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Dipropyltryptamine

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Dipropyltryptamine
Clinical data
Other namesDPT; Dipropyl-T; N,N-Dipropyltryptamine; 3-(2-(Dipropylamino)ethyl)indole; "The Light"
Routes of
administration		Oral, smoking, insufflation, rectal, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection[1][2][3][4][5]
Drug classSerotonin receptor agonist; Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist; Serotonergic psychedelic; Hallucinogen
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
  • DE: NpSG (Industrial and scientific use only)
  • UK: Class A
  • US: Unscheduled
Pharmacokinetic data
Onset of actionOral: Fast[1][3]
INTooltip Intranasal administration: 10–30 minutes[6]
Smoking: ≤2–5 min[3]
IMTooltip Intramuscular injection: 2–15 minutes[1][3][7]
Duration of actionOral: 2–4 hours (but up to 12 hours at high doses)[1][2][8]
INTooltip Intranasal administration: 2–4 hours[3][6]
Smoking: 20 min–2 hours[1][9][2][3]
IMTooltip Intramuscular injection: ~3 hours[3]
Identifiers
  • N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H24N2
Molar mass244.382 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point174.5 to 178 °C (346.1 to 352.4 °F)
  • CCCN(CCC)CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2
  • InChI=1S/C16H24N2/c1-3-10-18(11-4-2)12-9-14-13-17-16-8-6-5-7-15(14)16/h5-8,13,17H,3-4,9-12H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:BOOQTIHIKDDPRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Dipropyltryptamine (DPT), also known as N,N-dipropyltryptamine or as "The Light", is a psychedelic drug of the tryptamine family related to dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and diethyltryptamine (DET).[1][2][10][11][3] It is taken orally or by other routes such as smoking, insufflation, or injection.[1][2][3] It has a relatively short duration of 2 to 4 hours orally or insufflated and 20 minutes to 2 hours smoked.[1][2][8][3][6]

The drug acts as a serotonin receptor modulator, including as a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist.[12][13][14][15][16] It is a close structural homologue of DMT and DET and is a skeletal isomer of diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT).[1] Derivatives of DPT include 4-HO-DPT and 5-MeO-DPT, among others.[1]

DPT was first described in the literature by 1954.[17][18][19][20][21] Its hallucinogenic effects were first described in 1966.[22][23] The drug was encountered as a novel designer drug by 1968[24] and was reported as a possible treatment for alcoholism in 1973.[8][11][25] DPT has never been made an explicitly controlled substance in the United States.[2][26][27][28] It is the sacrament of the Temple of the True Inner Light, a New York City-based psychedelic church, which considers DPT and other psychedelics to be God.[29][9][1]

Use and effects

[edit]

In his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved), Alexander Shulgin lists DPT's dose range as 100 to 250 mg orally and its duration as 2 to 4 hours.[1][2][8][3] A 500 mg oral dose was also reported, which was described as "exhausting" and as lasting 12 hours.[1] The onset and time to peak effects for oral administration were not given in TiHKAL, but it is said to have a fast onset.[1][3] The drug was once thought to be orally inactive, necessitating non-oral administration, but this proved not to be the case.[10][2][7] Some have suggested against use of DPT orally due to this route being unpredictable, less desirable in effect, and a waste of material.[3] DPT in general is described as having a relatively abrupt cessation of effects, unlike the gradual termination of LSD.[2][7]

In addition to oral administration, DPT has been assessed by smoking at a dose of 20 to 100 mg; by intramuscular injection at low doses of 15 to 30 mg, moderate doses of 30 to 70 mg, and "peak experience" doses of 75 to 125 mg; and by intravenous injection at 12 to 36 mg.[1][3][30][7] Smoked DPT is said to have a near-immediate onset of within 2 to 5 minutes[3] and a shorter duration ranging from 20 minutes to 2 hours.[1][9][2][3] In contrast to dimethyltryptamine (DMT), it is possible to "build" on the effects of DPT with repeated spaced-out inhalations.[3][31] The onset by intramuscular injection is 2 to 3 minutes, within 5 minutes, or 10 to 15 minutes per different sources and its duration is approximately 2 to 3 hours.[1][3][10][7] However, it has been reported that the duration of DPT by this route ranges from 1.5 or 2 hours at smaller doses (15–30 mg) to 6 hours at higher doses (75–165 mg).[10][7] Another route is insufflation, with a dose of 25 to 200 mg in different reports, which has an onset of 10 to 30 minutes, a time to peak of 1 hour, and a duration of 2 to 4 hours, but is said to be very painful and to have a strong chemical taste.[3][6][32][5] There appears to be high variability in the effective dose between individuals with insufflation.[3] DPT can also be used rectally, with a dose range of 50 to 75 mg.[4][33]

