Jump to content

must

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

    From Middle English moste ("must", literally, "had to", the past tense of Middle English moten (“to have to”)), from Old English mōste (“had to”), 1st & 3rd person singular past tense of mōtan (“to be allowed, be able to, have the opportunity to, be compelled to, must, may”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną. Cognate with Dutch moest (“had to”), German musste (“had to”), Swedish måste (“must, have to, be obliged to”). More at mote.

    Alternative forms

    [edit]

    Verb

    [edit]

    must (third-person singular simple present must, no present participle, simple past must, no past participle) (modal auxiliary, defective)

    2. To do as a requirement; indicates that the sentence subject is required as an imperative or directive to execute the sentence predicate, with failure to do so resulting in a failure or negative consequence.
      You must arrive in class on time. (the requirement is an imperative)
      This door handle must be rotated fully. (the requirement is a directive, necessary to operate the handle.)
      Everybody told me I must stop worrying, but I couldn't, because I felt there must be something wrong.
      You really must come and see us soon, pal. - We'll see: I can borrow my dad's car, but I must bring it back before midnight.
      The physician said that I must / had to / would have to stop smoking.
    4. To do with certainty; indicates that the speaker is certain that the subject will have executed the predicate.
      If it has rained all day, it must be very wet outside.
      Where would you have put the keyring? You couldn’t have lost it again! - I must have, because it's nowhere to be found.
      I said it must be pretty late and I really must go.
    6. Used to indicate that something is very likely, probable, or certain to be true.
      The children must be asleep by now.
      There's the doorbell. It must be Dad.
    Usage notes
    [edit]
    • (auxiliary, to do as a requirement): Compare with weaker auxiliary verb should, indicating mere intent for the predicate’s execution; and stronger auxiliary verb will, indicating that the negative consequence will be unusually severe.
    • (auxiliary, to do with certainty): Compare with weaker auxiliary verb should, indicating a strong probability of the predicate’s execution.
    • The past tense of “must” is also “must”. In main clauses, this use of the past tense is almost always literary (see King James Bible, Leiber, and Alcott quotations at Citations:must). In subordinate clauses, it is more common: I knew that he must come, but he never showed up. Otherwise, the past sense is usually conveyed by had to. It is possible to use was bound to for the past also. For this reason, have to and be bound to are also used as alternatives to must in the present and future.
    • The principal verb, if easily supplied (especially go), may be omitted. In modern usage this is mainly literary (see Housman and Tolkien quotations at Citations:must).
    • Must is unusual in its negation: must not still expresses a definite certainty or requirement. Need and have to, on the other hand, are negated in the usual manner. Compare:
    You must not read that book. (It is necessary that you not read that book.)
    You need not read that book. / You do not have to read that book. (It is not necessary that you read that book.).
    Conjugation
    [edit]
    Conjugation of must
    infinitive —
    present tense past tense
    1st-person singular must, mote† must
    2nd-person singular must, mote†, motest†
    3rd-person singular must, mote†
    plural must, mote†
    subjunctive must, mote† must
    imperative —
    participles —

    † Archaic or obsolete.

    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Translations
    [edit]
    See also
    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    must (plural musts)

    1. Something that is mandatory, required or recommended.
      Synonyms: imperative, necessity
      Antonym: no-no
      Hyponyms: must-do, must-have, must-see
      If you're trekking all day, a map is a must.
      • 1932, Helen Vinson, I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang:
        "There are no musts in my life - I'm free, white, and twenty-one."
    Descendants
    [edit]
    • → French: must
    • → Finnish: must
    Translations
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

      From Middle English must, from Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

      Noun

      [edit]

      must (countable and uncountable, plural musts)

      1. The property of being stale or musty.
      2. Something that exhibits the property of being stale or musty.
      4. Fruit juice that will ferment or has fermented, usually from grapes.
        • c. 1874, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ovid in Exile:
          No sweet grape lies hidden here in the shade of its vine-leaves,
          No fermenting must fills and o'erflows the deep vats.
      Derived terms
      [edit]
      Translations
      [edit]

      Verb

      [edit]

      must (third-person singular simple present musts, present participle musting, simple past and past participle musted)

      1. (transitive) To make musty.
      2. (intransitive) To become musty.
      Further reading
      [edit]

      Etymology 3

      [edit]

        See musth.

