-na

See also: Appendix:Variations of "na"

Languages (37)

Albanian • Aymara • Curripaco • Czech • Estonian • Finnish • Garo • Hadza • Hawaiian • Hungarian • Ilocano • Ingrian • Irish • Japanese • Kambera • Laboya • Laz • Lower Tanana • Madurese • Makasar • Maltese • Māori • Mizo • Murui Huitoto • Nez Perce • Old English • Old Norse • Old Polish • Polish • Quechua • Scots • Sundanese • Swedish • Taos • Uneapa • Volapük

Page categories

English

Suffix

-na

(Mid-Ulster) -n't
- 1892, William Carleton, Amusing Irish Tales:
  Balgruntie wasna that—
(slang, on a verb) -ing to (with infinitive); indicates the grammatical present continuous active mood
I'm tryna (trying to) figure this one out.

Anagrams

A/N, An, an', -an, an, AN, an-, a(n)

Albanian

Etymology

Related to unë (“I”) and maybe further to ne (“we”).

Pronunciation

(Gheg) IPA^(key): /na/

Suffix

-na

Gheg form of -em, the mediopassive first-person singular indicative present ending.
bëhem / bâhna (“to become, turn into”)

zbehem / zbehna (“to turn pale”)
Gheg form of -mi, the active first-person plural indicative present ending.
(ne) kena shumë punë për me bo.
we have much work to do

Aymara

Suffix

-na

possessive marker

Curripaco

Suffix

-na

third person plural patient marker

References

Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech -na, from Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ na]

Suffix

-na f (noun-forming suffix)

from nouns forms nouns referring to places
‎prodej + ‎-na → ‎prodejna

Derived terms

-ovna

Derived terms

Estonian

Suffix

-na

Forms the essive case.

Usage notes

The suffix is appended to the genitive stem or an appropriate plural stem.

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-na, from the Proto-Uralic locative case ending *-na.

Suffix

-na (front vowel harmony variant -nä, linguistic notation -nA)

Forms the essive case.
eräänä kauniina aamuna ― on a beautiful morning

Ennen pidit minua kauniina.
You used to think I was beautiful.

Usage notes

The suffix is appended to the same stem as the illative suffixes, and also the partitive singular often uses the same stem.
See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the essive case is used.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -na (essive)

-nnoin

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-na, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-na.

Suffix

-na (front vowel harmony variant -nä, linguistic notation -nA)

Forms action nouns from certain verbs, mainly related to sound, whose first infinitive ends in -sta.
‎kutista (“to itch”) + ‎-na → ‎kutina (“itching”)
Forms some diminutive nouns.

Alternative forms

-ina (reanalyzed into its own suffix)

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -na (nominal)

Anagrams

-an

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-na

(inflectional suffix) forms the dative case
reason
Maina na·a rel gariko sraprikjaha?
For what reason did you not catch the train?

Hadza

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Suffix

-na

a locative suffix
‎hama (3rd person masculine singular proximal pronoun) + ‎-na → ‎hamana (“here”)

‎bee (3rd person feminine plural given pronoun) + ‎-na → ‎beena (“there”)

‎himiggê (3rd person masculine singular invisible pronoun) + ‎-na → ‎himiggêna (“in/behind there”)

Hawaiian

Alternative forms

-kana

Etymology

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Per the -na entry at Wehewehe, there's also a passive suffix -na, as well as some kind of possessive suffix -na, both from Proto-Polynesian *-na.”

From Proto-Polynesian *-ŋa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/, [nə]

Suffix

-na

Common nominalizing suffix, sometimes with shortening of a long vowel in the base.
‎ʻai (“to eat”) + ‎-na → ‎ʻaina (“meal”)

‎piʻi (“to climb”) + ‎-na → ‎piʻina (“ascent”)

Derived terms

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [nɒ]

Suffix

-na

(conditional suffix) Forms the third-person singular present tense of verbs (conditional mood, indefinite conjugation).
‎olvas (“to read”) + ‎-na → ‎olvasna (“he/she would read”)

Usage notes

Conditional indefinite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
Person		Back vowel	unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-nék
én	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anék	-enék
te	2nd person singular	-nál	-nél
te	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anál	-enél
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	-na	-ne
ő maga ön	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-ana	-ene
mi	1st person plural	-nánk	-nénk
mi	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anánk	-enénk
ti	2nd person plural	-nátok	-nétek
ti	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anátok	-enétek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-nának	-nének
ők maguk önök	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anának	-enének
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

(conditional suffix) Variants:
-na is added to most back vowel verbs
‎vár (“to wait”) + ‎-na → ‎várna (“he/she would wait”)

-ne is added to most front vowel verbs
‎kér (“to ask”) + ‎-ne → ‎kérne (“he/she would ask”)

