The 19th and 20th centuries of the Ottoman Empire were centuries of crisis. The intellectuals liv... more The 19th and 20th centuries of the Ottoman Empire were centuries of crisis. The intellectuals living in the period of depression were naturally interested in how the state could be saved and endeavoured to find solutions to the dire state of affairs. Tüccarzade İbrahim Hilmi, one of the first Turkish publishers of Bâbıâli hill, was one of the intellectuals who sought solutions to the dire state of affairs in this period. İbrahim Hilmi, who dealt with state and national issues in his published works, tried to find the answer to why the state was lagging behind Europe. He also endeavored to raise awareness and enlighten the public with these works. İbrahim Hilmi, who thought that the way out of the crisis would be possible through education, paid special attention to printing textbooks in his publishing house. Similarly, he published religious books to enlighten the public on spiritual matters. İbrahim Hilmi was a publisher close to the idea of Turkism because he chose a nationalist path in the publishing field, but also close to Westernism because of his modernist attitude and views on the West. Like many politicians, he was caught between the East and the West. He favoured taking the civilization and technique of the West and avoiding its other characteristics. In contrast, İbrahim Hilmi, who published over 1,000 books on almost every subject between 1896 and 1963, was a modernist and “çığıraçan/groundbreaking” publisher with an important place in Turkish education.
This study focuses on three reports from Henry Hunter Calvert, who worked at the British Consulat... more This study focuses on three reports from Henry Hunter Calvert, who worked at the British Consulate in Erzurum between 1837 and 1855. It also contains information on Erzurum’s administrative, economic, social, and geographical situation. The first report is quite detailed and dated April 30, 1847. This report is not printed but is kept in the British Archives. The second report was published in the Malta Penny Magazine in January 1841. The third report was published on October 17, 1867, on page 115 of the Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society and was about the climate of Erzurum. Based on these three reports, this study presents Erzurum’s administrative, economic, social and geographical situation in the mid-19th century. The recovery process of Erzurum, which was severely damaged by the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829, epidemics and natural disasters, is revealed with the acceleration of commercial activities when the reports were prepared. This study, which provides clues about the administrative, economic and social situation of Erzurum in the 1840s, provides historical data for those interested in the geography of the region.
In Erzurum, where agricultural activities are intensively practiced in today's Türkiye, these act... more In Erzurum, where agricultural activities are intensively practiced in today's Türkiye, these activities had an essential place in the past. This study examines five reports on the agricultural history of Erzurum by Henry Hunter Calvert, who worked at the British Consulate in Erzurum between 1837 and 1855. The first report is quite detailed and dated April 30, 1847. This report is not printed but is kept in the British Archives. The second report was published in the Malta Penny Magazine in January 1841. The third report was published on October 17, 1867, on page 115 of the Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society and was about the climate of Erzurum. The fourth report was published in 1855 in Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, pages 252-255, on the herbal products in Erzurum. The fifth and last report is about an endemic plant that he detected in Erzurum on pages 168-169 of the first volume of Paxton's Flower Gardens, prepared by John Lindley and Joseph Pantox. Based on these reports, the study provides information about Erzurum's agricultural life in the 1850s. In this way, the farm history of Erzurum was analyzed in terms of the relevant years. Based on the reports, the methods of farming activities in Erzurum are analyzed. The study provides information on the Erzurum Plain, the climate of Erzurum, and the vegetables and various plants grown there. Calvert's reports also contain valuable information on the agricultural units of measurement used in Erzurum, livestock products, village life, and the construction of vehicles. Calvert was a vital plant collector; in fact, the number of plant specimens he alone collected from Erzurum and its environs is over 1,350. Eighteen of these specimens, dated between 1853 and 1859, were collected and introduced by Calvert. In this study, a specimen unique to Erzurum among the plants collected by Calvert is presented.
Kırkdeğirmenler Stream, which starts from the Boğaz region of the Palandöken Mountains, has an es... more Kırkdeğirmenler Stream, which starts from the Boğaz region of the Palandöken Mountains, has an essential place in the history of Erzurum. This water takes its name from the forty mills located on it. Throughout history, it has influenced Erzurum economically, socially, and strategically. The mills on this water played a severe role in meeting the flour needs of Erzurum, which was a substantial army and command center. The mills continued to exist until the mid-twentieth century. Kırkdeğirmenler Stream became a place where people and city dignitaries spent time in the summer and camped in tents. For this reason, it has been the subject of stories and legends in the eyes of the people. Above all, Kırkdeğirmenler Stream has been a vital source of drinking water for the city. In this study, the impact of Kırkdeğirmenler Stream on Erzurum's social and economic history will be analyzed within the framework of archival documents, travelogues, and compiled information.
The Adalar came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Istanbul by Sultan Meh... more The Adalar came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Istanbul by Sultan Mehmed II on May 29, 1453. Büyükada, Kınalıada, Burgazada and Heybeliada are the parts that make up the Islands. These places, which kept their calm until the 19th century, got their share of the rapid change and transformation experienced in the same century. Losing its calm structure, especially with the acceleration of transportation, Adalar was separated from Izmid Sanjak in 1866 and connected to Istanbul. Then, with the application of the 1864 Provincial Regulation to the region, Adalar made one of the seven districts of the Istanbul liva of the Istanbul province as of August 1868 and was governed by the district governors from this date on. The increase in security measures, in parallel with the increase in density, caused changes in the administrative structure of Adalar. As a matter of fact, with the irade-i seniyye of Sultan Abdulhamid II on 7 August 1907, the Adalar district was converted from a district to a governorship, that is, to a sanjak, because its population increased. Mehmed Emin Pasha, who left the governorship of Denizli Sanjak, which Sultan Abdulhamid II chose among four names, was appointed as the governor of Adalar. However, this new arrangement did not last long. When the Adalar was turned into a district again shortly after the re-declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, Emin Pasha's governorship also ended. In this study, 26 district governors who governed the district of Adalar from 1875, the year of the establishment of the district governorship of Adalar, until the proclamation of the Republic are examined. Sicill-i Ahval registry files of 24 of these district governors were reached, and based on this, the education life of the district governors and the qualifications they had when they took office was evaluated. The primary source in the study is the registry books in the Presidency Ottoman Archives and the various documents containing the correspondence about the Adalar.
Shortly after Sultan Abdulhamid II ascended the throne, he requested reports from the subject’s i... more Shortly after Sultan Abdulhamid II ascended the throne, he requested reports from the subject’s interlocutors to identify the country’s problems more quickly. In time, it became a tradition to prepare reports. Many people presented a plea to the Yıldız Palace, even though they were not in charge of this task, in order to be recognized by the Sultan, to be in closer contact with the palace, to prove that he was a loyal servant, and of course, to convey the problems he saw to the Sultan. In this study, a report prepared by Mustafa Lütfi Efendi, who worked at various government levels, and presented to Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1902, was transliterated. The content of the petition was written on 67 separate issues. The author numbered the beginning of each new topic from 1 to 67. The first of these issues concerns the height of the lecterns dedicated to mosques, masjids, and libraries. Others are the unwitting disrespect to the Quran; the picture plates hung on the walls on the mihrab side of the mosques, the practices of the bakers from Bulgarian, Greek, and Armenian nationalities in Istanbul, the restaurants serving Muslims preparing food without paying attention to halal haram, the Hijaz. Additional sources of income for the railway were related to the visiting manners of foreigners and the search for new sources of income for the treasury. This petition, which contains crucial information about mosques, masjids, and bakeries in Istanbul, gives essential details regarding understanding the period's social structure, economic understanding and mental world.
During the reign of Abdulhamid II, Yıldız Palace became the decision centre of the state, and Pal... more During the reign of Abdulhamid II, Yıldız Palace became the decision centre of the state, and Palace came to the fore. During this period, all the affairs between the external world and the Palace were administered through the Mabeyn-i Hümayun Başkitabeti. Tahsin Pasha was appointed as the First Secretary of Mabeyn-i Hümayun, which was such an important office, by Abdulhamid in 1894. Pasha, who continued this duty until 1908, was arrested after the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy and was imprisoned in the Bekirağa Troop. He was transferred to Büyükada on September 3, 1908, where he was kept under surveillance. After the March 31 Incident, his property was confiscated with the decision of the Meclis-i Vükela on May 28, 1909; his rank, insignia and medals were cancelled, he was deprived of his retirement right and exiled to Chios. When the danger of the Greek invasion of the island arose, Pasha was sent to Izmir on May 27, 1912. On February 11, 1913, he was allowed to return to Istanbul after the general amnesty for political criminals was issued. From this date until 1933, he continued his life in a state of poverty in Istanbul, constantly looking for debt. He also lost his last remaining properties on these dates. Since 1930, he published his memoirs in the journal of Milliyet in serial form. Tahsin Pasha, who completed his life loyally to Abdulhamid II, passed away on January 22, 1933, in his mansion in Erenkoy. His funeral was buried in the family cemetery in Eyup, Istanbul. In this study, the place and role of Tahsin Pasha in the administrative system of Sultan Abdulhamid as the first secretary of the Mabeyn, about which no academic study has been done so far, will be examined. At the same time, the life of a statesman who continued his loyalty to Sultan Abdulhamid after the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy until his death will be revealed.
