grad

See also: Grad, grád, gråd, grąd, and град

English

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡɹæd/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æd

Noun

grad (plural grads)

2. Clipping of graduate.
4. Clipping of graduation.
6. (trigonometry) Abbreviation of gradian.

Derived terms

• fresh grad
• grad school
• grad student

See also

• deg
• rad

Etymology 2

Noun

grad (plural grads)

1. Alternative letter-case form of Grad.

Anagrams

• Gard, darg, drag, gard

Alemannic German

Etymology

From Middle High German gerade, gerat, from Old High German rado (“fast”, adverb), from rad (“fast”, adjective), from Proto-West Germanic *hrad (“quick, hasty”). Cognate with German gerade.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrɑd/

Adverb

grad

1. now, at the moment
   • 1978, Rolf Lyssy & Christa Maerker, Die Schweizermacher, (transcript):

     Mir si grad am Esse, aber Si gönd gern mitesse, wen Si wend.

     We're eating at the moment, but you can gladly join us for dinner if you like.

2. exactly

Chinese

Etymology

From clipping of English graduate.

Pronunciation

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwet¹

---

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gwet¹
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwet⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: guéd¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɛːt̚⁵/

Verb

grad

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) to graduate

Derived terms

• fresh grad
• grad din
• grad trip
• U grad

Danish

Etymology

From Latin gradus

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡ̊ʁɑˀð], ([ˈɡ̊ʁɑðˀ])
• Homophone: græd

Noun

grad c (singular definite graden, plural indefinite grader)

1. degree

   i allerhøjeste grad

   to the very highest degree

   til en sådan grad, at

   to such a degree that

2. degree (180th of pi)

   Drej 90 grader i positiv omløbsretning (mod uret).

   Turn 90 degrees in the positive direction of circumambulation (counterclockwise).

3. (mostly in compounds) academic degree

   Hun tog en grad i ægyptologi.

   She got a degree in egyptology.

Declension

Declension of grad

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	grad	graden	grader	graderne
genitive	grads	gradens	graders	gradernes

German

Etymology

Contraction of gerade.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡʁaːt/, /ɡʁat/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aːt
• Homophones: Grad, Grat

Adverb

grad

1. (colloquial) alternative form of gerade

Further reading

• “grad” in Duden online
• “grad”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎^[2] (in German)

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch graad, from Middle Dutch graet, from Latin gradus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡrat]
• Hyphenation: grad

Noun

grad

1. grade, degree, level

   Synonym: derajat

2. dignity, prestige

   Synonym: martabat

Alternative forms

• gréd (Standard Malay)

Related terms

• degradasi
• gradasi

Further reading

• “grad”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Middle High German gerat, from Old High German girat, equivalent to ge- + the root of Rad (“wheel”).

Adverb

grad

1. just, just now

   Mäi Brudder ass grad heemkomm

   My brother has just come home

Maltese

Etymology

Etymology tree

Latin gradus

Italian gradobor.

Maltese grad

Borrowed from Italian grado.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡraːd/
• Rhymes: -aːd

Noun

grad m (plural gradi)

1. degree (of a circle)
2. degree (temperature)

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Latin gradus.

Noun

grad m (definite singular graden, indefinite plural grader, definite plural gradene)

1. degree (general)
2. an academic degree
3. degree (of angle)
4. degree (of latitude or longitude)
5. degree (of temperature)
6. rank (e.g. military)

Derived terms

• bachelorgrad
• breddegrad
• doktorgrad
• gradestokk
• lengdegrad
• minusgrad
• varmegrad

References

• “grad” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Latin gradus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrɑːd/

Noun

grad m (definite singular graden, indefinite plural gradar, definite plural gradane)
grad f (definite singular grada, indefinite plural grader, definite plural gradene)

1. a degree (general)
2. an academic degree
3. degree (of angle)
4. degree (of latitude or longitude)
5. degree (of temperature)
6. rank (e.g. military)

Derived terms

• bachelorgrad
• breiddegrad
• doktorgrad
• gradestokk
• gradvis
• lengdegrad
• minusgrad
• varmegrad

References

• “grad” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Etymology

From Latin gradus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrɑd/
• Rhymes: -ɑd

Noun

grad m

1. grade, step, order, degree, rank
   • Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church

     Eft æt sumum sæle ætslād sē hālga wer on ðām hēalīcum gradum æt þām hālgum wēofode, swā þæt hē fornēan eal wearð tōcwȳsed; ac on þǣre nihte hine ġelācnode God, ðurh his hālgan enġel, tō ansundre hǣle.

     Also, at a certain hall, the holy man slipped on the high steps at the holy altar, so that almost his whole body became bruised; but in the night, God restored him to full health through his holy angel.

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	grad	gradas
accusative	grad	gradas
genitive	grades	grada
dative	grade	gradum

References

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “grad”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Polish

grad

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡrat/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: grad
• Homophones: Grad, grat

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-der.