-ana is added to back vowel verbs ending in two consonants or in a long vowel + t (exceptions: áll, száll, varr, forr, lát)
‎mond (“to say something”) + ‎-ana → ‎mondana (“he/she would say something”)

‎tanít (“to teach”) + ‎-ana → ‎tanítana (“he/she would teach”)

-ene is added to front vowel verbs ending in two consonants or in a long vowel + t
‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ene → ‎festene (“he/she would paint”)

‎segít (“to help”) + ‎-ene → ‎segítene (“he/she would help”)

Ilocano

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Pronoun

-na (pronoun-forming suffix)

Third-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; he, she, it
Kayatna ti mangan. ― He/she/it wants to eat.
Third-person singular possessive marker; his, her, its
Naimas ti makanna. ― His/her/its food is delicious.
Fossilized enclitic of some adverbials or auxiliary verbs
Rebbengna nga addaka ditoy. ― You should be here.

Kasla nga awan inggana ti utangna. ― His/her debt seems to be endless.
Referential pronoun used in existential or relative clauses; the (adjective) (ones), those who, the ones who
Tulongantayo dagiti awan balayna. ― Let's help the homeless. (Let's help those who do not have homes.)

Naupay uray dagiti napigsa ti pakinakemna. ― Even the strong-willed (ones) became disheartened.

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-na. Cognates include Finnish -na.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-nɑ/, [-nɑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-nɑ/, [-nɑ]

Suffix

-na (front vowel variant -nä)

Used to form place names.
Used to form action nouns from certain verbs related to sounds: -ing
Used to form nouns that resembles a smaller version of the suffixed noun: -y

Declension

Declension of -na (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	-na	-nat
genitive	-nan	-nniin
partitive	-nnaa	-nnia
illative	-nnaa	-nnii
inessive	-nas	-nis
elative	-nast	-nist
allative	-nalle	-nille
adessive	-nal	-nil
ablative	-nalt	-nilt
translative	-naks	-niks
essive	-nanna, -nnaan	-ninna, -nniin
exessive¹⁾	-nant	-nint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -na

Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /n̪ˠə/, /nˠə/

Suffix

-na

alternative form of -ne (used after velarized consonants and back vowels)

Japanese

Romanization

-na

Rōmaji transcription of な

Kambera

Pronoun

-na

third person singular genitive enclitic

Laboya

Pronoun

-na

third person singular subject enclitic
third person singular possessive enclitic

Laz

Suffix

-na

Latin spelling of -ნა (-na)

Lower Tanana

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *-neˑ, seen in the noun *dəneˑ (“person”). Compare Ahtna -ne.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /næ/

Suffix

-na

person, people; the ones who
Forms numerals referring to plural people

Derived terms

References

Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 300

Madurese

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nia, from Proto-Austronesian *nia. Compare Indonesian -nya, which also has similar function.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Suffix

-na

the (definite article)
his, her, its (third-person possessive)
's (pertensive)
bukuna Siti
Siti's book (lit. "Siti his book")

Usage notes

When suffixed to consonant-final words, it is then assimilated to that consonant.
- labâng (“door”) → labângnga
When suffixed to word ending in unvoiced stops (p, t, k), the assimilated consonants either become aspirated (bbh, ddh, ggh) or being retained by some speakers (pp, tt, kk). As a rule, -a following voiced consonants become -â.
- kothak (“box”) → kothagghâ, kothakka

Makasar

Alternative forms

-nna

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nia, from Proto-Austronesian *nia.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [na]

Suffix

-na (possessive suffix, Lontara spelling ᨊ)

his, her, its, their (third person singular and plural)

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic ـنَا (-nā).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Suffix

-na m or f

1st-person plural pronominal suffix: our; us
Synonym: (only in possessive use) tagħna

‎jinsa (“he forgets”) + ‎-na → ‎jinsiena (“he forgets us”)

‎dar (“home”) + ‎-na → ‎darna (“our home”)

Related terms

aħna

Māori

Suffix

-na

Used in contractions with particles of possession of third person pronouns.
a passive ending

Derived terms

Māori terms suffixed with -na

whakarangona

whakarongona

Mizo

Suffix

-na

Nominalizes verbs and adjectives.

Usage notes

This suffix attaches to the stem II form of a verb or adjective if it is distinct from the stem I form.

Derived terms

Mizo terms suffixed with -na

Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [-na]

Etymology 1

Cognates include Minica Huitoto -na and Nüpode Huitoto -na.

Classifier

-na

Classifier for trees.

Derived terms

Murui Huitoto terms suffixed with -na

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-na

Marker for the accusative case.

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-na

alternative form of -a

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-na

hypothetical conditional of -de

References

Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017), A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[2], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 197, 134

Nez Perce

Suffix

-na (accusative case suffix)

Forms the accusative case for words containing at least one dominant vowel.

Old English

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɑ/

Suffix

-na

imperative singular of -nian

Old Norse

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-inōną.

