ler

See also: LER, lèr, lêr, and -ler

Translingual

Symbol

ler

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Lenkau.

Basque

Pinus pinaster (Itsas pinu edo itsas ler)

Alternative forms

• lerra, leher

Etymology

From Proto-Basque *le(h)eR, compare the Aquitanian theonym Leherennus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ler/ [ler]
• Rhymes: -er
• Hyphenation: ler

Noun

ler inan

1. pine

   Synonyms: pinu, lerrondo

Declension

Declension of ler (inan C-stem)

	indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive	ler	lerra	lerrak	lerrok
ergative	lerrek	lerrak	lerrek	lerrok
dative	lerri	lerrari	lerrei	lerroi
genitive	lerren	lerraren	lerren	lerron
comitative	lerrekin	lerrarekin	lerrekin	lerrokin
causative	lerrengatik	lerrarengatik	lerrengatik	lerrongatik
benefactive	lerrentzat	lerrarentzat	lerrentzat	lerrontzat
instrumental	lerrez	lerraz	lerrez	lerrotaz
innesive	lerretan	lerrean	lerretan	lerrotan
locative	lerretako	lerreko	lerretako	lerrotako
allative	lerretara	lerrera	lerretara	lerrotara
terminative	lerretaraino	lerreraino	lerretaraino	lerrotaraino
directive	lerretarantz	lerrerantz	lerretarantz	lerrotarantz
destinative	lerretarako	lerrerako	lerretarako	lerrotarako
ablative	lerretatik	lerretik	lerretatik	lerrotatik
partitive	lerrik	—	—	—
prolative	lertzat	—	—	—

Further reading

• “ler”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
• “ler”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /leːˀr/, [ˈleˀɐ̯], [ˈleɐ̯ˀ]

Etymology 1

From Old Danish leer, from Old Norse leir, from Proto-Germanic *laizą, cognate with Norwegian leire, Swedish lera. Probably from the Indo-European root *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).

Noun

ler n (singular definite leret, not used in plural form)

1. clay

Declension

Declension of ler

neuter gender	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	ler	leret
genitive	lers	lerets

Derived terms

• blåler
• leraflejring
• lerart
• leret
• lerfad
• lerholdig
• lerhus
• lerhytte
• lerkar
• lerklump
• lerkrukke
• lerpotte
• moræneler
• pibeler
• rødler

See also

• “ler” in Den Danske Ordbog
• ler on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

ler

1. present tense of le

Galician

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere. Compare Portuguese ler.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/ [ˈleɾ]
• Rhymes: -eɾ
• Hyphenation: ler

Verb

ler (first-person singular present leo, first-person singular preterite lín, past participle lido)
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite lim or li, past participle lido, reintegrationist norm)

1. to read

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ler (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leo	les	le	lemos	ledes	len
Imperfect	lía	lías	lía	liamos	liades	lían
Preterite	lín	liches	leu	lin	lestes	leron
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	leramos	lerades	leran
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes	lerán
Conditional	lería	lerías	lería	leriamos	leriades	lerían
Subjunctive
Present	lea	leas	lea	leamos	leades	lean
Imperfect	lese	leses	lese	lésemos	lésedes	lesen
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Imperative
Affirmative		le	lea	leamos	lede	lean
Negative (non)		non leas	non lea	non leamos	non leades	non lean

    Reintegrated conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio, leo1	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	lem, leem
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líades, líeis, líais1	liam
Preterite	lim, li	leste, leche1	leu	lemos	lestes	lêrom, leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêrades, lêreis, lêrais1	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes, lereis	lerám, lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríades, leríeis, leríais1	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia, lea1	leias, leas1	leia, lea1	leiamos, leamos1	leiades, leiais, leades1	leiam, leam1
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêssedes, lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia, lea1	leiamos, leamos1	lede	leiam, leam1
Negative (nom)		nom leias, nom leas1	nom leia, nom lea1	nom leiamos, nom leamos1	nom leiades, nom leiais, nom leades1	nom leiam, nom leam1

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• reler
• trasler
• lector
• lectura

References

• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “leer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “leer”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ler”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ler”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ler”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Further reading

• “ler”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026
• “ler”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2026

Japanese

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whence r?”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾa̠ː]

Suffix

ler(ラー) • (-rā) 

1. alternative form of er (ā)

Derived terms

Japanese terms suffixed with ler

キティラー

クチャラー

シノラー

ツイッタラー

マヨラー

Mirandese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/ [ˈleɾ]
• Rhymes: -eɾ
• Syllabification: ler

Verb

ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)