The effects of DPT have been reported to include visuals, being intensely visual at high doses, changes in time perception, feeling like one is in a different place like on a mountain in clouds or in a big castle, enhanced recall of memories and experiences, enhanced emotional expressiveness and self-exploration, entity encounters, and religious feelings.[1][34][3][6][25] Other effects included trouble talking, feeling uncomfortable, nervousness, feeling light, and body rush.[1] Given at sufficient doses, it is described as every bit as powerful as a psychedelic as DMT or 5-MeO-DMT.[1][3] According to one account however, DPT and DMT, despite their chemical similarity, "reveal completely different worlds".[34][3]

Other reports have stated effects of DPT including visual and auditory hallucinations, increased color intensity, flashes of light and sparkles, apparitions of faces, increased music appreciation, ego dissolution, stimulation, euphoria, relaxation, paranoia, psychosis, anxiety, nausea, dizziness, muscle tremors, and increased heart rate, among others.[8] Its duration is much shorter than those of certain other psychedelics like LSD, which can be advantageous in a clinical setting.[35][2][36][37] However, it is also said to have a rapid onset that can be psychologically overwhelming.[35][37] DPT has been found to readily produce "peak" or mystical experiences in clinical studies.[2][10][38][36][7] The effects of DPT have been additionally described in The Entheogen Review, including in-depth or long-form experience reports.[3][6]

Side effects

[edit]

Although tryptamines such as psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) have relatively well‑characterized safety, synthetic analogues like DPT lack thorough toxicological evaluation and are mainly associated with anecdotal reports of intoxication and a few cases of fatal outcomes when used recreationally.[39] The pharmacological similarity of DPT to DMT suggests a generally low intrinsic toxicity at controlled doses but a pronounced risk of acute adverse reactions, including agitation, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and serotonergic crisis, particularly in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or other serotonergic agents.[39]

A meta-analysis of tryptamine psychedelics have further demonstrated cognitive effects through serotonin 5-HT2A receptor modulation but have not identified persistent neurotoxicity.[40] The main safety concerns are acute psychophysiological and behavioral disturbances rather than long‑term organ toxicity. Overall, DPT is a potent, short‑acting serotonergic hallucinogen with limited safety data and a toxicity profile comparable to related tryptamines such as DMT and 5-MeO-DMT.[39][40]

Tolerance

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DPT has been reported to produce rapid tolerance similarly to other psychedelic drugs.[3] In one report, a second administration 2 hours after the first dose produced minimal effects.[3]

Overdose

[edit]

A couple cases of death due to DPT have been reported.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] There is also a non-fatal case of head injury, seizures, and rhabdomyolysis due to DPT use.[48] There is a case of tachycardia and rhabdomyolysis due to DPT as well.[49]

Interactions

[edit]

DPT has been said to not be affected by monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), in contrast to dimethyltryptamine (DMT).[33]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
DPT activities
TargetAffinity (Ki, nM)Species
5-HT1A31.8–1,641 (Ki)
274–>10,000 (EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration)
99% (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy)		Human
Human
Human
5-HT1B854–8,081 (Ki)
1,210 (EC50)		Human
Human
5-HT1D619Human
5-HT1E2,338Human
5-HT2A3.0–2,579 (Ki)
26.1–943a (EC50)
85a–97% (Emax)		Human
Human
Human
5-HT2B42Human
5-HT2C281–3,500 (Ki)
444a (EC50)
93%a (Emax)		Human
Human
Human
5-HT3>10,000Human
5-HT4NDND
5-HT5A4,373Human
5-HT64,543Human
5-HT7284Human
D1>10,000Human
D29,249Human
D31,361Human
D42,014Human
D5>10,000Human
α1A881Human
α1B443Human
α1DNDND
α2A458Human
α2B339Human
α2C514Human
β1–β2>10,000Human
H1125Human
H2–H4>10,000Human
M1–M5>10,000Human
I1340Human
σ1397Human
σ22,917Human
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter157–480 (Ki)
157–23,000 (IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration)
100,000 (EC50)		Human
Human
Rat
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter>10,000 (Ki)
2,900–3,202 (IC50)
100,000 (EC50)		Human
Human
Rat
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter1,500 (Ki)
2,218–9,100 (IC50)
100,000 (EC50)		Human
Human
Rat
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. Footnotes: a = Stimulation of IP1Tooltip inositol phosphate formation. Refs: [12][13][14][15][16][50][51]

DPT is a serotonin receptor agonist in the rat uterus and stomach strip, with several-fold greater potency than dimethyltryptamine (DMT).[52][21] It produces the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic-like effects, in rodents.[30][53] Studies on rodents have found that the effectiveness with which a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist blocks the behavioral actions of DPT strongly suggests that the 5-HT2A receptor is an important site of action for the drug, but the modulatory actions of a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist also imply a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor-mediated component to the actions of DPT.[53] Unusually among most psychedelics, DPT did not show evidence of behavioral tolerance in rodents.[54]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

The metabolism of DPT has been described.[17][55][56]

Chemistry

[edit]
DPT hydrochloride powder.

