diri

See also: Appendix:Variations of "diri"

Azerbaijani

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *tīrig.

The sense “undercooked, not overcooked (of rice)“ might have developed from the sense “undercooked (of meat)", the sense “undercooked“ in applying the notion of meat still containing blood, thus being “alive“. Compare Crimean Tatar tiri (“undercooked, of meat”).

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

diri (comparative daha diri, superlative ən diri)

1. living, which is alive

   diri quş ― living bird

   diri balıq ― living fish

   diri ilan ― living snake

   Synonyms: canlı, sağ

   Antonym: ölü

2. lively, vivid, vivacious

   Synonyms: canlı, qıvraq, cəld

3. of rice etc.
   1. stiff, undercooked, half-done, raw

      Xorəyin düyüsü diridir. ― The rice of the dish is [stil] raw.

      Synonym: çiy

   2. crumbly, friable, not overcooked

Noun

diri (definite accusative dirini, plural dirilər)

1. living person

   Ölülərimi, dirilərimi təhqir etdilər.

   They insulted dead and living relatives of mine.

   (literally, “They insulted my living and my dead.”)

Declension

Declension of diri

	singular	plural
nominative	diri	dirilər
definite accusative	dirini	diriləri
dative	diriyə	dirilərə
locative	diridə	dirilərdə
ablative	diridən	dirilərdən
definite genitive	dirinin	dirilərin

Possessive forms of diri

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dirim	dirilərim
sənin (“your”)	dirin	dirilərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	dirisi	diriləri
bizim (“our”)	dirimiz	dirilərimiz
sizin (“your”)	diriniz	diriləriniz
onların (“their”)	dirisi or diriləri	diriləri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dirimi	dirilərimi
sənin (“your”)	dirini	dirilərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	dirisini	dirilərini
bizim (“our”)	dirimizi	dirilərimizi
sizin (“your”)	dirinizi	dirilərinizi
onların (“their”)	dirisini or dirilərini	dirilərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dirimə	dirilərimə
sənin (“your”)	dirinə	dirilərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	dirisinə	dirilərinə
bizim (“our”)	dirimizə	dirilərimizə
sizin (“your”)	dirinizə	dirilərinizə
onların (“their”)	dirisinə or dirilərinə	dirilərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dirimdə	dirilərimdə
sənin (“your”)	dirində	dirilərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	dirisində	dirilərində
bizim (“our”)	dirimizdə	dirilərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	dirinizdə	dirilərinizdə
onların (“their”)	dirisində or dirilərində	dirilərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dirimdən	dirilərimdən
sənin (“your”)	dirindən	dirilərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	dirisindən	dirilərindən
bizim (“our”)	dirimizdən	dirilərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	dirinizdən	dirilərinizdən
onların (“their”)	dirisindən or dirilərindən	dirilərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dirimin	dirilərimin
sənin (“your”)	dirinin	dirilərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	dirisinin	dirilərinin
bizim (“our”)	dirimizin	dirilərimizin
sizin (“your”)	dirinizin	dirilərinizin
onların (“their”)	dirisinin or dirilərinin	dirilərinin

Derived terms

• diri-diri
• diribaş
• diribaşlama
• diribaşlamaq
• diribaşlıq
• diricə
• diricəalaq
• diriciyəz
• diridoğan
• diridoğma
• dirigöz
• dirigözlü
• dirigözlük
• dirildici
• dirildilmək
• dirilik
• dirilmə
• dirilmək
• diriltmək
• dirisoyan
• diriyarma

References

• Tağıyev M. T. et al., editors (2006), “diri”, in Azərbaycanca-rusca lüğət [Azerbaijani–Russian Dictionary], volume I, Baku: Şərq-Qərb, page 791a

Cebuano

Etymology

From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di-di, from *di + *-di, from Proto-Austronesian *di. Related to kari (“this”), ngari (“hither”), and ari (“to come”), in a similar pattern with other Cebuano demonstrative pronouns.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: di‧ri
• IPA^(key): /diˈɾi/ [d̪ɪˈɾ̪i]

Adverb

dirí

1. here (place closer to speaker than listener)
2. (colloquial) here (place near both the speaker and the listener)

   Synonym: dinhi

See also

Cebuano demonstrative pronouns

	direct*		indirect*		oblique	locative	allative	existential**		interjection**		manner**
	full	short	full	short				full	short	full	short	full	short
near speaker***	karí kirí	ri	niari niiri	ari iri	kan-ari† kan-iri†	dirí	ngarí	adia	dia	diará	dará	ingon ari	Ø
near speaker and listener***	kaní kiní	ni	niani niini	ani ini	kan-ani† kan-ini†	dinhi	nganhi	ania	nia	niará	Ø	ingon ani	ing-ani in-ani
near listener	kanâ	nà	nianà	anà	kan-anà†	dinhà dirâ	nganhà ngarâ	anaa	naa	naará	nará	ingon anà	ing-anà in-anà
remote	kadto kató	to	niadto niato	adto ato	kan-adto†	didto	ngadto	atua	tua	tuará	turá	ingon adto ingon ato	ing-ato in-ato

^† Archaic
* When the demonstrative is used as a predicate, the full form must be used. Short forms never start sentences.
** Full and short forms used interchangeably. Full forms may be more formal, while short forms may be more colloquial.
*** These two series may be conflated in colloquial Cebuano.

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ-

Proto-Indo-European *déyḱeti

Proto-Italic *deikō

Latin dīcō

Old French dire

Middle French dire

French direbor.

▲

Latin dīcō

Italian direbor.

▲

Latin dīcō

Old Occitan dire

Occitan direbor.

Esperanto diri

Borrowed from French, Italian, and Occitan dire.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdiri/

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Audio 3:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iri
• Syllabification: di‧ri

Verb

diri (present diras, past diris, future diros, conditional dirus, volitive diru)

1. (transitive) to say, tell

   Diru al mi vian sekreton! ― Tell me your secret!

   Oni diras, ke la vetero estas pli agrabla tie. ― They say the weather is more pleasant there.

   • 2012, Plato, translated by Donald Broadribb, La Respubliko (Traduko al Esperanto) [The Republic (Translation into Esperanto)], 2nd corrected edition (paperback), New York: Mondial, →ISBN, page 17:

     Mi turnis min kaj demandis kie li estas. "Li sekvas vin," li diris, "do atendu."

     I turned and asked where he is. "He is following you," he said, "so wait."

     (literally, “I turned myself and asked where he is. "He follows you," he said, "so wait."”)

   • 2025 September 29, Jorge Nogueras, “La plej mallonga tago”, in uea.facila‎^[1], archived from the original on 12 December 2025:

     La kuracisto kiu traktis ŝin diris al mi, ke ŝi ne ĝisvivos la morgaŭon;

     The doctor who treated her said to me, that she will not live to tomorrow;

Conjugation

Conjugation of diri

		present		past		future
		singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
tense		diras		diris		diros
active participle		diranta	dirantaj	dirinta	dirintaj	dironta	dirontaj
	acc.	dirantan	dirantajn	dirintan	dirintajn	dirontan	dirontajn
passive participle		dirata	dirataj	dirita	diritaj	dirota	dirotaj
	acc.	diratan	diratajn	diritan	diritajn	dirotan	dirotajn
nominal active participle		diranto	dirantoj	dirinto	dirintoj	dironto	dirontoj
	acc.	diranton	dirantojn	dirinton	dirintojn	dironton	dirontojn
nominal passive participle		dirato	diratoj	dirito	diritoj	diroto	dirotoj
	acc.	diraton	diratojn	diriton	diritojn	diroton	dirotojn
adverbial active participle		dirante		dirinte		dironte
adverbial passive participle		dirate		dirite		dirote
		infinitive	diri	imperative	diru	conditional	dirus

Derived terms

adjectives

• nedirebla (“unsayable”)

adverbs

• laŭdire (“allegedly”)
• verdire (“to tell the truth”)

nouns

• diro (“saying”)
• onidiro (“rumor”)

verbs

• aldiri (“to say further”)
• antaŭdiri (“to foretell”)
• duradi (“to say repeatedly”)
• eldiri (“to speak out”)
• kontraŭdiri (“to contradict”)
• rediri (“to say again”)

See also

• paroli (“to speak”)

Further reading

• “diri”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
• “diri”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-present
• Wells, John C. (1992), “dir/i, bid, remark, say, state, tell”, in Concise Esperanto and English Dictionary‎^[2], →ISBN, pages 65, 188, 352, 362, 380, 391
• Benson, Peter J. (1995), “state, say, tell”, in Comprehensive English-Esperanto Dictionary‎^[3], →ISBN, pages 497, 450, 526
• Butler, Montagu C. (1967), “dir-i”, in Esperanto-English Dictionary‎^[4], →OL, page 90
• Motteau, Achille (1907), “dir-i”, in Esperanto-English Dictionary‎^[5], →OCLC, page 25

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French du riz (“rice”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /diˈɣi/, [dziˈɰi]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

diri

1. rice

   W renmen manje diri blan?

   Do you like to eat white rice?