In this study, it was aimed to examine the derbent and menzil organizations established in the 16... more In this study, it was aimed to examine the derbent and menzil organizations established in the 16th century in Belen, which is the only gateway connecting Adana, Payas, Arsuz and İskenderun to Hatay and therefore Syria. At the same time, to support this structure, it is aimed to examine the continuum of the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent waqf, which was established in Belen, from its establishment to the end of the Ottoman Empire, in a holistic way. After the disappearance of the menzil and derbent characteristics, it was determined what kind of transformation the foundation institutions experienced here. While the study was being prepared, the registry and various documents in the Ottoman Archives in various classifications were used. By strengthening the waqf-derbent-menzil organization, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in securing the Damascus and hajj road for a long time. However, the deterioration of the central authority in the 19th century and the emergence of influential families in the region in parallel with this, followed by the dominance of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha, disrupted the derbent-menzil organization. The disappearance of the waqf records during this process paved the way for foundations to not function properly and to change their nature. Finally, in the 19th century, the organization was abolished, and the foundation works here were used for different purposes. Despite all this, Belen has maintained its strategic importance until today.
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2021
Until the 19th century, there was no waqf in Iskenderun (Alexandretta),
which could not be fully,... more Until the 19th century, there was no waqf in Iskenderun (Alexandretta), which could not be fully, urbanized, according to our findings. Evliya Celebi, who came to Iskenderun in the 17th century, astonished that there were no mosques and baths here, but rather mentions that there are taverns serving European merchants. However, Alexandretta started to grow significantly in the 19th century. This situation increased the need for foundation institutions in the region in parallel with the increase in the population. As far as we can determine from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic, 20 waqfs were established in Alexandretta. While some of these waqfs were established during the Ottoman Empire, some were established during the French occupation. Three of the ones founded in the Ottoman period are mosques, one is madrasa and one is a tekke waqf. Other waqfs established under Ottoman rule were devoted to charitable works such as serving the poor rather than reviving any institution. The waqfs established during the French invasion were waqfs that spent more on charities such as food distribution. Three of the waqfs established during this period were established as Alawi waqfs. The vast majority of waqfs after you join the Republic of Turkey‘s Hatay on June 23, 1939 began to be governed by the Directorate General of Foundations.
In the Ottoman-Russian War in 1877-1878 (Russo-Turkish War, also called 93 Harbi
in Turkish), aro... more In the Ottoman-Russian War in 1877-1878 (Russo-Turkish War, also called 93 Harbi in Turkish), around 40.000 Ottoman soldiers were taken prisoners after the Russians captured Pleven on 10 December 1877. About 30.000 of these prisoners were taken to Russia under severe winter conditions. The remaining 10.000 prisoners were left in Romania, which entered the war in alliance with the Russians against the Ottoman Empire. In this study, the sad story of the soldiers who were taken as prisoners to Bucharest after being captured in Pleven is told. This study depicts the conditions of the prisoners who were sent to Bucharest and how they continued to live on in exile. This study, which is rather human-centered than political history, portrays the consequences of the war and sufferings caused by the war from the eyes of the exiled soldiers. Romania, which takes sides with Russia in the war against the Ottoman Empire, gained its independence with the Berlin Treaty. But Romania lost Bessarabia to Russia. For this reason, the Romanian government, which remained distant to the Russians after the war, began to cooperate with the Ottoman Empire and against the common enemy. During this period, the Romanian authorities treated Turkish prisoners as well as possible. After all, the Ottoman Empire and Romania signed a prisoner exchange agreement. This agreement was vital for the recognition of the Romanian State. After the first diplomatic contacts were settled, the relations between Romania and the Ottoman Empire gained momentum, and diplomatic representatives were established mutually. As a result, this set a political environment that is based on mutual respect and trust between the two sides. Romania gave importance to international recognition, especially by the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans thought that the newly established state could build a barrier against the Russians.
From the first half of the nineteenth century the Ottoman State made some reforms to modernize th... more From the first half of the nineteenth century the Ottoman State made some reforms to modernize the state and to restore the lost authority. These reforms aimed to prevent the dissolution of the state by providing equality and justice among the subjects. This situation continued during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid with the declaration of Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayun. The state wanted to break out of the strength of the fortresses and increase the central authority, thereby bringing out all the intermediaries who entered the state. At the same time, he wanted to show that he did not distinguish between military reform and the subject. However, these reforms have caused rebellion against the state in many places, which have traditionally ruled and tribal life. The Ottoman Empire was trying to control the rebellion areas as well as to collect taxes, to buy troops and to come from the top of other issues. One of the places where these problems are experienced is Akçadağ, a district of Malatya. Akçadağ was first referred to the Malatya Sanjag of the Mamuretlaziz Province of Harput Province during the period studied. Serious problems were experienced when entering the reforms to control the region. These problems, which are economically and socially based, have become a sectarian issue over time. As a result, the incident that started in the village of Dümüklü of Akçadağ in January of 1896 due to the tax issue, grew and became a religious feature. One officer, one soldier and one hundred and eight civilian lost their lives in the case of Akçadağ's Dümüklü village. After the events of the Ottoman government were calmed down, the rulers, especially the local administrators, went on. Some of them were dismissed from their posts and sent to court. However, Ahmad Shakir Pasha, the Rehabilitation Inspector of the Anatolian Commonwealth of Provinces, demanded from the central government to stop the proceedings against the Alawis and the judiciary to prevent further growth of the incident. In response to this request, the subject was completely closed in 1898. In this study, the event that originated in 1896 in Akçadağ's Dümüklü Village and originated in taxation and turned into an Alevî uprising over time was examined based on archival sources. In addition, the Ottoman State's view towards Alawis, its attitudes during and after the events were examined in the frame of this event.
Reports were prepared according to the order given by Sultan Abdulhamid II on the issue of prepar... more Reports were prepared according to the order given by Sultan Abdulhamid II on the issue of preparing historical textbooks which are appropriate to be used at schools. In this study two of the reports which were presented to the Sultan on this issue were analysed. These two reports contained important information about how these historical textbook should have been. In both of the reports it was suggested that the history books should be prepared in two forms; one for the high-schools and the other for the junior high-schools. The one used in the junior high school should have been a summary while the other one was advised to be more detailed. According to those who prepared the reports first the history book for the high schools should have been prepared then the summary of this book should be made for the junior high schools. In addition; these books should have not contained exaggerated stories or tales but rather they should have included information to gain historical reasoning power. In both reports the general history of Islam was launched as the introduction to the subject. Then they moved on the Seljuk and on the Ottoman history. The Ottoman history was divided into centuries.
19. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'ni uğraştıran meselelerden biri, hiç şüphesiz eşkıya hadiseleridir. ... more 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'ni uğraştıran meselelerden biri, hiç şüphesiz eşkıya hadiseleridir. Buna bağlı olarak bozulan aşayişin tekrar temin edil-mesi, halkın güvenliğinin sağlanması ülkenin geleceği açısından oldukça ehemmiyet arzetmektedir. Bu mesele üzerine tecrübe sahibi olan bir bürok-rat, asayişin niçin bozulduğuna ve eşkıya hadiselerinin nasıl engelleneceğine dair görüşlerini, Sultan II. Abdülhamid'e rapor olarak sunmuştur. Rapo-runda bu sorunların; polis, jandarma, adliye personeli ve yargıçların kimi zaman umursamazlığı, kimi zaman da yeteri düzeyde eğitim almamış ol-maları, yetişme tarzları ve aldıkları ücretlerin az oluşundan kaynaklandığını ileri sürmüştür. Yazar ardından, eksikliklerin bertaraf edilmesi için alınması gereken tedbirleri ifade etmiştir. (It is undeniable that, in 19th century, one of the most challenging subjects that Ottoman State was busy with was brigandage. Thus, reconstructing public order and providing citizens with security was so important for Ottoman State's future. Given the significance of the situation, one of the most experienced bureaucrats of the Empire prepared a report on how to)
2 Mart 1893'te yaşanan Malatya depremi 885 insanın hayatını kaybetmesine, on bine yakın büyük ve ... more 2 Mart 1893'te yaşanan Malatya depremi 885 insanın hayatını kaybetmesine, on bine yakın büyük ve küçük baş hayvanın telef olmasına, binlerce hanenin yıkılmasına ve bu hanelerde ikamet eden on binlerce insanın evsiz kalmasına neden olmuştur. Depremden sonra bir yıl süre ile devam eden 55'in üzerindeki artçı deprem, hayatta kalan insanları korku ve endişe içerisinde bırakmıştır. Bu deprem Malatya tarihinde, kayıtlara geçen depremler arasında en büyüğüdür. Deprem, Malatya ile birlikte buraya tâbi Besni, Hısnımansur (Adıyaman), Akçadağ, Kâhta kazalarıyla Hekimhan nahiyesini içine alan 220 km uzunluğunda 120 km genişliğinde bir sahayı etkisi altına almıştı. Ayrıca Sivas, Keban ve Halep'i içine alacak bir sahada da paniğe neden olacak kadar hissedilmişti. Depremin olduğu yıllarda, sadece afet yönetimi ile ilgilenen bir kurumu bulunmayan Osmanlı Devleti, depremzedelerin acil ihtiyaçlarını gidermek için çeşitli yollardan girişimlerde bulunmuştu. Devlet, ülkedeki birlik duygusunu güçlendirme açısından önemli gördüğü yardımlaşma öğesini, bu depremde tertip ettiği kampanya aracılığıyla devreye sokmuştu. Devletin organize ettiği bu kampanya, bir takım dedikodular dışında genel manada başarılı olmuştu. The earthquake which happened in 2nd of March, 1893 in Malatya caused to 885 people to lost their lives, almost ten thousands of small cattles and bovines were perished, thousands of houses were demolished and it also caused to let people homeless in these houses. After the earthquake, for a year, the 55 aftershocks made people scared and anxiety to whom they had survived. This earthquake was the biggest one among recorded earthquakes in Malatya. The earthquake also influenced the 120 km width, 220 km length area that included the Besni, Hisnimansur (Adiyaman), Akcadag, Kahta and Hekimhan. Besides, it was felt in the area of Sivas, Keban and Aleppo, it also caused panic. In the years of the earthquake, the Ottoman Empire didn't have an institution about disaster management, but also it attempted to resolve urgent needs of the victims of the earthquake. The government gave importance to the assistance item to strength a sense of unity, and also it arranged this campaign to deploy in this earthquake. The campaign which was held by the government had been successful except some rumours.
Özet Osmanlı Devleti, Tanzimat Fermanı ile başlayan süreçte her alanda olduğu gibi eğitim-öğretim... more Özet Osmanlı Devleti, Tanzimat Fermanı ile başlayan süreçte her alanda olduğu gibi eğitim-öğretim alanında da bir takım düzenlemeler yaparak yeniden yapılanma yoluna girmiştir. Geleneksel eğitim kurumlarından modern eğitim kurumlarına geçildiği ama aynı zamanda geleneksel eğitim kurumlarının da varlığını sürdürdüğü bu dönemde, bu değişim ve ikilemin 1850-1923 yılları arasında taşraya yansımalarının nasıl olduğu, Trabzon vilayetine tâbi Gümüşhane sancağı üzerinden ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Küçük bir Anadolu kasabası olan Gümüşhane'deki Müslüman ve gayrimüslim okulları, öğretmenler, öğrenci sayısı, okutulan derslerden yola çıkılarak eğitim-öğretimin yapısı, Cumhuriyet'e yansımaları ve intikali hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Bunun yanında günümüze tecrübe olması bakımından eğitim-öğretim alanında yaşanan zorluk ve sıkıntılar da ifade edilmiştir.
Öz 1516 yılında Osmanlı Devleti'nin hakimiyetine giren Belen, 19. yüzyıla kadar Halep'e bağlı kal... more Öz 1516 yılında Osmanlı Devleti'nin hakimiyetine giren Belen, 19. yüzyıla kadar Halep'e bağlı kalmıştır. Belen, Halep'in doğal limanı olan İskenderun'u art bölgesine bağlayan bir geçit olması münasebetiyle daha çok Halep'i ilgilendiren bir muhitti. Buna rağmen, 1815 yılında yapılan değişiklikle Adana eyaletine bağlanan bu yer, bölgedeki eşkıya olaylarının ve şikâyetlerin artması üzerine, 1857 yılında tekrar Halep eyaletine bağlanarak sancak merkezi şeklinde teşkilatlandırılmıştır. Belen, vilayet nizamnamesi 26 Şubat 1866 tarihinde Halep'e tatbik edildiği zaman, Halep'in Payas sancağına tabi bir kazaya dönüşmüştür. 1870 yılında Adana'nın vilayet olarak örgütlenmesi ve Payas'ın sancak olarak buraya bağlanması sonrasında da Halep vilayetinin, Halep sancağına bağlı kaza merkezi olmuştur. Abstract Belen which entered the rule of the Ottoman Empire during the 1516 remained attached to Aleppo until the 19 th century. Belen, on the occasion of being a passage connecting Iskenderun which was the natural harbour of the region to Aleppo and its art area was a neighbourhood more concerned by Aleppo. However, this place which was connected to the province of Adana through the amendment made in 1815 was recognized as a starboard center after being reconnected to Aleppo in 1857 due to the increased complaints and events related to the bandits. When the province regulation was applied to Aleppo on February 26, 1866, Belen was converted into a district subjected to the Payas starboard of Aleppo. In 1870 after organizing Adana as a province and connecting Payas to it as a starboard, the district center of Aleppo province was created in connection with the starboard of Aleppo.
In Şiran, as fas as we could determine, 5 monasteries and 23 mosque waqfs were founded during the... more In Şiran, as fas as we could determine, 5 monasteries and 23 mosque waqfs were founded during the Ottoman rule. Şiran was annexed to Ottoman territory in the 16th century and became one of the burghs of Sancak of Şarkî Karahisar within the province of Erzurum. It then gained town status in the 17th century. In this study, the purpose of establishing waqfs of dervish hospices and mosques and their fields of services were examined. In addition, information is given about the people at the service of these waqfs, the incomes and expenditures of the dervish hospices and mosque waqfs and the inheritance of these waqfs to the period of Turkish Republic. Thus, the role of these waqf institutions played in the Ottoman provinces was revealed in detail, with the aim of knowing the the social history of Şiran better.
The 19th and 20th centuries of the Ottoman Empire were centuries of crisis. The intellectuals liv... more The 19th and 20th centuries of the Ottoman Empire were centuries of crisis. The intellectuals living in the period of depression were naturally interested in how the state could be saved and endeavoured to find solutions to the dire state of affairs. Tüccarzade İbrahim Hilmi, one of the first Turkish publishers of Bâbıâli hill, was one of the intellectuals who sought solutions to the dire state of affairs in this period. İbrahim Hilmi, who dealt with state and national issues in his published works, tried to find the answer to why the state was lagging behind Europe. He also endeavored to raise awareness and enlighten the public with these works. İbrahim Hilmi, who thought that the way out of the crisis would be possible through education, paid special attention to printing textbooks in his publishing house. Similarly, he published religious books to enlighten the public on spiritual matters. İbrahim Hilmi was a publisher close to the idea of Turkism because he chose a nationalist path in the publishing field, but also close to Westernism because of his modernist attitude and views on the West. Like many politicians, he was caught between the East and the West. He favoured taking the civilization and technique of the West and avoiding its other characteristics. In contrast, İbrahim Hilmi, who published over 1,000 books on almost every subject between 1896 and 1963, was a modernist and “çığıraçan/groundbreaking” publisher with an important place in Turkish education.
This study focuses on three reports from Henry Hunter Calvert, who worked at the British Consulat... more This study focuses on three reports from Henry Hunter Calvert, who worked at the British Consulate in Erzurum between 1837 and 1855. It also contains information on Erzurum’s administrative, economic, social, and geographical situation. The first report is quite detailed and dated April 30, 1847. This report is not printed but is kept in the British Archives. The second report was published in the Malta Penny Magazine in January 1841. The third report was published on October 17, 1867, on page 115 of the Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society and was about the climate of Erzurum. Based on these three reports, this study presents Erzurum’s administrative, economic, social and geographical situation in the mid-19th century. The recovery process of Erzurum, which was severely damaged by the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829, epidemics and natural disasters, is revealed with the acceleration of commercial activities when the reports were prepared. This study, which provides clues about the administrative, economic and social situation of Erzurum in the 1840s, provides historical data for those interested in the geography of the region.