DPT, also known as N,N-dipropyltryptamine, is a substituted tryptamine related to dimethyltryptamine (DMT).[1] It is found either as a crystalline hydrochloride salt or as an oily or crystalline base. The drug is synthetic and has not been found to occur endogenously.[34]

Synthesis

[edit]

The chemical synthesis of DPT has been described.[1][2][57][18][58] It can be synthesized from tryptamine or from indole.[1][2][57][18][58] The drug's synthesis is described as being fairly simple.[2][26]

Detection

[edit]

DPT changes Ehrlich's reagent violet and causes the marquis reagent to turn yellow.[59]

Analogues

[edit]

Analogues of DPT include dimethyltryptamine (DMT), diethyltryptamine (DET), diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT), diallyltryptamine (DALT), methylethyltryptamine (MET), methylpropyltryptamine (MPT), ethylpropyltryptamine (EPT), propylisopropyltryptamine (PiPT), propylallyltryptamine (PALT), 4-HO-DPT, 5-HO-DPT, and 5-MeO-DPT, among others.[1]

Cyclized tryptamine and partial ergoline derivatives of DPT include RU-28251 (4,α-methylene-DPT), Bay R 1531 (LY-197206; 4,α-methylene-5-MeO-DPT), LY-293284 (4,α-methylene-5-acetyl-DPT), LY-178210 (LY-228729; 4,α-methylene-5-carboxamido-DPT), and LY-301317 ((R)-4,α-methylene-5-(1,3-oxazol-5-yl)-DPT).

A positional isomer of DPT with the side chain instead located at the 4 position is DPAI (2-desoxo-2-ene-ropinirole).[60][61][62]

History

[edit]

DPT was first described in the scientific literature by Speeter and Anthony in 1954.[17][18][19][20][21] Its hallucinogenic effects were first discovered and described by Stephen Szára and colleagues by 1962[63] and preliminary findings for treatment of alcoholism were described in 1966.[22][64][23] Use of DPT as a designer drug has been documented by law enforcement officials since as early as 1968.[24] It was further described as a treatment for alcoholism by Stanislav Grof and colleagues at the Spring Grove State Hospital in 1973.[2][11][8][25][65] The drug was also studied for treatment of anxiety associated with terminal cancer in the late 1970s.[65] However, it was not further studied for such purposes after 1980.[66]

Society and culture

[edit]

Recreational use

[edit]

DPT has been used recreationally, but has remained relatively obscure.[3]

Religious use

[edit]

DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light, a psychedelic church based in New York City that was founded in 1980 and has operated for decades.[29][9][1] The temple believes that DPT and other psychedelic drugs are the physical form of God.[29][9][1]

Notable individuals

[edit]
[edit]

Canada

[edit]

DPT is not a controlled substance in Canada as of 2025.[67]

Sweden

[edit]

DPT is illegal in Sweden as of 26 January 2016.[68]

United Kingdom

[edit]

DPT is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom, making it illegal to possess or distribute.

United States

[edit]

DPT is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States.[2][26][27][28][69] However, it could be considered an analogue of Schedule I psychedelic tryptamines like DMT and DET, in which case purchase, sale, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act.[70][9][71]

Florida
[edit]

"DPT (N,N-Dipropyltryptamine)" is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Florida.[72]

Maine
[edit]

DPT is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Maine making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Maine.

Research

[edit]

Psychiatric disorders

[edit]

DPT has been studied in psychedelic therapy for treatment of psychiatric disorders such as alcoholism[73][8][11][25] and end-of-life distress.[74][75][35][10]

Fragile x syndrome

[edit]