Suffix

-na

used to form inchoative verbs from adjectives or strong verbs

Conjugation

Conjugation of *-na* — active (weak class 2)
	present	past	present	past
infinitive	-na
present participle	-nandi
past participle	-naðr

	indicative		subjunctive
1st person singular	-na	-naða	-na	-naða
2nd person singular	-nar	-naðir	-nir	-naðir
3rd person singular	-nar	-naði	-ni	-naði
1st person plural	-num	-nuðum	-nim	-naðim
2nd person plural	-nið	-nuðuð	-nið	-naðið
3rd person plural	-na	-nuðu	-ni	-naði

imperative	present
2nd person singular	-na
1st person plural	-num
2nd person plural	-nið

Derived terms

Old Norse terms suffixed with -na

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-anǫ̂ and *-ōnǫ̂, genitive plural endings of weak neuter and feminine nouns.

Suffix

-na

used to form the genitive plural of some weak feminine and neuter nouns
hjarta → hjartna

saga → sagna

Descendants

Icelandic: -na
Old Swedish: -na

Etymology 3

Suffix

-na

inflection of -inn (adjective suffix):
inflection of -inn (participle suffix):
inflection of -inn (definite article suffix):
1. feminine accusative singular
2. masculine accusative plural

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-nós

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-inas

Proto-Slavic *-ьnъder.

Old Polish -na

Derived from Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /naː/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /nɒ/

Suffix

-na f

forms feminine adjective-like nouns

Derived terms

Old Polish terms suffixed with -na

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-nós

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-inas

Proto-Slavic *-ьnъder.

Old Polish -na

Polish -na

Inherited from Old Polish -na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: -na
Homophone: na

Suffix

-na f

forms feminine adjective-like nouns -ess
Synonym: -ka

‎arcyksiążę + ‎-na → ‎arcyksiężna
forms feminine adjective-like nouns meaning "wife of"
Synonym: -owa

‎arcyksiążę + ‎-na → ‎arcyksiężna

Declension

Declension of -na

	singular	plural
nominative	-na	-ne/-ny
genitive	-nej/-ny	-nych/-en/-n
dative	-nej/-nie	-nym/-nom
accusative	-ną/-nę	-ne/-ny
instrumental	-ną	-nymi/-nami
locative	-nej/-nie	-nych/-nach
vocative	-no	-ne/-ny

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -na

Quechua

Not to be confused with -ña

Suffix

-na

Nominalizer, future perfect participle.
‎llamk'ay (“to work”) + ‎-na → ‎llamk'ana (“work to be done; tool”)

‎mikhuy (“to eat”) + ‎-na → ‎mikhuna (“food, meal”)

Derived terms

Scots

Alternative forms

-nae

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-nə/, /-nɪ/

Suffix

-na

-n't
didna ("did not")

canna ("can not")

daurna ("dare not")

michtna ("might not")

Sundanese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a. Compare Indonesian -nya

Suffix

-na (Sundanese script -ᮔ)

Possessive third person singular oblique enclitic pronoun
indungna ― his mother
(by extension)
1. (in some contexts and positions only) Used to mark definiteness.
  jalanna beresih ― the road is clean (literally, “its road (is) clean”)
2. Used to mark possessive, especially in some context where it needs to be clear.
  bukuna Nénéng ― Neneng's book (literally, “book of Neneng”)
3. Uses to nominalize an adjective.
  paéhna sato ― the death of an animal (paéh means 'dead')
4. (sometimes colloquial in some contexts) Uses to nominalize an active verb.
  tong asa-asa daharna ― don't hesitate to eat it.

Swedish

Etymology 1

From the plural of Old Norse hinn (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem. Usually corresponds to Danish, Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk -ne.

Alternative forms

-a (used for fourth-declension nouns)
-en (used for fifth-declension nouns not ending in -are)
-ne (archaic, masculine)

Suffix

-na

Marker of definiteness on nouns in the plural (except for nouns of the fourth and some of the fifth declension).
‎stolar (“chairs”) + ‎-na → ‎stolarna (“the chairs”)

‎lärare (“teachers”) + ‎-na → ‎lärarna (“the teachers”)

Usage notes

In earlier Swedish, the suffix -na was only used for feminine nouns, while -ne was used for masculine nouns, thus "stenarne" (definite of stenar) and "kvinnorna" (definite of kvinnor) were used alongside each other. In attempts to try to produce archaic language, the suffix is sometimes changed to -ne in all positions, producing historically incorrect forms like "kvinnorne".

Etymology 2

From Old Norse -na, from Proto-Germanic *-naną.