In Erzurum, where agricultural activities are intensively practiced in today's Türkiye, these act... more In Erzurum, where agricultural activities are intensively practiced in today's Türkiye, these activities had an essential place in the past. This study examines five reports on the agricultural history of Erzurum by Henry Hunter Calvert, who worked at the British Consulate in Erzurum between 1837 and 1855. The first report is quite detailed and dated April 30, 1847. This report is not printed but is kept in the British Archives. The second report was published in the Malta Penny Magazine in January 1841. The third report was published on October 17, 1867, on page 115 of the Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society and was about the climate of Erzurum. The fourth report was published in 1855 in Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, pages 252-255, on the herbal products in Erzurum. The fifth and last report is about an endemic plant that he detected in Erzurum on pages 168-169 of the first volume of Paxton's Flower Gardens, prepared by John Lindley and Joseph Pantox. Based on these reports, the study provides information about Erzurum's agricultural life in the 1850s. In this way, the farm history of Erzurum was analyzed in terms of the relevant years. Based on the reports, the methods of farming activities in Erzurum are analyzed. The study provides information on the Erzurum Plain, the climate of Erzurum, and the vegetables and various plants grown there. Calvert's reports also contain valuable information on the agricultural units of measurement used in Erzurum, livestock products, village life, and the construction of vehicles. Calvert was a vital plant collector; in fact, the number of plant specimens he alone collected from Erzurum and its environs is over 1,350. Eighteen of these specimens, dated between 1853 and 1859, were collected and introduced by Calvert. In this study, a specimen unique to Erzurum among the plants collected by Calvert is presented.
Kırkdeğirmenler Stream, which starts from the Boğaz region of the Palandöken Mountains, has an es... more Kırkdeğirmenler Stream, which starts from the Boğaz region of the Palandöken Mountains, has an essential place in the history of Erzurum. This water takes its name from the forty mills located on it. Throughout history, it has influenced Erzurum economically, socially, and strategically. The mills on this water played a severe role in meeting the flour needs of Erzurum, which was a substantial army and command center. The mills continued to exist until the mid-twentieth century. Kırkdeğirmenler Stream became a place where people and city dignitaries spent time in the summer and camped in tents. For this reason, it has been the subject of stories and legends in the eyes of the people. Above all, Kırkdeğirmenler Stream has been a vital source of drinking water for the city. In this study, the impact of Kırkdeğirmenler Stream on Erzurum's social and economic history will be analyzed within the framework of archival documents, travelogues, and compiled information.
The Adalar came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Istanbul by Sultan Meh... more The Adalar came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Istanbul by Sultan Mehmed II on May 29, 1453. Büyükada, Kınalıada, Burgazada and Heybeliada are the parts that make up the Islands. These places, which kept their calm until the 19th century, got their share of the rapid change and transformation experienced in the same century. Losing its calm structure, especially with the acceleration of transportation, Adalar was separated from Izmid Sanjak in 1866 and connected to Istanbul. Then, with the application of the 1864 Provincial Regulation to the region, Adalar made one of the seven districts of the Istanbul liva of the Istanbul province as of August 1868 and was governed by the district governors from this date on. The increase in security measures, in parallel with the increase in density, caused changes in the administrative structure of Adalar. As a matter of fact, with the irade-i seniyye of Sultan Abdulhamid II on 7 August 1907, the Adalar district was converted from a district to a governorship, that is, to a sanjak, because its population increased. Mehmed Emin Pasha, who left the governorship of Denizli Sanjak, which Sultan Abdulhamid II chose among four names, was appointed as the governor of Adalar. However, this new arrangement did not last long. When the Adalar was turned into a district again shortly after the re-declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, Emin Pasha's governorship also ended. In this study, 26 district governors who governed the district of Adalar from 1875, the year of the establishment of the district governorship of Adalar, until the proclamation of the Republic are examined. Sicill-i Ahval registry files of 24 of these district governors were reached, and based on this, the education life of the district governors and the qualifications they had when they took office was evaluated. The primary source in the study is the registry books in the Presidency Ottoman Archives and the various documents containing the correspondence about the Adalar.
Shortly after Sultan Abdulhamid II ascended the throne, he requested reports from the subject’s i... more Shortly after Sultan Abdulhamid II ascended the throne, he requested reports from the subject’s interlocutors to identify the country’s problems more quickly. In time, it became a tradition to prepare reports. Many people presented a plea to the Yıldız Palace, even though they were not in charge of this task, in order to be recognized by the Sultan, to be in closer contact with the palace, to prove that he was a loyal servant, and of course, to convey the problems he saw to the Sultan. In this study, a report prepared by Mustafa Lütfi Efendi, who worked at various government levels, and presented to Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1902, was transliterated. The content of the petition was written on 67 separate issues. The author numbered the beginning of each new topic from 1 to 67. The first of these issues concerns the height of the lecterns dedicated to mosques, masjids, and libraries. Others are the unwitting disrespect to the Quran; the picture plates hung on the walls on the mihrab side of the mosques, the practices of the bakers from Bulgarian, Greek, and Armenian nationalities in Istanbul, the restaurants serving Muslims preparing food without paying attention to halal haram, the Hijaz. Additional sources of income for the railway were related to the visiting manners of foreigners and the search for new sources of income for the treasury. This petition, which contains crucial information about mosques, masjids, and bakeries in Istanbul, gives essential details regarding understanding the period's social structure, economic understanding and mental world.
During the reign of Abdulhamid II, Yıldız Palace became the decision centre of the state, and Pal... more During the reign of Abdulhamid II, Yıldız Palace became the decision centre of the state, and Palace came to the fore. During this period, all the affairs between the external world and the Palace were administered through the Mabeyn-i Hümayun Başkitabeti. Tahsin Pasha was appointed as the First Secretary of Mabeyn-i Hümayun, which was such an important office, by Abdulhamid in 1894. Pasha, who continued this duty until 1908, was arrested after the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy and was imprisoned in the Bekirağa Troop. He was transferred to Büyükada on September 3, 1908, where he was kept under surveillance. After the March 31 Incident, his property was confiscated with the decision of the Meclis-i Vükela on May 28, 1909; his rank, insignia and medals were cancelled, he was deprived of his retirement right and exiled to Chios. When the danger of the Greek invasion of the island arose, Pasha was sent to Izmir on May 27, 1912. On February 11, 1913, he was allowed to return to Istanbul after the general amnesty for political criminals was issued. From this date until 1933, he continued his life in a state of poverty in Istanbul, constantly looking for debt. He also lost his last remaining properties on these dates. Since 1930, he published his memoirs in the journal of Milliyet in serial form. Tahsin Pasha, who completed his life loyally to Abdulhamid II, passed away on January 22, 1933, in his mansion in Erenkoy. His funeral was buried in the family cemetery in Eyup, Istanbul. In this study, the place and role of Tahsin Pasha in the administrative system of Sultan Abdulhamid as the first secretary of the Mabeyn, about which no academic study has been done so far, will be examined. At the same time, the life of a statesman who continued his loyalty to Sultan Abdulhamid after the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy until his death will be revealed.
In this study, it was aimed to examine the derbent and menzil organizations established in the 16... more In this study, it was aimed to examine the derbent and menzil organizations established in the 16th century in Belen, which is the only gateway connecting Adana, Payas, Arsuz and İskenderun to Hatay and therefore Syria. At the same time, to support this structure, it is aimed to examine the continuum of the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent waqf, which was established in Belen, from its establishment to the end of the Ottoman Empire, in a holistic way. After the disappearance of the menzil and derbent characteristics, it was determined what kind of transformation the foundation institutions experienced here. While the study was being prepared, the registry and various documents in the Ottoman Archives in various classifications were used. By strengthening the waqf-derbent-menzil organization, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in securing the Damascus and hajj road for a long time. However, the deterioration of the central authority in the 19th century and the emergence of influential families in the region in parallel with this, followed by the dominance of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha, disrupted the derbent-menzil organization. The disappearance of the waqf records during this process paved the way for foundations to not function properly and to change their nature. Finally, in the 19th century, the organization was abolished, and the foundation works here were used for different purposes. Despite all this, Belen has maintained its strategic importance until today.