DPT has been found to completely prevent audiogenic seizures in mouse models of fragile X syndrome (FXS) at a 10 mg/kg dose, with its mechanism of action appearing to be independent of serotonin and sigma σ1 receptor activation.[51] While DPT is an agonist at several serotonin receptors in vitro, its anticonvulsant effects were not blocked by selective serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, or 5-HT1B receptor antagonists nor by a selective sigma σ1 receptor antagonist in vivo.[51] The drug's beneficial effects may be mediated by non-serotonergic pathways, possibly involving direct auditory processing modulation.[51] At higher doses, DPT switched from anticonvulsant to proconvulsant action, indicating complex interactions.[51]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Shulgin A, Shulgin A (September 1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252. https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal09.shtml
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Stafford P (18 February 2013) [1992]. "[Chapter 6:] DMT, DET, DPT and Other Short-Acting Tryptamines". Psychedelics Encyclopedia (3 ed.). Ronin Publishing. pp. 308–331. ISBN 978-1-57951-169-2.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Toad (1999). "DPT Primer". The Entheogen Review. 8 (1): 4–6. ISSN 1066-1913. Archived from the original on 9 June 2026.
  4. 1 2 Lion (formerly Toad) (2000). "Exotic Compounds Update". The Entheogen Review. 9 (1): 31–33. ISSN 1066-1913. I've also heard some very positive reports about using [DPT] rectally, with one experienced couple I know rating it as their all time favorite compound and route. They usually take 50–75 mg rectally without a MAOI and use it for pro-sexual purposes.
  5. 1 2 3 D. H. Ticklish (Hamilton Morris) (2 February 2008). ""A Giant Chinese Finger Trap Made of Rainbows Tried to Suck Me Into the Sky" – Part 1: My Many Trips Into the World of Chemical Psychedelics". VICE. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2026. DPT: Dose: oral 140 mg, nasal 100 mg. My proposed street name: Christ. There is a cult/church on the Lower East Side of New York called the Temple of the True Inner Light that has been taking this drug as the Eucharist for the last 30 years. Apparently it's tough to join because they already have enough people willing to participate in Holy Communions where they smoke Christ's psychedelic flesh out of a communal pipe instead of eating a flavorless wafer. Understandable. The first time I snorted DPT it terrified me so much I felt like I had just railed a line of haunted houses. Eyeballs were peeping out of everything around me and when I looked up I saw a giant Chinese finger trap made of rainbows try to suck me into the sky. Also, snorting it was so painful it made me cry. I would rather snort a handful of sand.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gwyllm, Justin Case (1999). "Hyperspatial Maps: DPT: A Rough Time & DPT: Mysterium Tremendum". The Entheogen Review. 8 (2): 11–12. ISSN 1066-1913. Insufflated 35 mg DPT hydrochloride. Strong burning sensation in nose, very powerful chemical taste runs throughout head into mouth. [...] 45 mg DPT insufflated [...]
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Richards WA (March 1975). Counseling, Peak Experiences and the Human Encounter with Death: An Empirical Study of the Efficacy of DPT-Assisted Counseling in Enhancing the Quality of Life of Persons with Terminal Cancer and Their Closest Family Members (Ph.D.). Washington, D. C.: The Catholic University of America. Archived from the original on 5 September 2026.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pantano F, Romolo FS (January 2015). "Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines". Current Neuropharmacology. 13 (1): 26–46. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210222409. PMC 4462041. PMID 26074742. Dipropyl-tryptamine (DPT) was firstly synthesized in the 1950s [34], but it was firstly reported for use in the scientific literature only in 1973 [35], as an adjunct in psychotherapy of alcoholics. It is found either as its crystalline hydrochloride salt or as an oily or crystalline base and, as DET, it has not been found to occur naturally. There are few peer-reviewed experimental studies that try to explain the ways of interaction among DPT and serotonin receptors: Nagai revealed a strong inhibition of 5-HT reuptake in rat synaptosomes [16], and Thiagaraj also observed a moderate affinity partial agonism at the human 5-HT1A receptor [34]. Experiences related to DPT assumption are mostly psychedelic sensations, such as an increase of music and colors intensity, the vision of pleasant flashes of light and sparkles, a complete ego loss, and apparitions of faces. The dosage of DPT, for oral administration, is 100-250 mg and the duration of the psychoactive effects varies from 2 to 4 hours.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lyttle T (1988). "Drug Based Religions and Contemporary Drug Taking". Journal of Drug Issues. 18 (2): 271–284. doi:10.1177/002204268801800212. ISSN 0022-0426.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lancellota R, Davis AK (2021). "Therapeutic Potential of Fast-Acting Synthetic Tryptamines". In Grob CS, Grigsby J (eds.). Handbook of Medical Hallucinogens. Guilford Publications. pp. 215–232. ISBN 978-1-4625-4544-5. Retrieved 5 September 2026.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Malaca S, Lo Faro AF, Tamborra A, Pichini S, Busardò FP, Huestis MA (December 2020). "Toxicology and Analysis of Psychoactive Tryptamines". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (23): 9279. doi:10.3390/ijms21239279. PMC 7730282. PMID 33291798.