Hypernyms

• sereyal

References

• Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael (1993), Haitian Creole-English Dictionary‎^[6], Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 52

Hungarian

Etymology

Clipping and -i diminutive of direktor.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdiri]
• Hyphenation: di‧ri
• Rhymes: -ri

Noun

diri (plural dirik)

1. (colloquial, dated) synonym of igazgató (“principal [in school], director, manager”)

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	diri	dirik
accusative	dirit	diriket
dative	dirinek	diriknek
instrumental	dirivel	dirikkel
causal-final	diriért	dirikért
translative	dirivé	dirikké
terminative	diriig	dirikig
essive-formal	diriként	dirikként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	diriben	dirikben
superessive	dirin	diriken
adessive	dirinél	diriknél
illative	diribe	dirikbe
sublative	dirire	dirikre
allative	dirihez	dirikhez
elative	diriből	dirikből
delative	diriről	dirikről
ablative	diritől	diriktől
non-attributive possessive – singular	dirié	diriké
non-attributive possessive – plural	diriéi	dirikéi

Possessive forms of diri

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	dirim	dirijeim (or diriim)
2nd person sing.	dirid	dirijeid (or diriid)
3rd person sing.	dirije	dirijei (or dirii)
1st person plural	dirink	dirijeink (or diriink)
2nd person plural	diritek	dirijeitek (or diriitek)
3rd person plural	dirijük	dirijeik (or diriik)

Further reading

• diri in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
• diri in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay diri, from Proto-Malayic *diri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *diʀi (“to stand”), from Proto-Austronesian *diʀi (“to stand”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈdiri/ [ˈdi.ri]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iri
• Syllabification: di‧ri

Noun

diri (plural diri-diri)

1. ego, self
   1. (psychology) ego: The most central part of the mind, which mediates with one's surroundings

      Synonym: ego

2. person

Prefix

diri-

1. use similar to English suffix -self

Derived terms

• berdiri
• berpendirian
• kedirian
• mandiri
• mendirikan
• pendiri
• pendirian
• sendiri
• swadiri
• terdiri

• alat pelindung diri
• bunuh diri
• diri sendiri
• gol bunuh diri
• percaya diri
• tahu diri

Further reading

• “diri”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdiri/ [ˈdi.ri]
• Rhymes: -iri, -ri, -i
• Hyphenation: di‧ri

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *diri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *diʀi, Proto-Austronesian *diʀi.

Verb

diri (Jawi spelling ديري)

1. (intransitive) to stand
2. (transitive) to establish

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Regular affixed derivations:

• pendiri [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure] (peN-)
• pendirian [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (peN- + -an)
• berpendirian [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure + stative / habitual + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (peN- + beR- + -an)
• berdiri [stative / habitual] (beR-)
• mendirikan [agent focus + causative benefactive] (meN- + -kan)
• didirikan [patient focus + causative benefactive] (di- + -kan)
• terdiri [agentless action] (teR-)

Descendants

• > Indonesian: diri (inherited)

Etymology 2

Noun

diri (Jawi spelling ديري, plural diri-diri or diri²)

1. self

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:

• sendiri

Descendants

• > Indonesian: diri (inherited)

Further reading

• "diri" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017

Mauritian Creole

Alternative forms

• duri

Etymology

From French du riz.

Noun

diri

1. rice

References

• Baker, Philip; Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. (1987), Diksiyoner kreol morisyeṅ [Mauritian Creole Dictionary] (in French and English), Paris: L'Harmattan, →ISBN

Sumerian

Romanization

diri

1. romanization of 𒋛𒀀 (diri)

Tagalog

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zizi (“disgusted; revolted”). Cognate with Malay jijik and Javanese ꦗꦶꦗꦶꦏ꧀ (jijik).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog)
  • IPA^(key): /ˈdiɾi/ [ˈd̪iː.ɾɪ], (colloquial) /ˈdiɾe/ [ˈd̪iː.ɾɛ] (noun)
    • Rhymes: -iɾi
  • IPA^(key): /diˈɾi/ [d̪ɪˈɾɪ], (colloquial) /diˈɾe/ [d̪ɪˈɾɛ] (adjective)
    • Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: di‧ri

Noun

diri (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒᜇᜒ)

1. disgust; revulsion; dislike of something dirty or foul

   Synonyms: rimarim, panririmarim, pangangani

2. abhorrence; loathing; detestation

   Synonyms: suya, pagkasuya, suklam, pagkasuklam

Derived terms

• kadiri
• kadirian
• mandiri
• nakapandidiri
• pandidiri
• pandirihan

Adjective

dirí (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒᜇᜒ)

1. disgusted; feeling revulsion for something dirty or foul

Derived terms

• diring-diri

Further reading

• “diri”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*zizi”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish دیری (diri), from Proto-Turkic *tīrig.

Cognate with Old Turkic [script needed] (tirig), Kazakh тірі (tırı), Kyrgyz тири (tiri), Uzbek tirik, Turkmen diri, and Chuvash чӗрӗ (čĕrĕ, “alive, living”).

Adjective

diri

1. alive, living
2. lively, energetic
3. fresh

Related terms

• dirim

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “diri”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “دیری”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[7], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 935
• Robert Avery et al., editors (2013), The Redhouse Dictionary Turkish/Ottoman English, 21st edition, Istanbul: Sev Yayıncılık, →ISBN

Waray-Waray

Adverb

diri

1. no

Interjection

diri

1. no