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kul

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Appendix:Variations of "kul"
Languages (19)
Translingual
Albanian • Arin • Cornish • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Icelandic • Karaim • Livonian • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Serbo-Croatian • Sumerian • Swedish • Tocharian B • Turkish • Yucatec Maya
Page categories

Translingual

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Etymology

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Clipping of English Kulere.

Symbol

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kul

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Kulere.

See also

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Albanian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Albanian * ̊kull-, from Proto-Indo-European *kwel- (“to revolve, twist”). Occurs almost exclusively in prefixed form with për-. Probably related to ul.

Verb

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kul (aorist (për)kula, participle (për)kulur)

  1. to bend, crouch, bow

Derived terms

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Arin

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *Huλ (“water”).[1][2][3]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kul (plural unknown)

  1. water; river (?)

Usage notes

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References

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  1. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=776&root=config
  2. ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100%2Fyen%2Fyen&first=1&off=&text_word=water&method_word=equal&sort=number
  3. ^ Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 322
  4. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2002), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 3, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 55-57

Further reading

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  • Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich (1968), “Материалы к срабнительно-исторической фонетике Енисейских языков. 1. Аринско-Енисейские соответствия”, in Ivanov, Vjacheslav Vselodovich, Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich, Uspenskij, Boris Andreevich, editors, Кетский Сборник 1: Лингвистика, Moscow: Nauka, page 289
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 378
  • Werner, Heinrich K. (2005), Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, →ISBN, page 160

Cornish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Old Cornish cul, from Proto-Brythonic *kʉl, from Proto-Celtic *koilos (“thin”) (compare Old Irish coíl, Welsh cul).

Adjective

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kul

  1. narrow
    Synonym: ynn
    Antonyms: efan, ledan
Derived terms
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Mutation

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Mutation of kul
radical soft aspirate hard mixed
kul gul hul unchanged unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

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kul

  1. hard mutation of gul (“to do, make”)

Czech

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Pronunciation

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Participle

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kul

  1. masculine singular past active participle of kout

Danish

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse kol, from Proto-Germanic *kulą, cognate with Swedish kol, German Kohle, Dutch kool, English coal.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kul n (singular definite kullet, plural indefinite kul)

  1. coal
Declension
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Declension of kul
neuter
gender 		singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative kul kullet kul kullene
genitive kuls kullets kuls kullenes
Derived terms
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References

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Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kuːˀl/, [ˈkʰuˀl]

Verb

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kul

  1. imperative of kule

Dutch

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kʏl/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ʏl

Etymology 1

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From Middle Dutch cul, kul (“testicle”), from Old French coille, from Latin cōleus (“testicle”).

Noun

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kul f (plural kullen, diminutive kulletje n)

  1. (obsolete) testicle
  2. (dialectal) marble (small ball used in various games)
  3. (obsolete) loser, wuss, wimp
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Clipping of flauwekul, a univerbation of the adjective flauw (“insipid, tasteless”) and the noun kul (“testicle”).

Noun

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kul m (uncountable, no diminutive)

  1. nonsense, rubbish
Derived terms
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Icelandic

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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kul n (genitive singular kuls, no plural)

  1. (light) breeze
    Synonym: gola

Declension

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Declension of kul (sg-only neuter)
singular
indefinite definite
nominative kul kulið
accusative kul kulið
dative kuli kulinu
genitive kuls kulsins

Karaim

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Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *kul.

Noun

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kul

  1. slave

References

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  • N. A. Baskakov, S.M. Šapšala, editor (1973), “kul”, in Karaimsko-Russko-Polʹskij Slovarʹ [Karaim-Russian-Polish Dictionary], Moscow: Moskva, →ISBN

Livonian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈkuˀl/, [ˈkuˀl]

Etymology 1

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    From Proto-Finnic *kulo.

    Noun

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    ku’l

    1. dry grass (from the previous year)
    Declension
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    Declension of ku’l (76)
    singular (ikšlu’g) plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
    nominative (nominatīv) ku’l kulūd
    genitive (genitīv) ku’l kulūd
    partitive (partitīv) ku’llõ kulīdi
    dative (datīv) ku’llõn kulūdõn
    instrumental (instrumentāl) ku’lkõks kulūdõks
    illative (illatīv) ku’llõ kulīž
    inessive (inesīv) ku’lsõ kulīs
    elative (elatīv) ku’lstõ kulīst

    Etymology 2

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      From Proto-Finnic *kulu.

      Noun

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      ku’l

      1. (usually in the plural) cost, expense
      Declension
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      Declension of ku’l (76)
      singular (ikšlu’g) plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
      nominative (nominatīv) ku’l kulūd
      genitive (genitīv) ku’l kulūd
      partitive (partitīv) ku’llõ kulīdi
      dative (datīv) ku’llõn kulūdõn
      instrumental (instrumentāl) ku’lkõks kulūdõks
      illative (illatīv) ku’llõ kulīž
      inessive (inesīv) ku’lsõ kulīs
      elative (elatīv) ku’lstõ kulīst

      References

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      • Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “ku’l”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎[2] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

      Norwegian Bokmål

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      Etymology 1

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      Related to the noun kule

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kul m (definite singular kulen, indefinite plural kuler, definite plural kulene)

      1. bump, swelling (in the head or on a level surface)

      Etymology 2

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      From Swedish kul, with meaning influenced by English cool.