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2021
Until the 19th century, there was no waqf in Iskenderun (Alexandretta),
which could not be fully,... more Until the 19th century, there was no waqf in Iskenderun (Alexandretta), which could not be fully, urbanized, according to our findings. Evliya Celebi, who came to Iskenderun in the 17th century, astonished that there were no mosques and baths here, but rather mentions that there are taverns serving European merchants. However, Alexandretta started to grow significantly in the 19th century. This situation increased the need for foundation institutions in the region in parallel with the increase in the population. As far as we can determine from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic, 20 waqfs were established in Alexandretta. While some of these waqfs were established during the Ottoman Empire, some were established during the French occupation. Three of the ones founded in the Ottoman period are mosques, one is madrasa and one is a tekke waqf. Other waqfs established under Ottoman rule were devoted to charitable works such as serving the poor rather than reviving any institution. The waqfs established during the French invasion were waqfs that spent more on charities such as food distribution. Three of the waqfs established during this period were established as Alawi waqfs. The vast majority of waqfs after you join the Republic of Turkey‘s Hatay on June 23, 1939 began to be governed by the Directorate General of Foundations.
In the Ottoman-Russian War in 1877-1878 (Russo-Turkish War, also called 93 Harbi
in Turkish), aro... more In the Ottoman-Russian War in 1877-1878 (Russo-Turkish War, also called 93 Harbi in Turkish), around 40.000 Ottoman soldiers were taken prisoners after the Russians captured Pleven on 10 December 1877. About 30.000 of these prisoners were taken to Russia under severe winter conditions. The remaining 10.000 prisoners were left in Romania, which entered the war in alliance with the Russians against the Ottoman Empire. In this study, the sad story of the soldiers who were taken as prisoners to Bucharest after being captured in Pleven is told. This study depicts the conditions of the prisoners who were sent to Bucharest and how they continued to live on in exile. This study, which is rather human-centered than political history, portrays the consequences of the war and sufferings caused by the war from the eyes of the exiled soldiers. Romania, which takes sides with Russia in the war against the Ottoman Empire, gained its independence with the Berlin Treaty. But Romania lost Bessarabia to Russia. For this reason, the Romanian government, which remained distant to the Russians after the war, began to cooperate with the Ottoman Empire and against the common enemy. During this period, the Romanian authorities treated Turkish prisoners as well as possible. After all, the Ottoman Empire and Romania signed a prisoner exchange agreement. This agreement was vital for the recognition of the Romanian State. After the first diplomatic contacts were settled, the relations between Romania and the Ottoman Empire gained momentum, and diplomatic representatives were established mutually. As a result, this set a political environment that is based on mutual respect and trust between the two sides. Romania gave importance to international recognition, especially by the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans thought that the newly established state could build a barrier against the Russians.
From the first half of the nineteenth century the Ottoman State made some reforms to modernize th... more From the first half of the nineteenth century the Ottoman State made some reforms to modernize the state and to restore the lost authority. These reforms aimed to prevent the dissolution of the state by providing equality and justice among the subjects. This situation continued during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid with the declaration of Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayun. The state wanted to break out of the strength of the fortresses and increase the central authority, thereby bringing out all the intermediaries who entered the state. At the same time, he wanted to show that he did not distinguish between military reform and the subject. However, these reforms have caused rebellion against the state in many places, which have traditionally ruled and tribal life. The Ottoman Empire was trying to control the rebellion areas as well as to collect taxes, to buy troops and to come from the top of other issues. One of the places where these problems are experienced is Akçadağ, a district of Malatya. Akçadağ was first referred to the Malatya Sanjag of the Mamuretlaziz Province of Harput Province during the period studied. Serious problems were experienced when entering the reforms to control the region. These problems, which are economically and socially based, have become a sectarian issue over time. As a result, the incident that started in the village of Dümüklü of Akçadağ in January of 1896 due to the tax issue, grew and became a religious feature. One officer, one soldier and one hundred and eight civilian lost their lives in the case of Akçadağ's Dümüklü village. After the events of the Ottoman government were calmed down, the rulers, especially the local administrators, went on. Some of them were dismissed from their posts and sent to court. However, Ahmad Shakir Pasha, the Rehabilitation Inspector of the Anatolian Commonwealth of Provinces, demanded from the central government to stop the proceedings against the Alawis and the judiciary to prevent further growth of the incident. In response to this request, the subject was completely closed in 1898. In this study, the event that originated in 1896 in Akçadağ's Dümüklü Village and originated in taxation and turned into an Alevî uprising over time was examined based on archival sources. In addition, the Ottoman State's view towards Alawis, its attitudes during and after the events were examined in the frame of this event.
Reports were prepared according to the order given by Sultan Abdulhamid II on the issue of prepar... more Reports were prepared according to the order given by Sultan Abdulhamid II on the issue of preparing historical textbooks which are appropriate to be used at schools. In this study two of the reports which were presented to the Sultan on this issue were analysed. These two reports contained important information about how these historical textbook should have been. In both of the reports it was suggested that the history books should be prepared in two forms; one for the high-schools and the other for the junior high-schools. The one used in the junior high school should have been a summary while the other one was advised to be more detailed. According to those who prepared the reports first the history book for the high schools should have been prepared then the summary of this book should be made for the junior high schools. In addition; these books should have not contained exaggerated stories or tales but rather they should have included information to gain historical reasoning power. In both reports the general history of Islam was launched as the introduction to the subject. Then they moved on the Seljuk and on the Ottoman history. The Ottoman history was divided into centuries.
19. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'ni uğraştıran meselelerden biri, hiç şüphesiz eşkıya hadiseleridir. ... more 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'ni uğraştıran meselelerden biri, hiç şüphesiz eşkıya hadiseleridir. Buna bağlı olarak bozulan aşayişin tekrar temin edil-mesi, halkın güvenliğinin sağlanması ülkenin geleceği açısından oldukça ehemmiyet arzetmektedir. Bu mesele üzerine tecrübe sahibi olan bir bürok-rat, asayişin niçin bozulduğuna ve eşkıya hadiselerinin nasıl engelleneceğine dair görüşlerini, Sultan II. Abdülhamid'e rapor olarak sunmuştur. Rapo-runda bu sorunların; polis, jandarma, adliye personeli ve yargıçların kimi zaman umursamazlığı, kimi zaman da yeteri düzeyde eğitim almamış ol-maları, yetişme tarzları ve aldıkları ücretlerin az oluşundan kaynaklandığını ileri sürmüştür. Yazar ardından, eksikliklerin bertaraf edilmesi için alınması gereken tedbirleri ifade etmiştir. (It is undeniable that, in 19th century, one of the most challenging subjects that Ottoman State was busy with was brigandage. Thus, reconstructing public order and providing citizens with security was so important for Ottoman State's future. Given the significance of the situation, one of the most experienced bureaucrats of the Empire prepared a report on how to)
2 Mart 1893'te yaşanan Malatya depremi 885 insanın hayatını kaybetmesine, on bine yakın büyük ve ... more 2 Mart 1893'te yaşanan Malatya depremi 885 insanın hayatını kaybetmesine, on bine yakın büyük ve küçük baş hayvanın telef olmasına, binlerce hanenin yıkılmasına ve bu hanelerde ikamet eden on binlerce insanın evsiz kalmasına neden olmuştur. Depremden sonra bir yıl süre ile devam eden 55'in üzerindeki artçı deprem, hayatta kalan insanları korku ve endişe içerisinde bırakmıştır. Bu deprem Malatya tarihinde, kayıtlara geçen depremler arasında en büyüğüdür. Deprem, Malatya ile birlikte buraya tâbi Besni, Hısnımansur (Adıyaman), Akçadağ, Kâhta kazalarıyla Hekimhan nahiyesini içine alan 220 km uzunluğunda 120 km genişliğinde bir sahayı etkisi altına almıştı. Ayrıca Sivas, Keban ve Halep'i içine alacak bir sahada da paniğe neden olacak kadar hissedilmişti. Depremin olduğu yıllarda, sadece afet yönetimi ile ilgilenen bir kurumu bulunmayan Osmanlı Devleti, depremzedelerin acil ihtiyaçlarını gidermek için çeşitli yollardan girişimlerde bulunmuştu. Devlet, ülkedeki birlik duygusunu güçlendirme açısından önemli gördüğü yardımlaşma öğesini, bu depremde tertip ettiği kampanya aracılığıyla devreye sokmuştu. Devletin organize ettiği bu kampanya, bir takım dedikodular dışında genel manada başarılı olmuştu. The earthquake which happened in 2nd of March, 1893 in Malatya caused to 885 people to lost their lives, almost ten thousands of small cattles and bovines were perished, thousands of houses were demolished and it also caused to let people homeless in these houses. After the earthquake, for a year, the 55 aftershocks made people scared and anxiety to whom they had survived. This earthquake was the biggest one among recorded earthquakes in Malatya. The earthquake also influenced the 120 km width, 220 km length area that included the Besni, Hisnimansur (Adiyaman), Akcadag, Kahta and Hekimhan. Besides, it was felt in the area of Sivas, Keban and Aleppo, it also caused panic. In the years of the earthquake, the Ottoman Empire didn't have an institution about disaster management, but also it attempted to resolve urgent needs of the victims of the earthquake. The government gave importance to the assistance item to strength a sense of unity, and also it arranged this campaign to deploy in this earthquake. The campaign which was held by the government had been successful except some rumours.