Proto-Slavic *gradъ

Polish grad

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.

Noun

grad m inan (related adjective gradowy)

1. hail (balls of ice)
2. (figurative) mass (large number or amount)

   Synonyms: deszcz, ulewa

   Hypernyms: masa, ogrom

Declension

Declension of grad

	singular
nominative	grad
genitive	gradu
dative	gradowi
accusative	grad
instrumental	gradem
locative	gradzie
vocative	gradzie

Derived terms

nouns

• gradobicie
• gradzina

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

grad m inan

1. (geometry, trigonometry) gradian (unit of angle equal to 0.9 degrees, so that there are 100 gradians in a right angle)

Declension

Declension of grad

	singular	plural
nominative	grad	grady
genitive	gradu	gradów
dative	gradowi	gradom
accusative	grad	grady
instrumental	gradem	gradami
locative	gradzie	gradach
vocative	gradzie	grady

Further reading

• “grad”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[3] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “grad”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[4] (in Polish)

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French grade, ultimately from Latin gradus.

Noun

grad n (plural grade)

1. degree (unit of measurement for temperature)

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *groddo, ultimately from the root of greas (“to hasten”).

Adjective

grad

1. sudden, immediate, instant
2. quick, rapid, swift, alert, agile

Usage notes

• Often used adverbially, preceding and leniting the verbal noun:

  a' grad-amharc oirre ― glancing at her

  ghrad-leum e bhon chathair ― he suddenly leapt from the chair

Derived terms

• gu grad

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gárdas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrâːd/

Noun

grȃd m inan (Cyrillic spelling гра̑д)

1. city, town

   Grad sv(j)etlosti ― City of Light (nickname of Paris)

   Selo hvali, a u gradu živi. ― Speak well of the countryside, but live in the city. (proverb)

   Bolje je biti neko u selu nego niko u gradu. ― It's better to be somebody in a village than nobody in a city. (paraphrased quote by Julius Caesar)

2. fortress, castle
3. downtown, city center

Declension

Declension of grad

	singular	plural
nominative	grȃd	grȁdovi, grȃdi
genitive	grȃda	grȁdōvā, gradóvā, grádā
dative	grȃdu	grȁdovima, gradòvima, grádima
accusative	grȃd	grȁdove, grȃde
vocative	grȃde	grȁdovi, grȃdi
locative	grádu	grȁdovima, gradòvima, grádima
instrumental	grȃdom	grȁdovima, gradòvima, grádima

Further reading

• “grad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gradъ, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₃d-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrâd/

Noun

grȁd m inan (Cyrillic spelling гра̏д)

1. hail

   Synonyms: tȕča, krúpa, lȇd

Declension

Declension of grad

	singular	plural
nominative	grȁd	grȁdi
genitive	grȁda	grȃdā
dative	grȁdu	grȁdima, grȁdma
accusative	grȁd	grȁde
vocative	grȁde	grȁdi
locative	grȁdu	grȁdima, grȁdma
instrumental	grȁdom	grȁdima, grȁdma

Further reading

• “grad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin gradus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrâːd/

Noun

grȃd m inan (Cyrillic spelling гра̑д)

1. (mathematics) gradian
2. degree (measuring unit in various systems; the more usual and general term is stȅpēn or stȗpanj)

Declension

Declension of grad

	singular	plural
nominative	grȃd	grȃdi
genitive	grȃda	grádī, grádā
dative	grȃdu	grȃdima, grádima
accusative	grȃd	grȃde
vocative	grȃde	grȃdi
locative	grádu	grȃdima, grádima
instrumental	grȃdom	grȃdima, grádima

Further reading

• “grad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian grad (“city, town, fortress”). The extended meaning of ‘country’ is a semantic loan from Italian paese.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡrâːd/

Noun

grad m

1. village
2. country

Declension

Declension of grad (inan series-1b masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	grad	grada
genitive	grada	gradi
dative	gradu	gradami, gradi
accusative	grad	grada
locative	gradu	grada
instrumental	gradom, gradam	gradami, gradi

References

• Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).
• Breu, W., Mader Skender, M. B. & Piccoli, G. 2013. Oral texts in Molise Slavic (Italy): Acquaviva Collecroce. In Adamou, E., Breu, W., Drettas, G. & Scholze, L. (eds.). 2013. EuroSlav2010: Elektronische Datenbank bedrohter slavischer Varietäten in nichtslavophonen Ländern Europas – Base de données électronique de variétés slaves menacées dans des pays européens non slavophones. Konstanz: Universität / Paris: Lacito (Internet Publication).