        Noun

        [edit]

        must (countable and uncountable, plural musts)

        1. Alternative spelling of musth.
          • 1871, Charles Darwin, “Secondary Sexual Characters of Mammals”, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. […], volume II, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Part II (Sexual Selection), page 240:
            No animal in the world is so dangerous as an elephant in must.
          • 1936, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], “Shooting an Elephant”, in Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays, London: Secker and Warburg, published 1950, →OCLC, pages 2–3:
            Early one morning the sub-inspector at a police station the other end of the town rang me up on the 'phone and said that an elephant was ravaging the bazaar. Would I please come and do something about it? […] It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone "must". It had been chained up, as tame elephants always are when their attack of "must" is due, but on the previous night it had broken its chain and escaped.

        Anagrams

        [edit]

        Dutch

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From English must, from Old English mōste, from the past tense of Proto-West Germanic *mōtan, whence native moeten.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must m (plural musts, no diminutive)

        1. a must (necessity, prerequisite)
          Synonym: moetje
          Een rijbewijs is een must als je taxichauffeur wil worden.
          A driver's license is a must if you want to be a taxi driver.

        Estonian

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From Proto-Finnic *musta. Cognate with Finnish musta, Veps must and Livonian mustā. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *mus-ta-, compare Norwegian Bokmål must (“steam, fume, mist”).[1]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • IPA(key): /ˈmust/
        • Hyphenation: must

        Adjective

        [edit]

        must (genitive musta, partitive musta, comparative mustem, superlative kõige mustem or mustim)

        1. black (color)
          Lindude sulestik on must, aga tiibadel märkame valget laiku.
          The plumage of the birds is black, but you can notice a white spot on the wings.
        2. Dark, without light, illumination (and poorly visible).
          Mustad sügisööd.
          Dark autumn nights.
          1. Without snow.
            Maa on must ja kelgutada ei saa.
            The ground is without snow and you can't go sledding.
        3. Having dark skin.
          Must poiss muudkui naeris.
          The black kid kept laughing.
        4. Dirty, unclean, full of garbage and/or grime.
          Synonym: räpane
          Mu riided said mustaks ja pidin neid pesema.
          My clothes became dirty and I had to wash them.
          1. Not requiring special skills, making something or someone dirty.
            Hauakaevaja must töö.
            The dirty job of a gravedigger.
        5. Grim, dreary, hopeless, without any (good) solution.
          Meeleolu on must.
          The mood around here is dark.
          1. Illegal, unofficial, disgraceful.
            Kartsin, et mu mustad teod tulevad päevavalgele.
            I feared, that my dark acts will come to light.

        Declension

        [edit]
        Declension of must (ÕS type 22i/külm, length gradation)
        singular plural
        nominative must mustad
        accusative nom.
        gen. musta
        genitive mustade
        partitive musta musti
        mustasid
        illative musta
        mustasse         		mustadesse
        mustisse
        inessive mustas mustades
        mustis
        elative mustast mustadest
        mustist
        allative mustale mustadele
        mustile
        adessive mustal mustadel
        mustil
        ablative mustalt mustadelt
        mustilt
        translative mustaks mustadeks
        mustiks
        terminative mustani mustadeni
        essive mustana mustadena
        abessive mustata mustadeta
        comitative mustaga mustadega

        Noun

        [edit]

        must (genitive musta, partitive musta)

        1. The color black.
          Halli värvi kombineerdes musta ja valgega suurendad enda usaldatavust.
          By combining gray with black and white, you increase your own reliability.
        2. Something colored in black.
          Otsustasime, kumb mängib valgete, kumb mustadega.
          We decided, who plays with whites (white chesspieces), and who plays with blacks (black chesspieces).
        3. A person having dark skin.
          Meie tulevikulootus ei ole enam lapsed, vaid hoopis mustad.
          Our hopes for the future aren't our children anymore, but blacks.

