Gevuina
| Gevuina | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Chilean hazel with flowers and fruits | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Subfamily: | Grevilleoideae |
| Tribe: | Macadamieae |
| Subtribe: | Gevuininae |
| Genus: | Gevuina Molina |
| Species: | G. avellana |
| Binomial name | |
| Gevuina avellana | |
Gevuina avellana, commonly known as the Chilean hazelnut (avellano chileno in Spanish) or Gevuina hazelnut, is an evergreen tree growing up to 20 meters (65 feet) tall. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Gevuina belonging to the family Proteaceae.[1] It is native to southern Chile and adjacent valleys in Argentina; it is found from sea level to 700 meters (2,300 feet) above sea level with a distribution that extends from 35° to 44° south latitude.[A] Its indigenous name is guevin in Mapudungun.[4]
The concentration of guevin trees in forest is highly irregular and difficult to predict.[2] It may grow on flatland or hilly terrain, in clay or stony soils.[2]
Description
[edit]Guevin trees usually grow close to other broad-leaved trees such as Nothofagus obliqua, Nothofagus dombeyi, N. alpina, N. glauca or Laureliopsis.[2] Yet, it does also grow in associations dominated by the conifers Austrocedrus, Fitzroya and Pilgerodendron.[2] As such, guevin trees do not form pure stands.[2]
The composite leaves are bright green and toothed, and the tree is in flower between July and November. The flowers are very small and beige to whitish, are bisexual and group two by two in long racemes.[2]
The fruit is a dark red nut when young and turns black. The peel is woody.[2] It can grow up straight or branched from the soil, making up either a tree or a shrub.[2]
Flowers and fruits
Guevin seeds from the MHNT.
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Taxonomy
[edit]The name Gevuina comes from its native name guevin.[4] The epithet avellana comes from Spanish meaning "hazelnut" because Spanish settlers found guevin nuts similar to those nuts they knew from Europe.[2] Yet the species are not closely related.[2]
In some classifications, Gevuinia is recognised with three species: one endemic to Australia (Gevuina bleasdalei), another to New Guinea (Gevuina papuana), and one species in Chile (Gevuina avellana). Other taxonomic reports place the Australian and New Guinea species in the genus Bleasdalea[5] or in the Fijian endemic genus Turrillia, and leave Gevuina with only Gevuina avellana.[6] The Flora of Australia retains these 2 species in Gevuinia,[7] but the most recent classification places the Australian and New Guinea species as Bleasdalea bleasdalei and B. papuana[8] Other studies suggest that Gevuina may be most closely related to the Australian Cardwellia. The common ancestor of both likely dispersed across the Antarctic land bridge during the Eocene.[9]
Uses and cultivation
[edit]Guevin seeds are eaten raw, cooked in boiling water or toasted. The nuts contain about 12 percent protein, 49 percent oil, and 24 percent carbohydrates.[10] The seed has a very high concentration of monounsaturated oils and is also obtained for several purposes in Chile. It is rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E (α-tocotrienol) and β-carotene. Its oil is an ingredient in some sunscreens. Gevuina oil is used as a cosmetic ingredient for its moisturizing qualities and because it is a source of omega 7 fatty acids (palmitoleic acid).[11][12] Production of seeds may vary greatly from tree to tree.[2] The plant is also a source of cetoleic acid, a rare fatty acid.[13]
The tree is a good honey plant for bees and is also cultivated as an ornamental plant. The seed shells contain tannin that is used for tanning leather. The tree has an acceptable frost resistance (at least −12 °C (10 °F)) when mature. The wood is cream-colored with dark brown streaking and is used in cabinetry and musical instruments. It was introduced to Great Britain in 1826. It grows well there, in Ireland and in New Zealand and California. A few specimens are cultivated in Spain[14] and in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.[15] It grows well in temperate oceanic climates with cool temperatures where frosts occur commonly in winter, and has thrived in southern New Zealand. It needs 5 years to first harvest and 7 or 8 years for full production. In Seattle, Washington, squirrels and birds eat seeds from the trees.[citation needed] New varieties of greater yield than the original wild stock are being developed in both Chile and New Zealand. [citation needed]