  12. 1 2 Ray TS (February 2010). "Psychedelics and the human receptorome". PLOS ONE. 5 (2) e9019. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9019R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009019. PMC 2814854. PMID 20126400.
  13. 1 2 Kozell LB, Eshleman AJ, Swanson TL, Bloom SH, Wolfrum KM, Schmachtenberg JL, et al. (April 2023). "Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A Receptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT2CR, 5-HT1AR, and Serotonin Transporter". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 385 (1): 62–75. doi:10.1124/jpet.122.001454. PMC 10029822. PMID 36669875.
  14. 1 2 Blough BE, Landavazo A, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB (October 2014). "Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes". Psychopharmacology. 231 (21). Berl: 4135–4144. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7. PMC 4194234. PMID 24800892.
  15. 1 2 Nagai F, Nonaka R, Satoh Hisashi Kamimura K (March 2007). "The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain". European Journal of Pharmacology. 559 (2–3): 132–137. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.075. PMID 17223101.
  16. 1 2 Nelson DL, Lucaites VL, Audia JE, Nissen JS, Wainscott DB (June 1993). "Species differences in the pharmacology of the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor: structurally specific differentiation by ergolines and tryptamines". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 265 (3): 1272–1279. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)38269-8. PMID 8510008.
  17. 1 2 3 Stephen Szára (1970). "DMT (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine) and Homologues: Clinical and Pharmacological Considerations" (PDF). In Daniel HE (ed.). Psychotomimetic Drugs: Proceedings of a Workshop Organized by the Pharmacology Section, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health. New York: Raven Press. pp. 275–286. ISBN 978-0-911216-07-3. Speeter and Anthony (1954) reported that N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT), another tryptamine derivative, produced observable effects in dogs. The similarity in chemical structure between DPT (Fig. 1) and other hallucinogenic tryptamine derivatives and its reported effects in animals suggested that this compound might be capable of producing hallucinogenic effects in humans.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Speeter ME, Anthony WC (1954). "The Action of Oxalyl Chloride on Indoles: A New Approach to Tryptamines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (23): 6208–6210. doi:10.1021/ja01652a113. ISSN 0002-7863.
  19. 1 2 Barlow RB, Khan I (December 1959). "The use of the guinea-pig ileum preparation for testing the activity of substances which imitate or antagonize the actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptamine". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 14 (4): 553–558. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1959.tb00963.x. PMC 1481908. PMID 13796840.
  20. 1 2 Barlow RB, Khan I (June 1959). "Actions of some analogues of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the isolated rat uterus and the rat fundus strip preparations". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 14 (2): 265–272. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1959.tb01397.x. PMC 1481803. PMID 13662587.
  21. 1 2 3 Vane JR (March 1959). "The relative activities of some tryptamine analogues on the isolated rat stomach strip preparation". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 14 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1959.tb00933.x. PMC 1481817. PMID 13651584.
  22. 1 2 3 "To Assist Psychotherapy: Find Much-Shorter-Acting Hallucinogenic Drug, DPT". The Grand Rapids Press. Grand Rapids, Michigan. 1 April 1966. p. 18. A short-acting hallucinogenic drug with all the psychological effects of LSD has been found by three scientists here. The effect of the drug, N,n-dipropyltryptamine of DPT, lasts only one to two hours, in contrast to LSD, which lasts for eight to 10. Scientists hope that DPT [...] will become a highly useful tool in psychotherapy. Drs. Stephen I. Szara, Alkinoos Vourlekis and Louis A. Faillace of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, reported their findings before the Collegium Internationale Neuro psychopharmacologicum meeting. [...] Used on Alcoholics [...]
  23. 1 2 3 Faillace LA, Vourlekis A, Szara S (October 1967). "Clinical evaluation of some hallucinogenic tryptamine derivatives". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 145 (4): 306–313. doi:10.1097/00005053-196710000-00005. PMID 6076017.
  24. 1 2 "Microgram Journal Volume One No. 7" (PDF). Microgram Journal. One (Seven). U.S DOJ, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs: 23. April 1968 [1968]. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Soskin RA, Grof S, Richards WA (June 1973). "Low doses of Dipropyltryptamine in psychotherapy". Archives of General Psychiatry. 28 (6): 817–821. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750360047006. PMID 4575167.
  26. 1 2 3 Kriegel M (3 July 1988). "DPT, a Holy Terror: 'Church' Appeal Is in Designer Drug". Daily News. New York, New York. p. 2. Archived from the original on 3 September 2026.
