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kind

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Kind and -kind

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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  • enPR: kīnd, IPA(key): /kaɪnd/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -aɪnd

Etymology 1

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    From Middle English kynde, kinde, from Old English cynd, ġecynd (“inherent nature, disposition, kind, gender, generation, race”), from Proto-West Germanic *kundi, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, related to Proto-Germanic *kunją (“race, kin”) and Old English cennan (“to bear, give birth”).

    Cognate with Old High German gikunt (“nature, kind”), Icelandic kind (“race, species, kind”). Doublet of gens, genesis, and jati. See also kin.

    Alternative forms

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    Noun

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    kind (plural kinds)

    1. A type, race or category; a group of entities that have common characteristics such that they may be grouped together.
      What kind of (a) person are you?
      This is a strange kind of tobacco.
      What kind of ice-cream would you like? There's chocolate, strawberry, and lemon.
      • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 1:
        How diversely Love doth his pageants play, / And shews his powre in variable kinds !
      • 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:
        “ […] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. The kind that have mottoes like
          Here's rattling good luck and roaring good cheer, / With lashings of food and great hogsheads of beer. […] ”
      • 2022, James Dominic Rooney, Material Objects in Confucian and Aristotelian Metaphysics, page 166:
        That in virtue of which all of his material parts are of the same kind human being is what makes those parts belong to Hook, but Hook is neither identical with his kind (the essence of human being), nor is Hook merely that which makes him a member of the kind or all his parts human (his soul).
    2. A makeshift or otherwise atypical specimen.
      The opening served as a kind of window.
    3. (archaic) One's inherent nature; character, natural disposition.
      • 1533, Thomas More, The second parte of the confutacion of Tyndals answere in whyche is also confuted the chyrche that Tyndale deuyseth:
        Must yt nedes folowe that theyr fayth was chaunged in kynde, bycause yt was augmented in degrees.
      • 1551, Thomas Wilson, The rule of reason, conteinyng the arte of logique:
        The generall woorde, is spoken of many, that differ either in kynd, or els in nombre.
      • 1665, Robert Boyle, Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects. Whereto is premis'd a Discourse about such kind of thoughts:
        'Tis all one..whether our Afflictions be the same with those of others, in Kind, or not Superiour to them in Degree.
      • 2002, D. DeGrazia, Animal Rights:
        He also argued powerfully, if less influentially, that animals' and humans' capacities differ largely in degree and not in kind.
    4. (archaic) Family, lineage.
      • "She Moved through the Fair" (traditional Irish folk song)
        My young love said to me, My mother won’t mind
        And my father won’t slight you for your lack of kind.
    5. (archaic) Manner.
    7. Goods or services used as payment, as e.g. in barter.
      in kind ― with goods or services instead of with money
      I don't have any money but I can pay in kind by washing the dishes.
      • 1691, John Dryden, Prologue to King Arthur:
        Some of you, on pure instinct of nature, / Are led by kind t'admire your fellow-creature.
    8. Equivalent means used as response to an action.
      in kind ― in a similar manner
      I'll pay in kind for his insult.
    9. (Christianity) Each of the two elements of the communion service, bread and wine.
    10. (type theory) The type of a type constructor or a higher-order type operator.
      The kind of any primitive data type is *, corresponding to a nullary constructor.
    11. (Caribbean, in compounds) Food in a particular category.
      • 1998, Easton Lee, From Behind the Counter: Poems from a Rural Jamaican Experience:
        Fish kind was what she ate then.
      • 2005 January 1, Michaeline A. Crichlow, Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development, Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 116:
        The farmers had plenty of ground provisions, but there was no "meat kind."
      • 2013 06, Wellesley Gayle, The Jamaica Insider Guide, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 30:
        They can be served with fried fish, chicken, ackee and salt fish or other meat kind, as well as eaten separately as a treat.
    Usage notes
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    • In the sense of “goods or services” or “equivalent means”, kind is almost exclusively used in the expression in kind.
    Synonyms
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    The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. For synonyms and antonyms you may use the templates {{syn|en|...}} or {{ant|en|...}}.

    (1) and/or (2)

    Derived terms
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    Translations
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    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    Etymology 2

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      From Middle English kynde, kinde, from Old English cynde, ġecynde (“innate, natural, native”), from Old English cynd, ġecynd (“nature, kind”).

      Alternative forms

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      Adjective

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      kind (comparative kinder, superlative kindest)

      1. Having a benevolent, courteous, friendly, generous, gentle, liberal, sympathetic, or warm-hearted nature or disposition, marked by consideration for – and service to – others.
      2. Affectionate.
        a kind man; a kind heart
      3. Favorable.
      4. Mild, gentle, forgiving
        The years have been kind to Richard Gere; he ages well.
      5. Gentle; tractable; easily governed.
        a horse kind in harness
      6. (obsolete) Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native.
      Synonyms
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      Derived terms
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      terms derived from kind (adjective)
      Translations
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      The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
      Translations to be checked

      Further reading

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      Anagrams

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      Afrikaans

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      Etymology

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      From Dutch kind, from Middle Dutch kint, from Old Dutch kint, from Proto-Germanic *kindą (“offspring”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁tóm.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind (plural kinders)

      1. child

      Anagrams

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      Danish

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      Etymology

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      From Old Norse kinn, from Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu- (“cheek”). Compare Swedish kind, Norwegian and Icelandic kinn, Low German and German Kinn, Dutch kin, English chin.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind c (singular definite kinden, plural indefinite kinder)

      1. cheek

      Inflection

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      Declension of kind
      common
      gender       		singular plural
      indefinite definite indefinite definite
      nominative kind kinden kinder kinderne
      genitive kinds kindens kinders kindernes

      Dutch

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      Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia nl

      Etymology

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      From Middle Dutch kint, from Old Dutch kint, from Proto-West Germanic *kind (“offspring”), from Proto-Germanic *kindą (“offspring”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁tóm (“that which is produced, that which is given birth to”), related to *ǵn̥h₁tós (“produced, given birth”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to give birth”).