As of 1982, only a tiny fraction of the nuts of wild stands were collected for processing.[2]
Gallery
[edit]
Leaves and flowers
Twig
Fallen nuts
.JPG)
.JPG)
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ In the north Gevuina avellana grows along the coast beyond Itata River[2] as part of the Maulino forest.[3] To the south the plant grows as far as Guaitecas Archipelago.[2]
References
[edit]- ↑ "Gevuina Molina". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2026. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Karmelić V., Julia, ed. (July 1982). Recoleccion e industrializacion de avellana chilena (Report) (in Spanish). Intec-Chile. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ↑ Bustamante, Ramiro O.; Simonetti, Javier A.; Grez, Audrey A.; San Martín, José (2005). "Fragmentación y dinámica de regeneración del bosque Maulino: diagnóstico actual y perspectivas futuras" [Fragmentation and regeneration dynamics of the Maulino forest: present status and future prospects] (PDF). In Smith, C.; Armesto, J.; Valdovinos, C. (eds.). Historia, biodiversidad y ecología de los bosques costeros de Chile (in Spanish). pp. 529–539. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-22. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
- 1 2 "Gevuina avellana". Enciclopedia de la Flora Chilena. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ↑ A.C.Smith & J.E.Haas, 1975. American Journal of Botany, 62: 142.
- ↑ A.C.Smith, 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova 3: 754.
- ↑ "ABRS Flora of Australia Online Search Results". www.anbg.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ↑ Weston; Barker, Nigel P. (2008). "A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 339.
- ↑ van den Ende, Conrad; White, Lloyd T.; van Welzen, Peter C. (2017-04-01). "The existence and break-up of the Antarctic land bridge as indicated by both amphi-Pacific distributions and tectonics". Gondwana Research. 44: 219–227. Bibcode:2017GondR..44..219V. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2016.12.006. ISSN 1342-937X.
- ↑ Facciola, S. (1990). Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications. ISBN 0-9628087-0-9.
- ↑ Bertoli, C.; et al. (1998). "Characterization of Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana Mol) seed oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 75 (8): 1037–1040. doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0283-5. S2CID 81540094.
- ↑ FR 2681530 A1 (SO.F.I.A. Cosmetiques (S.A.R.L.)) 26.03.1993
- ↑ Peters, Ralf (2015). Peters, Ralf (ed.). Brennstoffzellensysteme in der Luftfahrt. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 26. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46798-5. ISBN 978-3-662-46797-8. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
- ↑ "Plantas de la flora de Chile cultivadas en España" [Chilean plants cultivated in Spain] (PDF). José Manuel Sánchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ↑ "Gevuina avellana in Washington Park Arboretum" (PDF). Seattle Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
Sources
[edit]- Rodríguez, Roberto; Mathei, Oscar y Quezada, Max. 1983. Flora arbórea de Chile. Universidad de Concepción. 408p.
- Donoso, C. 2005. Árboles nativos de Chile. Guía de reconocimiento. Edición 4. Marisa Cuneo Ediciones, Valdivia, Chile. 136p.
- Hoffmann, A. 1982. Flora silvestre de Chile zona araucana. Edición 4. Ediciones Fundación Claudio Gay, Santiago, Chile. 258p.
- Muñoz, M. 1980. Flora del Parque Nacional Puyehue. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile. 557p.
- "Gevuina avellana". Enciclopedia de la Flora Chilena. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- "Gevuina avellana in Scotland". PlantenTuin Esveld. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- "Gevuina avellana: Potential for commercial nuts". Acta Horticulturae. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- "A cool climate nut of the Proteaceae plant tropical family" (PDF). New Zealand Crop & Food Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2009-06-27.