  27. 1 2 "Report: Church lures converts with 'designer drug'". United Press International (UPI). UPI.com. 2 July 1988. Retrieved 21 June 2026.
  28. 1 2 Varley TF, Havert D, Fosque L, Alipour A, Weerawongphrom N, Naganobori H, et al. (2024). "The serotonergic psychedelic N,N-dipropyltryptamine alters information-processing dynamics in in vitro cortical neural circuits". Network Neuroscience. 8 (4). Cambridge, Mass.: 1421–1438. doi:10.1162/netn_a_00408. PMC 11674936. PMID 39735490.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Marinacci M (4 July 2023). "Temple of the True Inner Light: A DPT Eucharist on the Lower East Side". Psychedelic Cults and Outlaw Churches: LSD, Cannabis, and Spiritual Sacraments in Underground America. Simon and Schuster. pp. 219–231. ISBN 978-1-64411-708-8.
  30. 1 2 Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, Wallach J, Brandt SD (May 2020). "Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species". Neuropharmacology. 167 107933. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933. PMC 9191653. PMID 31917152. Table 4 Human potency data for selected hallucinogens. [...]
  31. ↑ "Network Feedback". The Entheogen Review. 9 (3): 143–150 (148). 2000. ISSN 1066-1913. Non-Scheduled Tryptamines: [...] I have found that, unlike DMT, with DPT you can keep on smoking and "build" the experience; the more that is ingested, the deeper the effects. [...]
  32. ↑ "Network Feedback". The Entheogen Review. 10 (3): 99–109 (105). 2001. ISSN 1066-1913. For example, while 20 mg (oral) or 7 mg (insufflated) of 2C-T-7 or 50 mg DPT (insufflated) are quite different in nature and duration to 100 mics of LSD, the potency of the peaks are pretty-much equivalent (at least for me).
  33. 1 2 Justin C, Fun G, Stuart R (2004). "The Enema Project: Taking it Past the Limit?". The Entheogen Review. 13 (2): 41–48. ISSN 1066-1913. An EnthogenUK post (2004) claimed DPT and 5-MeO-DIPT are active via enemas, but it is worth remembering that DPT is not appreciably affected by MAO inhibitors so is not directly comparable to DMT.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Pinchbeck D (2003). "[Chapter 36:] Not For Human Consumption". Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. Crown. pp. 260–272. ISBN 0-7679-0743-4. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. [...] the most astonishing aspect of [DMT and DPT] is that, despite their similarity, they reveal completely different worlds. Why is this the case? In Shulgin's book and on the Internet I found accounts of DPT trips. Some described the effects as terrifying: "The whole universe falls apart, all colors in electrik air whirlpool into a mandala, eaten up for-ever. That's it, the world's over." Others felt, after smoking the drug, they entered, for the first time, the "clear light" of God. Another report was more narrative: "I was being led by a wise old man who I know was God.... I was handed a Torah for me to carry as a sign that I had been accepted, and forgiven, and come home." Shulgin also mentioned a church in New York, Temple of the True Inner Light, which uses DPT as its sacrament. Clearly DPT was a serious mind-warper. [...]
  35. 1 2 3 Dutta V (2012). "Repression of death consciousness and the psychedelic trip". Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 8 (3): 336–342. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.103509. PMID 23174711. Dipropyltryptamine (DPT), another psychedelic was also examined in two cancer studies in lieu of the LSD, since its properties were similar to LSD but was less time consuming.[38] It took about 1 ½ to 6 hours to act, and its effects too wore off easily unlike the LSD that demanded a considerable amount of time. Post-therapeutically DPT's benefits would mimic LSD. It was suggested to be a better alternative than LSD, but because of its quick onset, patients often found the sudden psychological upheaval overwhelming.[39]
  36. 1 2 Richards WA, Rhead JC, Dileo FB, Yensen R, Kurland AA (1977). "The Peak Experience Variable in DPT-Assisted Psychotherapy with Cancer Patients". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 9 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/02791072.1977.10472020. ISSN 0022-393X.
  37. 1 2 Richards WA, Rhead JC, Grof S, Goodman LE, Di Leo F, Rush L (1980). "DPT as an Adjunct in Brief Psychotherapy with Cancer Patients". OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. 10 (1): 9–26. doi:10.2190/NGUB-V4RM-T7DC-XTH3. ISSN 0030-2228.
  38. ↑ Richards WA (April 1978). "Mystical and archetypal experiences of terminal patients in DPT-assisted psychotherapy". Journal of Religion and Health. 17 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1007/BF01532413. PMID 24318294.
  39. 1 2 3 Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos M, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M (August 2015). "The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review". Archives of Toxicology. 89 (8): 1151–1173. Bibcode:2015ArTox..89.1151A. doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x. PMID 25877327.
  40. 1 2 Castelhano J, Lima G, Teixeira M, Soares C, Pais M, Castelo-Branco M (2021). "The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12 739053. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.739053. PMC 8511767. PMID 34658876.
  41. ↑ Neukamm MA, Pollak S, Thoma V, Vogt S, Huppertz LM, Auwärter V (March 2024). "A fatal case of aspiration due to consumption of the hallucinogenic tryptamine derivative dipropyltryptamine (DPT)". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 240 115959. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115959. PMID 38183731.