Özet Osmanlı Devleti, Tanzimat Fermanı ile başlayan süreçte her alanda olduğu gibi eğitim-öğretim... more Özet Osmanlı Devleti, Tanzimat Fermanı ile başlayan süreçte her alanda olduğu gibi eğitim-öğretim alanında da bir takım düzenlemeler yaparak yeniden yapılanma yoluna girmiştir. Geleneksel eğitim kurumlarından modern eğitim kurumlarına geçildiği ama aynı zamanda geleneksel eğitim kurumlarının da varlığını sürdürdüğü bu dönemde, bu değişim ve ikilemin 1850-1923 yılları arasında taşraya yansımalarının nasıl olduğu, Trabzon vilayetine tâbi Gümüşhane sancağı üzerinden ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Küçük bir Anadolu kasabası olan Gümüşhane'deki Müslüman ve gayrimüslim okulları, öğretmenler, öğrenci sayısı, okutulan derslerden yola çıkılarak eğitim-öğretimin yapısı, Cumhuriyet'e yansımaları ve intikali hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Bunun yanında günümüze tecrübe olması bakımından eğitim-öğretim alanında yaşanan zorluk ve sıkıntılar da ifade edilmiştir.
Öz 1516 yılında Osmanlı Devleti'nin hakimiyetine giren Belen, 19. yüzyıla kadar Halep'e bağlı kal... more Öz 1516 yılında Osmanlı Devleti'nin hakimiyetine giren Belen, 19. yüzyıla kadar Halep'e bağlı kalmıştır. Belen, Halep'in doğal limanı olan İskenderun'u art bölgesine bağlayan bir geçit olması münasebetiyle daha çok Halep'i ilgilendiren bir muhitti. Buna rağmen, 1815 yılında yapılan değişiklikle Adana eyaletine bağlanan bu yer, bölgedeki eşkıya olaylarının ve şikâyetlerin artması üzerine, 1857 yılında tekrar Halep eyaletine bağlanarak sancak merkezi şeklinde teşkilatlandırılmıştır. Belen, vilayet nizamnamesi 26 Şubat 1866 tarihinde Halep'e tatbik edildiği zaman, Halep'in Payas sancağına tabi bir kazaya dönüşmüştür. 1870 yılında Adana'nın vilayet olarak örgütlenmesi ve Payas'ın sancak olarak buraya bağlanması sonrasında da Halep vilayetinin, Halep sancağına bağlı kaza merkezi olmuştur. Abstract Belen which entered the rule of the Ottoman Empire during the 1516 remained attached to Aleppo until the 19 th century. Belen, on the occasion of being a passage connecting Iskenderun which was the natural harbour of the region to Aleppo and its art area was a neighbourhood more concerned by Aleppo. However, this place which was connected to the province of Adana through the amendment made in 1815 was recognized as a starboard center after being reconnected to Aleppo in 1857 due to the increased complaints and events related to the bandits. When the province regulation was applied to Aleppo on February 26, 1866, Belen was converted into a district subjected to the Payas starboard of Aleppo. In 1870 after organizing Adana as a province and connecting Payas to it as a starboard, the district center of Aleppo province was created in connection with the starboard of Aleppo.
In Şiran, as fas as we could determine, 5 monasteries and 23 mosque waqfs were founded during the... more In Şiran, as fas as we could determine, 5 monasteries and 23 mosque waqfs were founded during the Ottoman rule. Şiran was annexed to Ottoman territory in the 16th century and became one of the burghs of Sancak of Şarkî Karahisar within the province of Erzurum. It then gained town status in the 17th century. In this study, the purpose of establishing waqfs of dervish hospices and mosques and their fields of services were examined. In addition, information is given about the people at the service of these waqfs, the incomes and expenditures of the dervish hospices and mosque waqfs and the inheritance of these waqfs to the period of Turkish Republic. Thus, the role of these waqf institutions played in the Ottoman provinces was revealed in detail, with the aim of knowing the the social history of Şiran better.
Eski Çağlardan Günümüze Türk Savunma Sanayi Tarihi, 2024
1983 yılında, Necati Güllülü'nün belediye başkanlığı zamanında imzalanan protokol gereği askerîye... more 1983 yılında, Necati Güllülü'nün belediye başkanlığı zamanında imzalanan protokol gereği askerîyeden belediyeye devredilen ve askerîye tarafından boşaltılan Firdevsoğlu Kışlası, günümüzde Erzurum Büyükşehir Belediyesi Makine İkmal Daire Başkanlığı'na bağlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Burada Bakım, Onarım ve Atölyeler Şube Müdürlüğü'nün idare binasının yanı sıra, merkez atölyeler, trafik sinyalizasyon, merkez akaryakıt istasyonu ve merkez ambarları bulunmaktadır. Askerî Fabrika ise Dadaşköy yakınında inşa edilen yeni binalara taşınmıştır 8 .
• muhafaza etmiş ve hiçbir zaman gözden uzak, kenarda kalmış bir yer olmamıştı. 16. yüzyıldan iti... more • muhafaza etmiş ve hiçbir zaman gözden uzak, kenarda kalmış bir yer olmamıştı. 16. yüzyıldan itibaren Çankırı sancağına bağlı olarak idare edilen Çerkeş, bu bağlılığını bazı değişiklikler dışında günümüze kadar sürdürdü. 16. yüzyılda nahiye olan bu yer 19. yüzyılda kazaya dönüştürülerek aynı yüzyılda bir müddet muhassıllar, daha sonra müdürler, ardından kaymakamlar aracılığıyla yönetildi. 5 Tanzimat'ın ilanından sonra eyalet, sancak ve kaza meclisleri kurulmuş, gayrimüslim ve Müslüman ahalinin temsilcileri bu meclislerde yerini almıştı. Bu çerçevede Çerkeş kazasında da bir meclis tesis edildi. 1876 yılında Çerkeş Meclisi; kaza kaymakamı, naip, müftü, mal müdürü, evkaf muhasebecisi, sandık emini, idare kâtibi ve üç Müslüman üyeden oluşuyordu. Kaza ile ilgili önemli kararlar bu meclis aracılığıyla alındıktan sonra eyalet/vilayete gönderiliyor ardından Babıali'ye ulaştırılıyordu. Bu meclisin dışında Çerkeş'in yönetiminde etkili olan belediye meclisi ve dava meclisi bulunmaktaydı. Belediye meclisi; belediye meclisi yardımcısı, belediye kâtibi ve 4 üyeden müteşekkildi. Dava meclisi ise dava mümeyyizi, 2 mümeyyiz, dava kâtibi ve mahkeme kâtibi ve kayıt kâtibinden oluşmaktaydı. 6
Türkiye İktisat Kongresi 2023 Bildiriler Kitabı, 2024
Aleppo, located at the intersection of the Far East, Indian Geography, Caucasus, Middle East, and... more Aleppo, located at the intersection of the Far East, Indian Geography, Caucasus, Middle East, and North African hinterland and located at the center of land commercial activities, had a quality where many different trade goods were stored and transferred to the market during the Ottoman rule. It was the endpoint of the Far East caravan route and a valuable source of market intelligence. Among the commodities traded through Aleppo, cotton, cotton thread, sahtiyan, beeswax, spices, raw silk, wool/fleece, mohair, leather, heart, and thuja were the leading ones. Indigo (indigo) from Iran and linen from India were shipped to Europe via Aleppo. On the other hand, Venetian merchants sold various fabrics such as velvet, chuka, and satin brought from Europe in 1632 in Aleppo. Europeans were buying raw materials from the region and bringing finished goods here. Although there were fluctuations in the number of products from time to time, these items were traded products until the nineteenth century. In the nineteenth century, as new items were added to export items, there was also a significant change in import items. The products exported from Aleppo in the 1870s consisted of thuja, glue, silk, candles, salt, fish, cotton, wool, leather, nuts, soap, tobacco, sesame, and dye. However, in the nineteenth century, important events caused ups and downs in the trade volume through Aleppo. The dominance of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha in the region, the Crimean War, and the opening of the Suez Canal was the main events. A significant development occurred in the region in the second half of the nineteenth century. Detecting tax evasion in the region, the Sublime Porte moved the customs of Aleppo to Iskenderun in 1865. Another development that changed the rates of trade traffic in Aleppo was the gradual opening of the Black Sea to international trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. First, Russia, then Austria, and France's gaining the privilege to trade in the Black Sea in 1802 shifted some of the trade in the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. The British Levant Company, which was looking for a shorter route in its trade with Iran, obtained the privilege of trading in the Black Sea in 1802 and shifted some of its trade to the Black Sea, causing the trade volume in Aleppo to shrink. For these reasons, the trade in Aleppo suffered a severe decline with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which attracted the trade of Baghdad and Southern Iran. However, despite all these adverse developments, the trade in Aleppo did not shrink in volume, contrary to the claims. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the volume of world trade increased remarkably with the prevalence of large-scale freight transport. Aleppo's share of this trade decreased.