        Declension

        [edit]
        Declension of must (ÕS type 22i/külm, length gradation)
        singular plural
        nominative must mustad
        accusative nom.
        gen. musta
        genitive mustade
        partitive musta musti
        mustasid
        illative musta
        mustasse         		mustadesse
        mustisse
        inessive mustas mustades
        mustis
        elative mustast mustadest
        mustist
        allative mustale mustadele
        mustile
        adessive mustal mustadel
        mustil
        ablative mustalt mustadelt
        mustilt
        translative mustaks mustadeks
        mustiks
        terminative mustani mustadeni
        essive mustana mustadena
        abessive mustata mustadeta
        comitative mustaga mustadega

        Antonyms

        [edit]

        Derived terms

        [edit]
        [edit]

        See also

        [edit]
        Colors in Estonian · värvid (layout · text)
             valge      hall      must
                     punane; karmiinpunane              oranž; pruun              kollane; kreem
                     laimiroheline, kollakasroheline              roheline              mündiroheline; tumeroheline
                     tsüaansinine, rohekassinine; sinakasroheline, siniroheline              taevasinine, taevassinine              sinine
                     lilla, violetne; potisinine, indigosinine              fuksia, magentapunane; lilla, purpurne, purpurpunane              roosa

        References

        [edit]
        1. ^ http://eki.ee/dict/ety/index.cgi?Q=must&F=M&C06=en

        Finnish

        [edit]

        Etymology 1

        [edit]

        Borrowed from English must.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must (colloquial)

        1. must (something mandatory or required)
          Se on ihan must!
          It's a must!
        Declension
        [edit]
        • Not inflected.
        Synonyms
        [edit]

        Further reading

        [edit]

        Etymology 2

        [edit]

        A variant of musta < minusta (“of me”).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • IPA(key): /ˈmust/, [ˈmus̠t]
        • Rhymes: -ust
        • Syllabification(key): must
        • Hyphenation(key): must

        Pronoun

        [edit]

        must

        1. (colloquial) elative singular of mä
          Must on tärkeetä, että.. / Minusta on tärkeää, että... (standard)
          I think it is important that...

        French

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        Borrowed from English must.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must m (plural musts)

        1. (informal) that which is compulsory; an obligation; duty; must
          Synonyms: essentiel, impératif
          • 2003, Élisabeth Badinter, Fausse route, Odile Jacob, →ISBN:
            Comme le fait remarquer Daphne Patai, Loïs Pineau, contrairement à Catherine MacKinnon, postule que les femmes sont tout à fait capables de donner un consentement explicite et verbal sans en rester au geste et au sous-entendu. Non seulement l'explicitation n'est pas un problème, mais c'est un must.
            As Daphne Patai points out, Loïs Pineau, unlike Catherine MacKinnon, postulates that women are entirely capable of giving explicit and verbal consent without relying on gesture and insinuation. Not only is explanation not a problem, but it's a must.
        2. (often humorous) must-have (item that one must own)
          • 2014, Annie Ernaux, Regarde les lumières mon amour, Seuil, →ISBN, page 62:
            La fête des Mères s’affiche partout dans le centre commercial. À Auchan, un espace lui est réservé, rempli de robots, d’aspirateurs, de machines à café – le must apparemment – parfums, etc.
            Mother's Day is on display everywhere in the mall. At Auchan, a space is reserved for it, filled with appliances, vacuum cleaners, coffee makers — the apparent must-have — perfumes, etc.

        Hungarian

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must (usually uncountable, plural mustok)

        1. must (sweet fresh grape juice that has not fermented yet)

        Declension

        [edit]
        Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)
        singular plural
        nominative must mustok
        accusative mustot mustokat
        dative mustnak mustoknak
        instrumental musttal mustokkal
        causal-final mustért mustokért
        translative musttá mustokká
        terminative mustig mustokig
        essive-formal mustként mustokként
        essive-modal — —
        inessive mustban mustokban
        superessive muston mustokon
        adessive mustnál mustoknál
        illative mustba mustokba
        sublative mustra mustokra
        allative musthoz mustokhoz
        elative mustból mustokból
        delative mustról mustokról
        ablative musttól mustoktól
        non-attributive
        possessive – singular         		musté mustoké
        non-attributive
        possessive – plural         		mustéi mustokéi
        Possessive forms of must
        possessor single possession multiple possessions
        1st person sing. mustom mustjaim
        2nd person sing. mustod mustjaid
        3rd person sing. mustja mustjai
        1st person plural mustunk mustjaink
        2nd person plural mustotok mustjaitok
        3rd person plural mustjuk mustjaik

        Further reading

        [edit]
        • must in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

        Ludian

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From Proto-Finnic *musta.

        Adjective

        [edit]

        must

        1. black

        Middle English

        [edit]

        Alternative forms

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must (uncountable)

        1. must (wine that is not fully fermented)
        2. (rare, with qualifier) fruit juice

        Descendants

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]

        Old English

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        Borrowed from Latin mustum

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must m

        1. must (newly or partially fermented wine)

        Descendants

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]

        Romanian

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        Inherited from Latin mustum, from Proto-Indo-European *mus-, *mews- (“damp”).

        Noun

        [edit]

        must n (plural musturi)

        1. unfermented wine; grape or other fruit juice
        2. must (of grapes)

        Declension

        [edit]
        singular plural
        indefinite definite indefinite definite
        nominative-accusative must mustul musturi musturile
        genitive-dative must mustului musturi musturilor
        vocative mustule musturilor

        Derived terms

        [edit]
        [edit]

        See also

        [edit]

        Swedish

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From Old Norse muster, moster, from Latin mustum.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must c (uncountable)

        2. (drink made from) fruit or berry juice (that has been prevented from fermenting)
        3. a kind of soft drink, more commonly known as julmust

        Declension

        [edit]
        Declension of must
        nominative genitive
        singular indefinite must musts
        definite musten mustens
        plural indefinite — —
        definite — —

        See also

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]

        Anagrams

        [edit]

        Veps

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From Proto-Finnic *musta.

        Adjective

        [edit]

        must

        1. black

        Inflection

        [edit]
        Inflection of must (inflection type 6/kuva)
        nominative sing. must
        genitive sing. mustan
        partitive sing. mustad
        partitive plur. mustid
        singular plural
        nominative must mustad
        accusative mustan mustad
        genitive mustan mustiden
        partitive mustad mustid
        essive-instructive mustan mustin
        translative mustaks mustikš
        inessive mustas mustiš
        elative mustaspäi mustišpäi
        illative mustaha
        mustha         		mustihe
        adessive mustal mustil
        ablative mustalpäi mustilpäi
        allative mustale mustile
        abessive mustata mustita
        comitative mustanke mustidenke
        prolative mustadme mustidme
        approximative I mustanno mustidenno
        approximative II mustannoks mustidennoks
        egressive mustannopäi mustidennopäi
        terminative I mustahasai
        musthasai         		mustihesai
        terminative II mustalesai mustilesai
        terminative III mustassai —
        additive I mustahapäi
        musthapäi         		mustihepäi
        additive II mustalepäi mustilepäi

        Derived terms

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must

        1. black

        Inflection

        [edit]
        Inflection of must (inflection type 6/kuva)
        nominative sing. must
        genitive sing. mustan
        partitive sing. mustad
        partitive plur. mustid
        singular plural
        nominative must mustad
        accusative mustan mustad
        genitive mustan mustiden
        partitive mustad mustid
        essive-instructive mustan mustin
        translative mustaks mustikš
        inessive mustas mustiš
        elative mustaspäi mustišpäi
        illative mustaha
        mustha         		mustihe
        adessive mustal mustil
        ablative mustalpäi mustilpäi
        allative mustale mustile
        abessive mustata mustita
        comitative mustanke mustidenke
        prolative mustadme mustidme
        approximative I mustanno mustidenno
        approximative II mustannoks mustidennoks
        egressive mustannopäi mustidennopäi
        terminative I mustahasai
        musthasai         		mustihesai
        terminative II mustalesai mustilesai
        terminative III mustassai —
        additive I mustahapäi
        musthapäi         		mustihepäi
        additive II mustalepäi mustilepäi

        References

        [edit]
        • Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “чёрный”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎[2], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

        Volapük

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        must (genitive musta, plural musts)

        1. must (new wine; sweet cider)

        Declension

        [edit]
        Declension of must
        Singular Plural
        Nominative must musts
        Genitive musta mustas
        Dative muste mustes
        Accusative musti mustis
        Predicative1 mustu mustus
        Vocative o must o musts
        1. Introduced in Volapük Nulik.

        Võro

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        From Proto-Finnic *musta.

        Adjective

        [edit]

        must (genitive musta, partitive musta)

        1. black (colour)

        Inflection

        [edit]
        Inflection of must
        singular plural
        nominative must mustaq
        accusative musta mustaq
        genitive musta muste
        partitive musta muste
        illative musta muste
        mustehe
        inessive mustan
        mustahn         		musten
        mustehn
        elative mustast mustest
        allative mustalõ mustelõ
        adessive mustal mustel
        ablative mustalt mustelt
        translative mustas mustes
        terminative mustaniq musteniq
        abessive mustaldaq musteldaq
        comitative mustagaq mustegaq
        Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=must&oldid=89534474"