Slovene

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡráːt/
• Rhymes: -aːd

Noun

grȃd m inan

1. castle
2. (obsolete) city

Declension

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate, -ov- infix) , long mixed accent, ending -u in genitive singular
nom. sing.	grȃd
gen. sing.	gradȗ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	gradȗ	gradóv	gradóv
dative dajȃlnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvoma, gradȏvama	gradȏvom, grȃdȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvih	gradȏvih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	grȃdom	gradȏvoma, gradȏvama	gradȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate, -ov- infix) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	grȃd
gen. sing.	grȃda
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	grȃda	gradóv	gradóv
dative dajȃlnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvoma, gradȏvama	gradȏvom, grȃdȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvih	gradȏvih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	grȃdom	gradȏvoma, gradȏvama	gradȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡráːt/
• Rhymes: -aːd
• Hyphenation: grad

Noun

grȃd m inan

1. (trigonometry) gradian
2. (wine) alcohol by volume

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	grȃd
gen. sing.	grȃda
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	grȃd	grȃda	grȃdi
genitive rodȋlnik	grȃda	grȃdov	grȃdov
dative dajȃlnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	grȃdoma, grȃdama	grȃdom, grȃdam
accusative tožȋlnik	grȃd	grȃda	grȃde
locative mẹ̑stnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	grȃdih, grȃdah	grȃdih, grȃdah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	grȃdom	grȃdoma, grȃdama	grȃdi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	grȃd	grȃda	grȃdi

Further reading

• “grad”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “grad”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references

Swedish

Etymology

From Latin gradus

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑːd

Noun

grad c

1. degree (extent)

   I vilken grad bör man fokusera på kebabsåsens krämighet?

   To what degree should you focus on the creaminess of the kebab sauce?

   tredje gradens brännskador

   third degree burns

   närkontakt av tredje graden

   close encounters of the third degree (idiomatic as opposed to "kind")

2. (physics) degree (unit of temperature, in Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc.)

   – Hur många grader är det ute? – 240 grader Kelvin.

   – How many degrees is it outside? – 240 degrees Kelvin.

   • 1981, Ebba Grön, “800°C”, in Kärlek & uppror [Love & rebellion]‎^[5]:

     Vi fryser ihjäl. Det är så kallt. Stackars barn. Men snart blir det varmt. Ja, vi fryser ihjäl. Det är så kallt. Stackars barn. Men snart blir det varmt. Det blir 800 grader. Du kan lita på mig, du kan lita på mig. 800 grader. Du kan lita på mig, du kan lita på mig.

     We're freezing to death. It is so cold. Poor children. But soon it'll be warm. Yes, we're freezing to death. It is so cold. Poor children. But soon it'll be warm. It'll be 800 degrees. You can trust me, you can trust me. 800 degrees. You can trust me, you can trust me.

3. (geometry) degree (angular unit)

   Vinkeln är 11 grader

   The angle is 11 degrees

4. (geography) degree

   två grader öst

   two degrees east

5. (algebra) degree

   x² - 4x + 4 = 0 är en andragradsekvation / en ekvation av andra graden / en ekvation av grad 2

   x² - 4x + 4 = 0 is a quadratic equation / a second-degree equation / an equation of degree 2

7. grade, rank (especially in the military and academia)

   en officersgrad

   a grade of officer

   gradbeteckning

   rank insignia

   ha en doktorsgrad

   have a doctorate ("doctorate grade")

   stiga i graderna

   rise through the ranks (idiomatic, generally)

8. (cooking) A measurement of acetic acid, corresponding to 6 cl of a 24% solution or 12 cl of a 12% solution.
   • 2012 June 12, “Inlagd löksill [Pickled onion herring]”, in My little bakery‎^[6]:

     Lag: 3,5 dl vatten; 0,5 äggkopp salt; 1 grad ättika.

     Pickle: 3.5 dl water; 0.5 egg cup salt; 1 degree acetic acid.

   • 2017 November 14, Minna Wallén-Widung, “9 oväntade sätt att använda ättika på [9 unexpected ways to use acetic acid]”, in Allas‎^[7]:

     […] späd 2 grader ättika med vatten till 0,5 liter.

     […] dilute 2 degrees acetic acid with water to 0.5 liters.

Usage notes

• An academic degree is usually an examen. Grad is more rare and closer to "rank," in a sense extended to (higher) academic degrees.

Declension

Declension of grad

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	grad	grads
	definite	graden	gradens
plural	indefinite	grader	graders
	definite	graderna	gradernas

Related terms

• breddgrad
• degradera
• doktorsgrad
• frihetsgrad
• gradbeteckning
• gradera
• gradering
• gradient
• gradmätning
• gradualavhandling
• gradvis
• höggradig
• magistergrad
• militär grad
• minusgrad
• plusgrad
• retrograd
• svårighetsgrad
• så till den milda grad
• tjänstegrad
• uppgradera
• urbaniseringsgrad
• verkningsgrad

See also

• radian (“radian”)

References

• “grad”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “grad”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “grad”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Anagrams

• drag