Suffix

-na

-en; Used with some adjectives or verbal stems to form inchoative verbs
‎trött (“tired”) + ‎-na → ‎tröttna (“to tiren, become tired”)

Usage notes

Inchoative verb: The suffix -na may be analysed as two morphemes (-n (inchoative verb stem) + -a (infinitive)). Traditionally the a's near the ends of the Swedish first declension verb forms have been regarded as part of the suffixes, but nowadays it is more common to see it described as part of the stems of these verbs, since all endings not beginning with an a are extinct or considered heavily archaic.

Derived terms

Anagrams

-an, an, an-

Taos

Suffix

-na

Singular number inflection. (See also: -ną, -nemą, -ne.)

Uneapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *-ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-nia, from Proto-Austronesian *-nia.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Suffix

-na

A third-person singular possessive suffix.

Volapük

Suffix

-na

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
Person	Number	Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic³	Oblique	bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita¹	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo¹	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami¹	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
Second	plural	dakayo, sikayo¹	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø²	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
Third	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada

Actor	Patient
Actor	siak	data	datayo	dakami	sika	dakayo	isu⁵	isuda
siak	bagik⁴	—	—	—	-ka	-kayo	-ko, -k	-ko ida, -k ida
data	—	bagita⁴	—	—	—	—	-ta	-ta ida
datayo	—	—	bagitayo⁴	—	—	—	-tayo	-tayo ida
dakami	—	—	—	bagimi⁴	-daka	-dakayo	-mi	-mi ida
sika	-nak	—	—	-nakami	bagim⁴	—	-mo, -m	-mo ida, -m ida
dakayo	-dak	-data	—	-dakami	—	bagiyo⁴	-yo	-yo ida
isu	-nak	-nata	-natayo	-nakami	-naka	-nakayo	bagina⁴, -na	-na ida
isuda	-dak	-data	-datayo	-dakami	-daka	-dakayo	-da	bagida⁴, -da ida

	person		after a broad consonant	after a slender consonant
singular	first		-sa	-se
	second		-sa	-se
	third	m	-san	-sean
	third	f	-sa	-se
plural	first		-na	-ne -e (after nn in pronouns)
	second		-sa	-se
	third		-san	-sean

			nominative	genitive	accusative	dative
singular	first person		ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
	second person		mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
	third person		na-	-na	-ya	-nya
plural	first person	inclusive	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
	first person	exclusive	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
	second person		mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
	third person		da-	-da	-ha	-nja

		subject	subject/ possessive	object
singular	1st person	gu-	-gu	-ga
	2nd person	mu-	-mu	-gu
	3rd person	na-	-na	-ni
plural	1st person inclusive	da-	-da	-da
	1st person exclusive	ma-	-ma	-gama
	2nd person	mi-	-mi	-gimi
	3rd person	ɗa-	-ɗa	-di

Makasar free and bound pronouns
	independent	absolutive	nominative	possessive
1^st sg / 1^st pl exclusive	nakke	-a'	ku-	-ku
1^st pl exclusive (archaic)	kambe	-kang	ki-	-mang
1^st pl inclusive / 2^nd sg polite	katte	-ki'	ki-	-ta
2^nd sg / pl familiar	kau	-ko	nu-	-nu
3^rd sg / pl	ia	-i	na-	-na

Māori personal pronouns
	singular	dual	plural
1st person	au, ahau	māua (exclusive) tāua (inclusive)	mātou (exclusive) tātou (inclusive)
2nd person	koe	kōrua	koutou
3rd person	ia	rāua	rātou

Sundanese personal pronouns
		singular	plural
1st person exclusive	lemes	abdi¹, sim kuring²	abdi sadayana¹, simkuring sadayana²
	loma	urang¹, kuring², kami^{3, 4}	kuring sareréa
	cohag	aing	aing kabéhan
	enclitic	-ing †	-
1st person inclusive	lemes	-	urang samudayana
1st person inclusive	loma	-	arurang, urang
2nd person	lemes	anjeun, hidep⁵	aranjeun, haridep⁵
	loma	manéh, silaing	maranéh
	cohag	sia, dia⁴	saria, sararia
3rd person	lemes	mantenna⁶, anjeunna	aranjeunna
	loma	manéhna, inya⁴, nyana⁴, inyana⁴	maranéhna
	cohag	si éta	-
	enclitic	-na	-
reflexive	lemes	nyalira
reflexive	loma	sorangan, diri

English

Suffix

Anagrams

Albanian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Aymara

Suffix

Curripaco

Suffix

References

Czech

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Derived terms

Further reading

Estonian

Suffix

Usage notes

Finnish

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

Alternative forms

Derived terms

Anagrams

Garo

Etymology

Suffix

See also

Hadza

Pronunciation

Suffix

Hawaiian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Hungarian

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

See also

Ilocano

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

See also

Ingrian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

Irish

Pronunciation

Suffix

See also

Japanese

Romanization

Kambera

Pronoun

See also

Laboya

Pronoun

See also

Laz

Suffix

Lower Tanana

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms