito de mar la foca el tiburn la oveja la gamba la piel la babosa

flea fly fox frog fur gill giraffe goat goose gorilla grasshopper hamster hare hedgehog hen heron herring hoof horn horse hummingbird iguana insect jellyfish kitten ladybug lamb

la pulga la mosca el zorro la rana el pelo la branquia la jirafa la cabra el ganso el gorila el saltamontes la marmota la liebre el erizo la gallina la garza el arenque la pezua el cuerno el caballo el colibri la iguana el insecto la medusa el gatito la catarina el cordero

snail snake sole sparrow spider squid squirrel starfish stork swallow swan tadpole tail tiger toad trout tuna turkey turtle wasp weasel whale wing wolf worm zebra

el caracol la serpiente / la culebra el lenguado el gorrin la araa el calamar la ardilla la estrella de mar la cigea la golondrina el cisne el renacuajo la cola el tigre el sapo la trucha el atn el pavo la tortuga la avispa la comadreja la ballena el ala (f) el lobo el gusano la cebra

69. SUFFIXES

Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Unaccented vowels should be dropped before adding the suffixes. The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a). They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity. The ending -ero (a) indicates the maker or dealer in charge of something. To indicate where something is made or sold, add era. When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns. When -dor is added to a verb (minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.

70. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Start with the first person singular yo conjugation in the present indicative tense, remove the final -o and add these endings: Present Subjunctive -ar verbs -er and -ir -e -es -e -a emos -as -is -a -en amos -is -an

(Notice that -ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a) Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I) Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive: mentir in present subjunctive mienta mintamos mientas mintis mienta mientan The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:

Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive all verbs -a - amos as -ais -a -an An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is hablramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera mi padre. It's as if he were my father. The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Present perfect subjunctive haya hayamos hayas hayis + past participle haya hayan Past perfect subjunctive hubiera hubiramos hubieras hubierais + past participle hubiera hubieran

You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.

71. IRREGULAR SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Many verbs are considered irregular in the present subjunctive mood. However, only six verbs (marked in grey below) do not follow the pattern described above when starting with the yo conjugation of the indicative. Nevertheless, these verbs are still somewhat easy to remember even if they don't follow the pattern because the imperative form will help you determine the stem to use for the subjunctive conjugation. d des dar - to give demos deis decir - to say/tell diga digamos digas digis estar - to be est estemos ests estis

den haber - to have haya hayamos hayas hayis haya hayan poder - to be able to pueda podamos puedas podis pueda puedan saber - to know sepa sepamos sepas sepis sepa sepan tener - to have tenga tengamos tengas tengis tenga tengan

diga digan hacer - to do/make haga hagamos hagas hagis haga hagan poner - to put/place ponga pongamos pongas pongis ponga pongan salir - to go out salga salgamos salgas salgis salga salgan traer - to bring traiga traigamos traigas traigis traiga traigan

est

estn ir - to go vaya vayamos vayas vayis vaya vayan querer - to want quiera queramos quieras queris quiera quieran ser - to be sea seamos seas seis sea sean venir - to come venga vengamos vengas vengis venga vengan

Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well: dar - to give diera diramos dieras dierais diera dieran haber - to have hubiera hubiramos hubieras hubierais hubiera hubieran poder - to be able to pudiera pudiramos pudieras pudierais pudiera pudieran saber - to know supiera supiramos supieras supierais supiera supieran traer - to bring decir - to say/tell dijera dijramos dijeras dijerais dijera dijeran hacer - to do/make hiciera hiciramos hicieras hicierais hiciera hicieran poner - to put/place pusiera pusiramos pusieras pusierais pusiera pusieran ser - to be fuera furamos fueras fuerais fuera fueran venir - to come estar - to be estuviera estuviramos estuvieras estuvierais estuviera estuvieran ir - to go fuera furamos fueras fuerais fuera fueran querer - to want quisiera quisiramos quisieras quisierais quisiera quisieran tener - to have tuviera tuviramos tuvieras tuvierais tuviera tuvieran

trajera trajramos trajeras trajerais trajera trajeran

viniera viniramos vinieras vinierais viniera vinieran

72. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb): 1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject) 2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something. 3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a change of subject. 4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizs, tal vez andacaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt. 5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb. 6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite 7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before) 8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied. 9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal! 10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor ir a Espaa. When I'm older, I will go to Spain. In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the ifclause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)

73. ADVERBS

Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much). Adjective correcto fcil claro absoluto rpido Adverb correctamente fcilmente claramente absolutamente rpidamente correctly easily clearly absolutely rapidly

Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo ms + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated: as ... as ... lo bien que how well lo ms pronto posible as soon as possible

74. PASSIVE VOICE

In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence. Active El viento destruye la casa. La casa fue destruida por el Passive viento. Cuando la vi, la casa estaba Predicate Adjective destruida. The wind destroys the house. The house was destroyed by the wind. When I saw it, the house was destroyed.

El nio fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father. Rosa es amada por todos. Rose is loved by everyone.

75. USES OF THE INFINITIVE

The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or or. El correr es un buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise. Parti sin hablar. He left without speaking. Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.

76. SHOPPING department store shopping mall belt glasses gloves sunglasses

el almacn el centro comercial el cinturn las gafas los guantes los lentes de sol

shop/store (open-air) market (fixed) price sale to bargain to spend money

la tienda el mercado (al aire libre) el precio (fijo) la rebaja regatear gastar

77. POST OFFICE AND BANK

post office envelope mailbox mail carrier stamps package el correo el sobre el buzn el cartero las estampillas el paquete bank (traveler's) check to cash (a check) to save (money) to deposit account el banco el cheque (de viajero) cobrar ahorrar depositar la cuenta

78. CONDITIONAL TENSE

The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.

To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense. -a -as -a -amos -ais -an

79. INFINITIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS

The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English. Verb + a + another infinitive acostumbrarse to become used to aprender to learn to atreverse to dare to ayudar to help comenzar to begin to convidar to invite to decidirse to decide to dedicarse to devote oneself to empezar to begin to ensear to teach to invitar to invite ir to go to negarse to refuse to persuadir to persuade to principiar to begin to rehusar to refuse to resignarse to resign oneself to resistirse to resist resolverse to resolve to venir to come to volver to return to Verb + en + another infinitive consentir to consent to consistir to consist divertirse to amuse oneself empearse to insist on Verb + de + another infinitive acabar to have just acordarse to remember alegrarse to be glad to aprovecharse to profit by arrepentirse to repent cansarse to tire of cesar to cease dejar to cease encargarse to take charge of gozar to take pleasure in jactarse to boast of olvidarse to forget to tratar to try to

Verb + con + another infinitive contar to count on contentarse to content oneself with soar to dream of

esforzarse insistir ocuparse pensar persistir tardar

to endeavor to to insist on to busy oneself to think of to persist in to delay in

80. OFFICE / SCHOOL SUPPLIES

pencil eraser pen ink paper letter notebook book el lpiz la goma la pluma la tinta el papel la carta el cuaderno el libro dictionary tape (audio) map newspaper novel backpack stapler scissors el diccionario la cinta el mapa el peridico la novela la mochila la grapadora unas tijeras

81. PARTS OF A CAR & GAS STATION

car garage tank gasoline oil air grease tire spare tire wheel steering wheel brake speed slow danger stop go el coche el garage el tanque la gasolina el aceite el aire la grasa la llanta llanta picada la rueda el volante el freno la velocidad despacio peligro alto siga, adelante

service station

la estacin de servicio

82. TRAVELLING & VACATION

passport el pasaporte airport customs la aduana parking lot arrival la llegada bus stop departure la salida traffic jam (roundel pasaje (de ida y vuelta) map trip) ticket luggage el equipaje countryside single/double la mountain room habitacin individual/doble train (bus) la estacin de tren (de beach station autobuses) subway la estacin de metro paths to take a trip hacer un viaje vacation to go on ir de vacaciones to drive vacation to pack hacer las maletas to visit to travel viajar to walk to fly volar to get lost el aeropuerto el aparcamiento la parada los atascos el mapa el campo la montaa la playa los caminos las vacaciones conducir visitar pasearse perderse

83. COSMETICS / TOILETRIES

shampoo soap makeup el champ el jabn el maquillaje brush comb toothpaste toothbrush towel electric razor el cepillo el peine la pasta de dientes el cepillo de dientes la toalla la maquinilla de afeitar

shaving cream la crema de afeitar lotion la locin el esmalte para las nail polish uas

84. OTHER PERFECT TENSES

Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle. The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as as que, luego que, tan pronto como(as soon as); cuando (when); despus (de) que (after); and hasta que (until). The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present. The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.

85. DURATIONS OF TIME Ago : hace + a period of time Se fue hace quince das. He left fifteen days ago. Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in Spanish, present perfect orpresent perfect continuous in English) No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven't come to see me for a month. In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen) Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.

86. TELEPHONE Hello Diga telephone book la gua telefnica las pginas yellow pages amarillas to transfer someone poner con alguien to call telefonear

Hello (reply) Oiga This is... phone card Soy... una tarjeta telefnica

phone booth una cabina call una llamada el timbre del ringtone telfono dialtone wrong number busy signal

to pick up to hang up to leave a message

descolgar colgar dejar un recado hablar por los codos marcar un nmero

el tono de marcar to be very talkative un nmero equivocado la seal de ocupado to dial a number

87. EXCLAMATIONS Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qu, cunto, and cmo. Qu can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or ms are also used with the adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. Qu mujer!What a woman! Qu familia tan unida! What a united family! Cunto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows. It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que can replace cunto when a verb follows. Cunta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of food! Cunto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot! Cmo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb. Cmo baila! How he dances! / He dances well! 88. COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS group of friends friend teacher middle school guy/girl

la pandilla el colega / el socio el profe el cole un(a) chaval(a)

qu pasada! qu rollo! chulo! chula! ser un lince llevarse un chasco

that's awesome! it's boring! great! to be very clever to be

disappointed un to un ligue un empolln un cabeza de chorlito un cabeza cuadrada un cara de mala leche guy flirt hard-worker scatterbrain stubborn mean look/face estar hasta la gorra ligar estar hecho papilla to be fed up to flirt to be sad

estar hecho polvo to be tired estar mal del coco to be crazy estar harto to be fed up

89. ASPECTS OF ACTION To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme. I'm going to go to bed. To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para + infinitive. El avin est para aterrizar. The plane is about to land. To express an action that repeats: volver a + infinitive. Vuelve a escribir su nombre. You write your name again. To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just arrived.

90. VERBS OF FEELINGS Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object + verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object. gustar to like dar asco to hate

apetecer encantar dar ganas

to feel like to adore to feel like

dar miedo dar lstima doler

to scare to trouble to hurt

Te apetece salir. You feel like going out. Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt. Les da miedo la pelcula. The film scares them. You can also add a m, a ti, a l, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis. A m me gusta el ftbol. Me, I like soccer.