  42. ↑ Neukamm MA, Thoma V, Vogt S, Auwärter V (27–31 August 2023). A fatal case of aspiration due to consumption of the hallucinogen dipropyltryptamine (DPT) (PDF). 60th Annual Meeting of TIAFT. Rome, Italy.
  43. ↑ "North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT) Abstracts 2018". Clinical Toxicology. 56 (10). Philadelphia, Pa.: 912–1092 October 2018. doi:10.1080/15563650.2018.1506610. PMID 30238815.
  44. ↑ Dupuy B (1 October 2015). "Chanhassen student, 17, dies after using synthetic drug". The Minnesota Star Tribune. Retrieved 5 September 2026.
  45. ↑ Dupuy B (2 October 2015). "Carver County teen's death puts spotlight on ease of purchasing synthetic drugs online". The Minnesota Star Tribune. Retrieved 5 September 2026.
  46. ↑ Hanna L (2 October 2015). "Minnesota high school senior dies after taking synthetic drug bought online from China". New York Daily News. Retrieved 5 September 2026.
  47. ↑ Sepic M (30 September 2015). "Chanhassen teen dies after synthetic drug use". MPR News. MPR News. Retrieved 5 September 2026.
  48. ↑ Thornton SL, Gerona RG (2020). "Tryptamine trauma: N,N-dipropyltryptamine-associated trauma and rhabdomyolysis". Toxicology Cases for the Clinical and Forensic Laboratory. Elsevier. pp. 311–312. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815846-3.00069-7. ISBN 978-0-12-815846-3.
  49. ↑ "Abstracts of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Annual Meeting. September 4-9, 2003. Chicago, Illinois, USA". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 41 (5): 641–770. 2003. doi:10.1081/clt-120024368. PMID 14558531.
  50. ↑ "PDSP Database". UNC (in Zulu). Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 Tyagi R, Saraf TS, Canal CE (October 2023). "The Psychedelic N,N-Dipropyltryptamine Prevents Seizures in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome via a Mechanism that Appears Independent of Serotonin and Sigma1 Receptors". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science. 6 (10): 1480–1491. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.3c00137. PMC 10580393. PMID 37854624.
  52. ↑ Barlow RB, Khan I (March 1959). "Actions of some analogues of tryptamine on the isolated rat uterus and on the isolated rat fundus strip preparations". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 14 (1): 99–107. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1959.tb00934.x. PMC 1481812. PMID 13651585.
  53. 1 2 Fantegrossi WE, Reissig CJ, Katz EB, Yarosh HL, Rice KC, Winter JC (January 2008). "Hallucinogen-like effects of N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT): possible mediation by serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in rodents". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 88 (3): 358–365. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.007. PMC 2322878. PMID 17905422.
  54. ↑ Smith DA, Bailey JM, Williams D, Fantegrossi WE (December 2014). "Tolerance and cross-tolerance to head twitch behavior elicited by phenethylamine- and tryptamine-derived hallucinogens in mice". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 351 (3): 485–491. doi:10.1124/jpet.114.219337. PMC 4309922. PMID 25271256.
  55. ↑ Szara S, Hearst E, Putney F (1962). "Metabolism and behavioural action of psychotropic tryptamine homologues". International Journal of Neuropharmacology. 1 (1–3): 111–117. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(62)90015-1.
  56. ↑ Szara S (1968). "Discussion of the fate and metabolism of some hallucinogenic indolealkylamines". Advances in Pharmacology. 6 (Pt B): 230–231. doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60321-x. PMID 5658326. We ourselves have been engaged in similar studies ever since we have shown that simple N-alkylated derivatives of tryptamine (DMT, DET and dipropyltryptamine (DPT) are hallucinogenic in man. We have shown that these compounds are metabolized through 6-hydroxylation, dealkylation, and deamination to form the corresponding intermediates. In rodents 6-hydroxylation is a major pathway, but in man it is a minor one (between 6-20% of the administered drug was found in the urine as 6-hydroxy metabolites). [...]
  57. 1 2 Brimblecombe RW, Downing DF, Green DM, Hunt RR (August 1964). "Some Pharmacological Effects of a Series of Tryptamine Derivatives". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 23 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1964.tb01565.x. PMC 1703950. PMID 14206268.
  58. 1 2 Ono M, Shimamine M, Takahashi K (1973). "幻覚剤に関する研究(第2報) N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) およびその関連化合物の合成 大野昌子・島峯望彦・高橋一徳" [Studies on Hallucinogens. II. Sythesis of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and Its Related Compounds.]. Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku (in Japanese). 91: 36–38. PMID 4527540. Archived from the original on 5 September 2026.
  59. ↑ Spratley T (2004). "Analytical Profiles for Five "Designer" Tryptamines" (PDF). Microgram Journal. 3 (1–2): 55. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  60. ↑ Clemens JA, Kornfeld EC, Phebus LA, Shaar CJ, Smalstig EB, Cassady JM, et al. (September 1981). "Dopaminergic Agents Related to Ergolines.". The Chemical Regulation of Biological Mechanisms: The Proceedings of the 1st Medicinal Chemistry Symposium. Vol. 42. Cambridge, England: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 167.