      Alternative forms

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      Pronunciation

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      Adjective

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      kul (masculine and feminine kul, neuter kult, definite singular and plural kule, comparative kulere, indefinite superlative kulest, definite superlative kuleste)

      1. cool (awesome)

      Etymology 3

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      Pronunciation

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      Verb

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      kul

      1. imperative of kule

      References

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      Norwegian Nynorsk

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      Etymology 1

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      Related to the noun kule

      Noun

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      kul m (definite singular kulen, indefinite plural kular, definite plural kulane)

      1. bump, swelling (in the head or on a level surface)

      Etymology 2

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      From Swedish kul, with meaning influenced by English cool.

      Adjective

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      kul (neuter kult, definite singular and plural kule, comparative kulare, indefinite superlative kulast, definite superlative kulaste)

      1. cool (awesome)

      Etymology 3

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      Verb

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      kul

      1. imperative of kule

      References

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      Polish

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      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kul f

      1. genitive plural of kula
        Synonym: kuli

      Verb

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      kul

      1. second-person singular imperative of kulić

      Serbo-Croatian

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      Etymology

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      Borrowed from English cool.

      Pronunciation

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      Adjective

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      kȗl (Cyrillic spelling ку̑л)

      1. cool: popular, great, in fashion
        Taj frajer je zbilja kul! — That dude is really cool!

      Adverb

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      kȗl (Cyrillic spelling ку̑л)

      1. cool, in a cool manner

      Sumerian

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      Romanization

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      kul

      1. romanization of 𒆰 (kul)

      Swedish

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      Etymology

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      Of unclear origin. Perhaps a clipping from an earlier kulan, from kula. First seen in 1911.

      Pronunciation

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      Adjective

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      kul (comparative mer kul, superlative mest kul)

      1. fun
        Det är kul att åka skateboard
        It's fun to ride a skateboard
      2. funny
        Vill du höra ett kul skämt?
        Want to hear a funny joke?
      3. (nominalized) fun things
        Det finns mycket kul att göra på stadsfestivalen
        There are lots of fun things to do at the city festival

      Declension

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      No inflected forms. Sometimes kulig is used colloquially when inflected forms are needed.

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      References

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      Tocharian B

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      Etymology

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      Unknown.

      Noun

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      kul ?

      1. bell

      Further reading

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      • Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kul”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 196

      Turkish

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      Etymology

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      Inherited from Ottoman Turkish قول (kul, “male slave, servant”), from Old Anatolian Turkish قل (qul), from Proto-Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”).[1] Cognate to Old Turkic 𐰴𐰆𐰞 (qul, “slave”), Karakhanid قُلْ (qul, “slave”), Kazakh құл (qūl), Khakas хул (xul).

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kul (definite accusative kulu, plural kullar)

      1. slave
      2. servant
      3. (Islam) a sentient being (jinn or human) (as being obliged to worship their Creator)

      Usage notes

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      Uses in the sense of slave are mostly archaic, except for a few idioms such as kul köle and the verb kulluk yapmak, meaning “to serve” in a pejorative sense. Otherwise, even figuratively, köle is more common.

      Declension

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      Declension of kul
      singular plural
      nominative kul kullar
      definite accusative kulu kulları
      dative kula kullara
      locative kulda kullarda
      ablative kuldan kullardan
      genitive kulun kulların
      Possessive forms
      nominative
      singular plural
      1st singular kulum kullarım
      2nd singular kulun kulların
      3rd singular kulu kulları
      1st plural kulumuz kullarımız
      2nd plural kulunuz kullarınız
      3rd plural kulları kulları
      definite accusative
      singular plural
      1st singular kulumu kullarımı
      2nd singular kulunu kullarını
      3rd singular kulunu kullarını
      1st plural kulumuzu kullarımızı
      2nd plural kulunuzu kullarınızı
      3rd plural kullarını kullarını
      dative
      singular plural
      1st singular kuluma kullarıma
      2nd singular kuluna kullarına
      3rd singular kuluna kullarına
      1st plural kulumuza kullarımıza
      2nd plural kulunuza kullarınıza
      3rd plural kullarına kullarına
      locative
      singular plural
      1st singular kulumda kullarımda
      2nd singular kulunda kullarında
      3rd singular kulunda kullarında
      1st plural kulumuzda kullarımızda
      2nd plural kulunuzda kullarınızda
      3rd plural kullarında kullarında
      ablative
      singular plural
      1st singular kulumdan kullarımdan
      2nd singular kulundan kullarından
      3rd singular kulundan kullarından
      1st plural kulumuzdan kullarımızdan
      2nd plural kulunuzdan kullarınızdan
      3rd plural kullarından kullarından
      genitive
      singular plural
      1st singular kulumun kullarımın
      2nd singular kulunun kullarının
      3rd singular kulunun kullarının
      1st plural kulumuzun kullarımızın
      2nd plural kulunuzun kullarınızın
      3rd plural kullarının kullarının
      Predicative forms
      singular plural
      1st singular kulum kullarım
      2nd singular kulsun kullarsın
      3rd singular kul
      kuldur       		kullar
      kullardır
      1st plural kuluz kullarız
      2nd plural kulsunuz kullarsınız
      3rd plural kullar kullardır
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      See also

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      References

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      1. ^ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*Kul”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

      Further reading

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      Yucatec Maya

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      Verb

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      kul (positional)

      1. to sit
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