1. Sendinese form of lher (“to read”)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ler (irregular)

infinitive			ler
gerund			lendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		lido		lida
		plural		lidos		lidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
personal non-finite		you	tu	el/eilha	nós	bós	eilhes/eilhas
	infinitive	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	léren
indicative		you	tu	el/eilha	nós	bós	eilhes/eilhas
	present	leio	leis, leies	lei	lemos	ledes	léien, len
	imperfect	lie	lies	lie	liemos	liedes	lien
	preterite	li	liste	liu	limos	listes	lírun
	pluperfect	lira	liras	lira	líramos	lírades	líran
	future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	lereis	leran
	conditional	lerie	leries	lerie	leriemos	leriedes	lerien
subjunctive		you	tu	el/eilha	nós	bós	eilhes/eilhas
	present	leia	leias	leia	léiamos	léiades	léian
	imperfect	lisse	lisses	lisse	líssemos	líssedes	líssen
	future	lir	lires	lir	lirmos	lirdes	líren
imperative		you	tu	el/eilha	nós	bós	eilhes/eilhas
	affirmative	—	lei	—	—	lede	—

References

• Alberto Gómez Bautista (2013) El mirandés: contexto y procesos de formación de palabras (Thesis)‎^[1] (in Spanish), Madrid: Department of Romance Studies, Complutense Univesity of Madrid, page 502

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /leːr/
• Rhymes: -eːr

Verb

ler

1. present of le

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

ler

1. present of le

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

• lez (likely a misspelling)

Etymology

Unknown. Likely from Proto-Celtic *liros.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/

Noun

ler m (plural lers)

1. sea, beach, shore
   • 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)

     Foy eu madre veer / As barcas eno lez (sic) / E moirome damor

     I went, mother, to see / the boats at the shore, / and I'm dying of love.

Usage notes

• Do not confuse with leer (“to read”).

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-. Cognate with Welsh llŷr.

Alternatively, from Proto-Celtic *ɸlīros, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈl̠ʲeɾ/

Noun

ler m or n (genitive lir)

1. (masculine) sea, ocean
2. (neuter) a lot, multitude, large number

Inflection

As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":

Masculine o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ler	lerL	lirL
vocative	lir	lerL	liruH
accusative	lerN	lerL	liruH
genitive	lirL	ler	lerN
dative	liurL	leraib	leraib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":

Neuter o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	lerN	lerN	lerL, lera
vocative	lerN	lerN	lerL, lera
accusative	lerN	lerN	lerL, lera
genitive	lirL	ler	lerN
dative	liurL	leraib	leraib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: lear
• Scottish Gaelic: lear

Mutation

Mutation of ler

radical	lenition	nasalization
ler also ller in h-prothesis environments	ler pronounced with /lʲ-/	ler also ller

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• (sea, ocean): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• (a lot, multitude): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere (“to read”). Compare Galician ler and Spanish leer.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈle.ɾi/

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Homophone: lê (Brazil)
• Hyphenation: ler

Verb

ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)

1. to read (to look at and interpret written information)
2. to read (to speak aloud written information)
3. (computing) to read (to fetch data from)
4. (reflexive, of text) to read (to be interpreted or read in a particular way)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	leem, lêem1
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líeis	liam
Preterite	li	leste	leu	lemos	lestes	leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêreis	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	lereis	lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríeis	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia	leias	leia	leiamos	leiais	leiam
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia	leiamos	lede	leiam
Negative (não)		não leias	não leia	não leiamos	não leiais	não leiam

¹Superseded.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ler.

Derived terms

• ledor
• reler

Related terms

• atril
• legenda
• legível
• leitor
• leitoril
• leitura
• lenda
• léxico
• lição
• lignite
• -logia
• lógico

Descendants

• Macanese: lê
• → Makalero: leh (“to read”)

Further reading

• “ler”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Romansh

Etymology 1

From Latin legō, legere.

Verb

ler

1. (Puter) to read

Alternative forms

• leger (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Vallader)
• liger (Sutsilvan, Surmiran)

Etymology 2

Verb

ler

1. (Sutsilvan) alternative form of vuler

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from German leer.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lêːr/
• Hyphenation: ler

Noun

lȇr m inan (Cyrillic spelling ле̑р)

1. (regional, automotive) neutral

Declension

Declension of ler

	singular	plural
nominative	ler	leri
genitive	lera	lera
dative	leru	lerima
accusative	ler	lere
vocative	lere	leri
locative	leru	lerima
instrumental	lerom	lerima

References

• “ler”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Swedish

Noun

ler c

1. clay; contraction of lera, in the expression ler och långhalm

Verb

ler

1. present indicative of le

Anagrams

• elr