2022 Yılı Türk Dünyası Kültür Başkenti Tarih ve Şehir Sempozyumu (24-25 Mart 2022/Bursa), 2022
The city of Bursa has been the center of trade and production throughout history. Bursa, which ac... more The city of Bursa has been the center of trade and production throughout history. Bursa, which acts as a junction connecting Anatolia to Istanbul, has always preserved this importance. Due to this location of the city, infectious diseases have always been seen here throughout history. These diseases were generally carried to the city by travelers, merchants, soldiers and immigrants. In this study, infectious diseases seen in 19th century Bursa were examined as a whole. In the study, the measures taken in the region against cholera, syphilis and smallpox and the effects of these diseases on the city were examined. Many people lost their lives due to diseases and the economy of the city was damaged. The prevalence of diseases in the region during recruitment put the Ottoman Empire in military difficulties. The Ottoman Empire took every precaution to prevent the spread of the disease to Istanbul, thus reducing the damage caused by the epidemics to the region. Despite all the inadequacies, thanks to the measures taken, the diseases were brought under control before they were transmitted too much. In the study, the view of the people of the region about the diseases and the measures taken against these diseases was examined. The main source of the study is the various documents in the Ottoman Archives.
International Symposium on Hatay on the 80th Anniversary of Its Accession to Turkey, 2020
Iskenderun is an important junction between East and West. This place serves as a very important ... more Iskenderun is an important junction between East and West. This place serves as a very important warehouse on the route that connects India with Europe via Baghdad and Aleppo. This place was also of strategic importance in terms of being the gateway opening to the sea of many provinces in Anatolian geography. Iskenderun, which in-creased its importance with the invention of steam ships, became a major center of attraction for the great forces in the second half of the 19th century and almost all of these forces had established a consulate here. With this importance, the population of the city increased day by day and many European merchants began to reside in Iskenderun. In the second half of the 19th century, families of Belfante and Catoni had been two of the families who came here as commercial represent-atives and settled and left their mark in this respect. Because while other commercial and diplomatic representatives returned to their country after the end of their term of office, the families of Belfante and Catoni became permanent and they had endenizened although they had preserved their foreignness. The two families had also dip-lomatic representative identities along with their commercial activities. The role of the families in the history of Iskenderun increased with the establishment of kinship ties between these two families by way of marriage. The two families that united their political and commercial powers played an active role in all activities such as commercial, polit-ical, public works etc. in the region. In this study, in fact, the historical development of Iskenderun from the 19th century to the 20th century will be examined in political, commercial, military and strategic terms over these two families. The basis of the study is based on miscellane-ous documents in the Presidential Ottoman Archives.
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Papers by Naim Ürkmez
stories and legends in the eyes of the people. Above all, Kırkdeğirmenler Stream has been a vital source of drinking water for the city. In this study, the impact of Kırkdeğirmenler Stream on Erzurum's social and economic history will be analyzed within the framework of archival documents, travelogues, and compiled information.
connected to Istanbul. Then, with the application of the 1864 Provincial Regulation to the region, Adalar made one of the seven districts of the Istanbul liva of the Istanbul province as of August 1868 and was governed by the district governors from this date on. The increase in security measures, in parallel with the increase in density, caused changes in the administrative structure of Adalar. As a matter of fact, with the irade-i seniyye of Sultan Abdulhamid II on 7 August 1907, the Adalar district was converted from a district to a governorship, that is, to a sanjak, because its population increased. Mehmed Emin Pasha, who left the governorship of Denizli Sanjak, which Sultan Abdulhamid II chose among four names, was appointed as the governor of Adalar. However, this new arrangement did not last long. When the Adalar was turned into a district again shortly after the re-declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, Emin Pasha's governorship also ended. In this study, 26 district governors who governed the district of Adalar from 1875, the year of the establishment of the district governorship of Adalar, until the proclamation of the Republic are examined. Sicill-i Ahval registry files of 24 of these district governors were reached, and based on this, the education life of the district governors and the qualifications they had when they took office was evaluated. The primary source in the study is the registry books in the Presidency Ottoman Archives and the various documents containing the correspondence about the Adalar.
not in charge of this task, in order to be recognized by the Sultan, to be in closer contact with the palace, to prove that he was a loyal servant, and of course, to convey the problems he saw to the Sultan. In this study, a report prepared by Mustafa Lütfi Efendi, who worked at various government levels, and presented to Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1902, was transliterated.
The content of the petition was written on 67 separate issues. The author numbered the beginning of each new topic from 1 to 67. The first of these issues concerns the height of the lecterns dedicated to mosques, masjids, and libraries. Others are the unwitting disrespect to the Quran; the picture plates hung on the walls on the mihrab side of the mosques, the practices of the bakers from Bulgarian, Greek, and Armenian nationalities in Istanbul, the restaurants serving Muslims preparing food without paying attention to halal haram, the Hijaz. Additional sources of income for the railway were related to the visiting manners of foreigners and the search for
new sources of income for the treasury. This petition, which contains crucial information about mosques, masjids, and bakeries in Istanbul, gives essential details regarding understanding the period's social
structure, economic understanding and mental world.
and derbent characteristics, it was determined what kind of transformation the foundation institutions experienced here. While the study was being prepared, the registry and various documents in the Ottoman Archives in various classifications were used. By strengthening the waqf-derbent-menzil organization, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in securing the Damascus and hajj road for a long time. However, the deterioration of the central authority in the 19th century and the emergence of influential families in the region in parallel with this, followed by the dominance of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha, disrupted the derbent-menzil organization. The disappearance of the waqf records during this process paved the way for foundations to not function properly and to change their nature. Finally, in the 19th century, the organization was abolished, and the foundation works here were used for different purposes. Despite all this, Belen has maintained its strategic importance until today.
which could not be fully, urbanized, according to our findings. Evliya
Celebi, who came to Iskenderun in the 17th century, astonished that there were no mosques and baths here, but rather mentions that there are taverns serving European merchants. However, Alexandretta started to grow significantly in the 19th century. This situation increased the need for foundation institutions in the region in parallel with the increase in the population. As far as we can determine from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic, 20 waqfs were established in Alexandretta. While some of these waqfs were established during the Ottoman Empire, some were established during the French occupation. Three of the ones founded in the Ottoman period are mosques, one is madrasa and one is a tekke waqf. Other waqfs established under Ottoman rule were devoted to charitable works such as serving the poor rather than reviving any institution. The waqfs established during the French invasion were waqfs that spent more on charities such as food distribution. Three of the waqfs established during this period were established as Alawi waqfs. The vast majority of waqfs after you join the Republic of Turkey‘s Hatay on June 23, 1939 began to be governed by the Directorate General of Foundations.
in Turkish), around 40.000 Ottoman soldiers were taken prisoners after the Russians
captured Pleven on 10 December 1877. About 30.000 of these prisoners were taken
to Russia under severe winter conditions. The remaining 10.000 prisoners were left in
Romania, which entered the war in alliance with the Russians against the Ottoman
Empire. In this study, the sad story of the soldiers who were taken as prisoners to
Bucharest after being captured in Pleven is told. This study depicts the conditions
of the prisoners who were sent to Bucharest and how they continued to live on in
exile. This study, which is rather human-centered than political history, portrays the
consequences of the war and sufferings caused by the war from the eyes of the exiled
soldiers.
Romania, which takes sides with Russia in the war against the Ottoman Empire,
gained its independence with the Berlin Treaty. But Romania lost Bessarabia to Russia.
For this reason, the Romanian government, which remained distant to the Russians
after the war, began to cooperate with the Ottoman Empire and against the common
enemy. During this period, the Romanian authorities treated Turkish prisoners
as well as possible. After all, the Ottoman Empire and Romania signed a prisoner
exchange agreement. This agreement was vital for the recognition of the Romanian
State. After the first diplomatic contacts were settled, the relations between Romania
and the Ottoman Empire gained momentum, and diplomatic representatives were
established mutually. As a result, this set a political environment that is based on mutual
respect and trust between the two sides. Romania gave importance to international
recognition, especially by the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans thought that the
newly established state could build a barrier against the Russians.
