folc

See also: Folc and FoLC

Catalan

Alternative forms

• folcat

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *folk (“people, tribe”), perhaps via a Vulgar Latin fulcus. Compare Old French foulc (Modern French foule).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈfolk]

Noun

folc m (plural folcs)

1. herd, flock

   Synonym: ramat

Further reading

• “folc”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin fulgur.

Noun

folc m

1. thunderbolt

   Synonyms: saete, sfulmin

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish folc (“heavy rain, wet weather”).

Noun

folc f (genitive singular foilce, nominative plural folca)

1. downpour, flood

Declension

Declension of folc (second declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative folc folca vocative a fholc a fholca genitive foilce folc dative folc folca forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an fholc na folca genitive na foilce na bhfolc dative leis an bhfolc don fholc leis na folca

Derived terms

• folcmhar (“pouring, torrential”, adjective)

Etymology 2

From Old Irish folcaid (“washes”), from Proto-Celtic *wolkīti. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic failc (“to bathe”), and more distantly Welsh golchi, Cornish golhi, Breton gwalc'hiñ.

Verb

folc (present analytic folcann, future analytic folcfaidh, verbal noun folcadh, past participle folctha)

1. (transitive) bathe
2. (transitive) wash
3. (transitive) immerse, submerge, drench

Conjugation

Conjugation of folc (first conjugation – A)

indicative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	folcaim	folcann tú; folcair†	folcann sé, sí	folcaimid; folcann muid	folcann sibh	folcann siad; folcaid†	a fholcann; a fholcas	folctar
past	d'fholc mé; d'fholcas / fholc mé‡; fholcas‡	d'fholc tú; d'fholcais / fholc tú‡; fholcais‡	d'fholc sé, sí / fholc sé, sí‡	d'fholcamar; d'fholc muid / fholcamar‡; fholc muid‡	d'fholc sibh; d'fholcabhair / fholc sibh‡; fholcabhair‡	d'fholc siad; d'fholcadar / fholc siad‡; fholcadar‡	a d'fholc	folcadh
past habitual	d'fholcainn / folcainn‡	d'fholctá / folctá‡	d'fholcadh sé, sí / folcadh sé, sí‡	d'fholcaimis; d'fholcadh muid / folcaimis‡; folcadh muid‡	d'fholcadh sibh / folcadh sibh‡	d'fholcaidís; d'fholcadh siad / folcaidís‡; folcadh siad‡	a d'fholcadh	d'fholctaí / folctaí‡
	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	folcfaidh mé; folcfad	folcfaidh tú; folcfair†	folcfaidh sé, sí	folcfaimid; folcfaidh muid	folcfaidh sibh	folcfaidh siad; folcfaid†	a fholcfaidh; a fholcfas	folcfar
conditional	d'fholcfainn / folcfainn‡	d'fholcfá / folcfá‡	d'fholcfadh sé, sí / folcfadh sé, sí‡	d'fholcfaimis; d'fholcfadh muid / folcfaimis‡; folcfadh muid‡	d'fholcfadh sibh / folcfadh sibh‡	d'fholcfaidís; d'fholcfadh siad / folcfaidís‡; folcfadh siad‡	a d'fholcfadh	d'fholcfaí / folcfaí‡
subjunctive	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	go bhfolca mé; go bhfolcad†	go bhfolca tú; go bhfolcair†	go bhfolca sé, sí	go bhfolcaimid; go bhfolca muid	go bhfolca sibh	go bhfolca siad; go bhfolcaid†	—	go bhfolctar
past	dá bhfolcainn	dá bhfolctá	dá bhfolcadh sé, sí	dá bhfolcaimis; dá bhfolcadh muid	dá bhfolcadh sibh	dá bhfolcaidís; dá bhfolcadh siad	—	dá bhfolctaí
imperative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
—	folcaim	folc	folcadh sé, sí	folcaimis	folcaigí; folcaidh†	folcaidís	—	folctar
past participle	folctha
verbal noun	folcadh

^† archaic or dialect form
^‡ dependent form

Derived terms

• folcadán (“bath”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of folc

radical	lenition	eclipsis
folc	fholc	bhfolc

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “folc”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “folc”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “folc”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Middle English

Noun

folc

1. (chiefly Early Middle English) alternative form of folk

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *folk, from Proto-Germanic *fulką.

Noun

folc n

1. people, folk
2. army, troop

Inflection

Declension of folc (neuter a-stem noun)

case	singular	plural
nominative	folc	folc
accusative	folc	folc
genitive	folkes	folco
dative	folke	folcon

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: volc
  • Dutch: volk, vouk (dialectal)
    • Afrikaans: volk
    • Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
    • → Sranan Tongo: folku
  • Limburgish: vouk

Further reading

• “folk”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *fulką (“people”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /folk/, [foɫk]

Noun

folc n

1. the people, especially the common people

   Lēodhatan frēoġaþ hīe selfe, ac hīe ġeþēowiaþ þæt folc.

   Dictators free themselves, but they enslave the people.

2. a people, nation, or tribe
   • Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church

     Þæt sixte wīte wæs, þæt mislīċe ḡeswel and blǣdran asprungon on heora līchaman on eallum his folce.

     The sixth plague was that various swellings and pustules sprung up on the bodies of all of his people.

3. crowd
4. the public
   • late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans

     Hīe sæġdon þām folce þæt heora godu him wǣren ierru, tō þȳ þæt hīe him þā ġīet swīðor blēoten þonne hīe ǣr dydon.

     They told the public that their gods were angry at them, so they would sacrifice to them even more than they had before.

5. (in the singular or plural) people (multiple individuals)
6. military, army; troop
7. (in compounds) popular
8. (in compounds) public, common
9. (in compounds) country, rural

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	folc	folc
accusative	folc	folc
genitive	folces	folca
dative	folce	folcum

Derived terms

• folcġemōt
• folcġerēfa
• folcland
• folclīċ
• folcmōt
• folcrǣden
• folcryht
• folcsæl
• folcscaru
• folcstede

Descendants

• Middle English: folk, folc, folck, follc, volc (Early Middle English), foolk, folke (Late Middle English), fok, foke (Northern), volk (Kent or Southern)
  • English: folk; folkes
  • Scots: fowk

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *wolkos, from a devoiced variant of Proto-Indo-European *welg-.

Noun

folc m

1. wet weather, heavy rain

Inflection

Masculine o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	folc	folcL	foilcL
vocative	foilc	folcL	folcuH
accusative	folcN	folcL	folcuH
genitive	foilcL	folc	folcN
dative	folcL	folcaib	folcaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Middle Irish: folc
  • Irish: folc

Mutation

Mutation of folc

radical	lenition	nasalization
folc	ḟolc	folc pronounced with /β̃-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 folc”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Saxon

Noun

folc n

1. alternative spelling of folk