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind n (plural kinderen or kinders, diminutive kindje n or kindertje n or kindeken n or kindelijn n)

      1. child, kid, non-adult human
        Synonyms: koter, (dated) wicht
        Hij heeft als kind leren schaatsen. ― He learned how to ice-skate as a child.
      2. first-degree descendant, still a minor or irrespective of age
        Synonyms: afstammeling, nakomeling, telg
        Mijn kinderen zijn intussen allemaal volwassen. ― My children are all adults by now.
      3. (figuratively) product of influence, breeding etc.
        Deze kunstwerken zijn een kind van de moderne kunstbeweging. ― These artworks are a product of the modern art movement.

      Usage notes

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      • The normal plural is kinderen (a double plural combining the endings -er (archaic) and -en, also found in a few other neuter nouns). The form kinders is heard colloquially, often also humorously.
      • In compounds, the word can take the form kinder- or kind- as a tail. The former is used more often, however.
      • The diminutive kindelijn is now archaic, but can still be found in some fossilized songs and religious texts.

      Derived terms

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      Descendants

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      • Afrikaans: kind
      • Jersey Dutch: känt
      • Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
      • Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte

      See also

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      Icelandic

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      Icelandic Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia is

      Etymology

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      From Old Norse kind, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, cognate with Latin gēns (“clan, tribe”). The sense of “sheep” is derived from the compound sauðkind, literally “sheep-kind”.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind f (genitive singular kindar, nominative plural kindur or (in the meaning "race, kind, kin") kindir)

      1. (obsolete) race, kind, kin
      2. a sheep (especially a ewe)
        Synonyms: rolla, sauðkind
      3. (dated) used as a term of disparagement for a girl (or woman)

      Declension

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      Declension of kind (feminine)
      singular plural
      indefinite definite indefinite definite
      nominative kind kindin kindur, kindir1 kindurnar, kindirnar1
      accusative kind kindina kindur, kindir1 kindurnar, kindirnar1
      dative kind kindinni kindum kindunum
      genitive kindar kindarinnar kinda kindanna

      1In the meaning "race, kind, kin".

      Derived terms

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      Middle English

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      Etymology 1

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      Noun

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      kind

      1. (especially Northern) alternative form of kynde

      Etymology 2

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      Adjective

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      kind

      1. (Northern) alternative form of kynde

      Norwegian Nynorsk

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      Etymology

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      From Old Norse kind f, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis. Akin to English kind.

      Noun

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      kind m (definite singular kinden, indefinite plural kindar, definite plural kindane)
      kind n (definite singular kindet, indefinite plural kind, definite plural kinda)

      1. a child in a cradle

      References

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      Old Norse

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      Etymology

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      From Proto-Germanic *kinþiz. Compare Latin gēns (“clan, tribe”).

      Noun

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      kind f (genitive kindar, plural kindir or kindr)

      1. race, kind, kin
      2. creature, being

      Declension

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      Declension of kind (strong i-stem)
      feminine singular plural
      indefinite definite indefinite definite
      nominative kind kindin kindir, kindr kindirnar, kindrnar
      accusative kind kindina kindir, kindr kindirnar, kindrnar
      dative kind kindinni kindum kindunum
      genitive kindar kindarinnar kinda kindanna

      Derived terms

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      Descendants

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      • Icelandic: kind f (“sheep”)
      • Faroese: kind

      Further reading

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      • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “kind”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

      Old Saxon

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      Etymology

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      From Proto-West Germanic *kind (“child”), from Proto-Germanic *kindą, *kinþą, from Pre-Germanic *ǵénh₁tom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to bear, give birth”).

      Noun

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      kind n

      1. child

      Declension

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      kind (neuter a-stem)
      singular plural
      nominative kind kind
      accusative kind kind
      genitive kindes kindō
      dative kinde kindun
      instrumental — —
      kind (z-stem)
      singular plural
      nominative kind kindiru
      accusative kind kindiru
      genitive kindes kindirō
      dative kinde kindirum
      instrumental — —

      Descendants

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      Swedish

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      Swedish Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia sv
      en kind

      Etymology

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      From Old Norse kinn, from Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu- (“cheek”). Compare Danish kind, Norwegian and Icelandic kinn, German Kinn, Dutch kin, English chin.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind c

      1. (anatomy) cheek (part of the face)
        • (Can we date this quote?), “Huvud, axlar, knä(n) och tå(r) [Head, Shoulders, Knee(s) and Toe(s) [singular in most other versions]]”‎[1]performed by Mora Träsk:
          Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår. Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår. Ögon, öron, kinden klappen får. Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår.
          Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes. Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes. Eyes, ears, the cheek gets the pat ["Kinden får klappen" is the normal word order, like in English, but switching it around does not sound ungrammatical in Swedish]. Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes.

      Usage notes

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      False friend of English chin. See haka.

      Declension

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      Declension of kind
      nominative genitive
      singular indefinite kind kinds
      definite kinden kindens
      plural indefinite kinder kinders
      definite kinderna kindernas

      Derived terms

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      References

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      Zealandic

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      Etymology

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      From Middle Dutch kint.

      Noun

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      kind n (plural kinders)

      1. child
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