  61. ↑ David E. Nichols (29 June 1983). "The Development of Novel Dopamine Agonists". Dopamine Receptors. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 224. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp. 201–222. doi:10.1021/bk-1983-0224.ch009. ISBN 978-0-8412-0781-3.
  62. ↑ Clemens JA, Fuller RW, Phebus LA, Smalstig EB, Hynes MD, Cassady JM, et al. (March 1984). "Stimulation of presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors by 4-(2-di-n-propylaminoethyl) indole (DPAI)". Life Sciences. 34 (11): 1015–1022. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90014-6. PMID 6422174.
  63. ↑ Szara S, Hearst E (1962). "THE 6‐Hydroxylation of Tryptamine Derivatives: A Way of Producing Psychoactive Metabolites". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 96 (1): 134–141. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb50108.x. ISSN 0077-8923. As reported by Szara in Milan in 1957, administration of diethyltryptamine (DET) and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) leads to rapidly developing sympathomimetic effects, as well as to perceptual, emotional, and thinking disturbances similar to those that result after administration of LSD-25 or mescaline.5 However, these psychological effects persist for only 1 hour in the case of DMT and for about 2.5 hours in the case of DET; in contrast LSD and mescaline have a much longer (6- or 8-hour) duration. The dipropyl and diallyl derivatives have similar hallucinogenic activity in man, as we found recently.
  64. ↑ "New Hallucinogenic Drug Holds Promise". Battle Creek Enquirer. Battle Creek, Michigan. 24 April 1966.
  65. 1 2 Garcia-Romeu A, Kersgaard B, Addy PH (August 2016). "Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 24 (4): 229–268. doi:10.1037/pha0000084. PMC 5001686. PMID 27454674. Like other classic hallucinogens, research with DMT ceased with the passage of the Controlled Substances Act, and was never investigated as an aid in clinical treatment to the extent LSD was. However, research with dipropyltryptamine (DPT), a closely related synthetic analog of DMT, revealed some promise as an adjunct to psychotherapy both with alcoholics (Grof et al., 1973; Rhead et al., 1977; Soskin et al., 1973), and those with anxiety associated with a terminal cancer diagnosis (Richards et al., 1977; 1980; Richards, 1978).
  66. ↑ Garcia-Romeu A, Richards WA (August 2018). "Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions". International Review of Psychiatry. 30 (4). Abingdon, England: 291–316. doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1486289. PMID 30422079. Others, like N, N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT), have been used in preliminary studies showing therapeutic potential (Grof et al., 1973; Richards, 1978; Richards, Rhead, DiLeo, Yensen, & Kurland, 1977; Richards et al., 1980), but have not been examined since.
  67. ↑ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act". Department of Justice Canada. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  68. ↑ "31 nya ämnen kan klassas som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara" (in Swedish). Folkhälsomyndigheten. November 2015.
  69. ↑ "Schedules of Controlled Substances §1308.11 Schedule I." CFR. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  70. ↑ Lyman MD (28 November 2013). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-317-52272-0. Retrieved 29 August 2026. A number of phenethylamine and tryptamine analogs have been encountered on the illicit market. [...] In addition, a number of other analogs are being encountered. These include DIPT (N,N-diisopropyltryptamine), DPT (N,N-dipropyltryptamine), 5-MeO-AMT (5-methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine), MIPT (N,N-methylisopropyltryptamine), and 5-MeO-MIPT (5-methoxy,N,N-methylisopropyltryptamine), to name a few. Although these drugs are not specifically listed under the [Controlled Substances Act (CSA)], individuals trafficking in these substances can be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act, which is the analog statute of the CSA. [...]
  71. ↑ Elcock C (15 May 2023). Psychedelic New York: A History of LSD in the City. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 8–9, 193. doi:10.2307/jj.3816088.12. ISBN 978-0-2280-1803-2.
  72. ↑ "Florida Statutes – Chapter 893 – DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL". leg.state.fl.us.
  73. ↑ van der Meer PB, Schukking N, Dik M, van Reemst A, Fuentes JJ, Kaptein AA, et al. (March 2026). "Efficacy and Safety of Psychoactive Tryptamines in Addiction: A Systematic Review". Psychedelic Medicine. 4 (1). New Rochelle, N.Y.: 45–53. doi:10.1177/28314425251364182. PMC 13089291. PMID 42130778.
  74. ↑ Reiche S, Hermle L, Gutwinski S, Jungaberle H, Gasser P, Majić T (February 2018). "Serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life-threatening disease: A systematic review". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 81: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.012. PMID 28947181.
  75. ↑ Maia LO, Beaussant Y, Garcia AC (June 2022). "The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic-assisted Therapies for Symptom Control in Patients Diagnosed With Serious Illness: A Systematic Review". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 63 (6): e725–e738. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024. PMID 35157985.
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