The earthquake which happened in 2nd of March, 1893 in Malatya caused to 885 people to lost their lives, almost ten thousands of small cattles and bovines were perished, thousands of houses were demolished and it also caused to let people homeless in these houses. After the earthquake, for a year, the 55 aftershocks made people scared and anxiety to whom they had survived. This earthquake was the biggest one among recorded earthquakes in Malatya. The earthquake also influenced the 120 km width, 220 km length area that included the Besni, Hisnimansur (Adiyaman), Akcadag, Kahta and Hekimhan. Besides, it was felt in the area of Sivas, Keban and Aleppo, it also caused panic. In the years of the earthquake, the Ottoman Empire didn't have an institution about disaster management, but also it attempted to resolve urgent needs of the victims of the earthquake. The government gave importance to the assistance item to strength a sense of unity, and also it arranged this campaign to deploy in this earthquake. The campaign which was held by the government had been successful except some rumours.
stories and legends in the eyes of the people. Above all, Kırkdeğirmenler Stream has been a vital source of drinking water for the city. In this study, the impact of Kırkdeğirmenler Stream on Erzurum's social and economic history will be analyzed within the framework of archival documents, travelogues, and compiled information.
connected to Istanbul. Then, with the application of the 1864 Provincial Regulation to the region, Adalar made one of the seven districts of the Istanbul liva of the Istanbul province as of August 1868 and was governed by the district governors from this date on. The increase in security measures, in parallel with the increase in density, caused changes in the administrative structure of Adalar. As a matter of fact, with the irade-i seniyye of Sultan Abdulhamid II on 7 August 1907, the Adalar district was converted from a district to a governorship, that is, to a sanjak, because its population increased. Mehmed Emin Pasha, who left the governorship of Denizli Sanjak, which Sultan Abdulhamid II chose among four names, was appointed as the governor of Adalar. However, this new arrangement did not last long. When the Adalar was turned into a district again shortly after the re-declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, Emin Pasha's governorship also ended. In this study, 26 district governors who governed the district of Adalar from 1875, the year of the establishment of the district governorship of Adalar, until the proclamation of the Republic are examined. Sicill-i Ahval registry files of 24 of these district governors were reached, and based on this, the education life of the district governors and the qualifications they had when they took office was evaluated. The primary source in the study is the registry books in the Presidency Ottoman Archives and the various documents containing the correspondence about the Adalar.
not in charge of this task, in order to be recognized by the Sultan, to be in closer contact with the palace, to prove that he was a loyal servant, and of course, to convey the problems he saw to the Sultan. In this study, a report prepared by Mustafa Lütfi Efendi, who worked at various government levels, and presented to Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1902, was transliterated.
The content of the petition was written on 67 separate issues. The author numbered the beginning of each new topic from 1 to 67. The first of these issues concerns the height of the lecterns dedicated to mosques, masjids, and libraries. Others are the unwitting disrespect to the Quran; the picture plates hung on the walls on the mihrab side of the mosques, the practices of the bakers from Bulgarian, Greek, and Armenian nationalities in Istanbul, the restaurants serving Muslims preparing food without paying attention to halal haram, the Hijaz. Additional sources of income for the railway were related to the visiting manners of foreigners and the search for
new sources of income for the treasury. This petition, which contains crucial information about mosques, masjids, and bakeries in Istanbul, gives essential details regarding understanding the period's social
structure, economic understanding and mental world.
and derbent characteristics, it was determined what kind of transformation the foundation institutions experienced here. While the study was being prepared, the registry and various documents in the Ottoman Archives in various classifications were used. By strengthening the waqf-derbent-menzil organization, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in securing the Damascus and hajj road for a long time. However, the deterioration of the central authority in the 19th century and the emergence of influential families in the region in parallel with this, followed by the dominance of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha, disrupted the derbent-menzil organization. The disappearance of the waqf records during this process paved the way for foundations to not function properly and to change their nature. Finally, in the 19th century, the organization was abolished, and the foundation works here were used for different purposes. Despite all this, Belen has maintained its strategic importance until today.
which could not be fully, urbanized, according to our findings. Evliya
Celebi, who came to Iskenderun in the 17th century, astonished that there were no mosques and baths here, but rather mentions that there are taverns serving European merchants. However, Alexandretta started to grow significantly in the 19th century. This situation increased the need for foundation institutions in the region in parallel with the increase in the population. As far as we can determine from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic, 20 waqfs were established in Alexandretta. While some of these waqfs were established during the Ottoman Empire, some were established during the French occupation. Three of the ones founded in the Ottoman period are mosques, one is madrasa and one is a tekke waqf. Other waqfs established under Ottoman rule were devoted to charitable works such as serving the poor rather than reviving any institution. The waqfs established during the French invasion were waqfs that spent more on charities such as food distribution. Three of the waqfs established during this period were established as Alawi waqfs. The vast majority of waqfs after you join the Republic of Turkey‘s Hatay on June 23, 1939 began to be governed by the Directorate General of Foundations.
in Turkish), around 40.000 Ottoman soldiers were taken prisoners after the Russians
captured Pleven on 10 December 1877. About 30.000 of these prisoners were taken
to Russia under severe winter conditions. The remaining 10.000 prisoners were left in
Romania, which entered the war in alliance with the Russians against the Ottoman
Empire. In this study, the sad story of the soldiers who were taken as prisoners to
Bucharest after being captured in Pleven is told. This study depicts the conditions
of the prisoners who were sent to Bucharest and how they continued to live on in
exile. This study, which is rather human-centered than political history, portrays the
consequences of the war and sufferings caused by the war from the eyes of the exiled
soldiers.
Romania, which takes sides with Russia in the war against the Ottoman Empire,
gained its independence with the Berlin Treaty. But Romania lost Bessarabia to Russia.
For this reason, the Romanian government, which remained distant to the Russians
after the war, began to cooperate with the Ottoman Empire and against the common
enemy. During this period, the Romanian authorities treated Turkish prisoners
as well as possible. After all, the Ottoman Empire and Romania signed a prisoner
exchange agreement. This agreement was vital for the recognition of the Romanian
State. After the first diplomatic contacts were settled, the relations between Romania
and the Ottoman Empire gained momentum, and diplomatic representatives were
established mutually. As a result, this set a political environment that is based on mutual
respect and trust between the two sides. Romania gave importance to international
recognition, especially by the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans thought that the
newly established state could build a barrier against the Russians.
The earthquake which happened in 2nd of March, 1893 in Malatya caused to 885 people to lost their lives, almost ten thousands of small cattles and bovines were perished, thousands of houses were demolished and it also caused to let people homeless in these houses. After the earthquake, for a year, the 55 aftershocks made people scared and anxiety to whom they had survived. This earthquake was the biggest one among recorded earthquakes in Malatya. The earthquake also influenced the 120 km width, 220 km length area that included the Besni, Hisnimansur (Adiyaman), Akcadag, Kahta and Hekimhan. Besides, it was felt in the area of Sivas, Keban and Aleppo, it also caused panic. In the years of the earthquake, the Ottoman Empire didn't have an institution about disaster management, but also it attempted to resolve urgent needs of the victims of the earthquake. The government gave importance to the assistance item to strength a sense of unity, and also it arranged this campaign to deploy in this earthquake. The campaign which was held by the government had been successful except some rumours.
However, in the nineteenth century, important events caused ups and downs in the trade volume through Aleppo. The dominance of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha in the region, the Crimean War, and the opening of the Suez Canal was the main events. A significant development occurred in the region in the second half of the nineteenth century. Detecting tax evasion in the region, the Sublime Porte moved the customs of Aleppo to Iskenderun in 1865.
Another development that changed the rates of trade traffic in Aleppo was the gradual opening of the Black Sea to international trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. First, Russia, then Austria, and France's gaining the privilege to trade in the Black Sea in 1802 shifted some of the trade in the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. The British Levant Company, which was looking for a shorter route in its trade with Iran, obtained the privilege of trading in the Black Sea in 1802 and shifted some of its trade to the Black Sea, causing the trade volume in Aleppo to shrink. For these reasons, the trade in Aleppo suffered a severe decline with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which attracted the trade of Baghdad and Southern Iran. However, despite all these adverse developments, the trade in Aleppo did not shrink in volume, contrary to the claims. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the volume of world trade increased remarkably with the prevalence of large-scale freight transport. Aleppo's share of this trade decreased.