Can It be Proven that Chinese Writing Existed before the Shang Dynasty? Writing is certainly one ... more Can It be Proven that Chinese Writing Existed before the Shang Dynasty? Writing is certainly one of the greatest 'inventions' of mankind. Today modern societies would be unimaginable without writing (and reading). The extent of the power of those who possessed the ability to write and read in ancient times was perhaps even harder for us to imagine. According to our knowledge, during the history of the world writing evolved independently in only four places: cuneiform writing in Mesopotamia (3400-3300 BCE), hieroglyphic writing in Ancient Egypt (around 3200 BCE), oracle bone script in Ancient China (around 1200 BCE) and the writing of the Olmec culture (which is similar to hieroglyphic writing of Egypt) in Ancient Mesoamerica (around 900-500 BCE). Unlike the cuneiform in Mesopotamia and the hieroglyphic writing in Egypt, the appearance of the oracle bone script during the Shang Dynasty in Ancient China is obviously not the starting point of Chinese writing, since the oracle bone texts are clear proofs of a fully developed writing system. The question is whether there is any evidence that can support the theory that writing in Ancient China existed before the Shang Dynasty.
This paper introduces and examines Confucius Institutes (CI) as part of China’s soft power – with... more This paper introduces and examines Confucius Institutes (CI) as part of China’s soft power – with a special focus on the problems regarding the CI’s in Hungary. I also intend to analyse what kind of picture of the CI’s the mediapresents and how realistic this image is. I will discuss in two separate chapters the most serious accusations made against the CI’s (spreading Chinese propaganda, violation of human rights and academic freedom and spying forChina) because I consider that these topics provide valuable insights into the considerable influence exercised by the media even in the case of assessing educational and cultural institutions. The term “soft power” was introduced by Joseph Nye in 1990, referring to the ability to make the image of one’s country desirable abroad by using culture, ideology or institutions. But China had already discovered in the 80s how important culture and language can be as means to obtain power without recourse to “hard” methods. In 1987 China establis...
In this paper I will introduce and examine CI’s as the part of China’s soft power – with a specia... more In this paper I will introduce and examine CI’s as the part of China’s soft power – with a special focus on the problems regarding the CI’s and on the CI’s in Hungary. I am also intending to find out what kind of picture of the CI’s are the media presenting and how real is this image portrayed by the media. I will discuss in two separate chapters the most serious accusation of the CI’s (spreading of China’s propaganda, violation of human rights and academic freedom and spying for China) because In my opinion, these topics are giving a good impression about how big is the influence of media even in the case of assessing educational and cultural institutions. The term soft power was introduced by Joseph Nye in 1990. The soft power is the ability to make the image of one’s country desirable for others by using culture, ideology or institutions. But China in the ’80-s already discovered how important is culture and language if one would like to gain power without the methods of hard power. In 1987 China established Hanban, and the first experimental CI was established in 2004 in Uzbekistan and the first official CI was established in South Korea in the same year. By April, 2020 there 540 CI’s in the world according to the website of Hanban, which clearly indicates that the CI’s are CC’s are a huge success. In Hungary there are currently 5 CI’s in total.
Tatabányai Múzeum Tudományos Füzetek 12. Korszakok és birodalmak határán - Kelták a Kárpát-medencében, 2017
A preliminary excavation has been carried out in 2009 at site 92/2 under the direction of Gab-rie... more A preliminary excavation has been carried out in 2009 at site 92/2 under the direction of Gab-riella A. Pál. The size of the excavated area was 1.2 ha. Five stone buildings, a pit-house, a "cooling pit", a well and a fence from the Roman era have been discovered. These objects belonged to a villa's pars rustica. According to the aerial photos of the area and its surroundings, the villa urbana of this villa was situated north of the site. Three periods of the pars rusti-ca's buildings were identified: the first one is dated between the beginning of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, the second period lasted from the end of the 2nd/the beginning of the 3rd centuries to the 4th century, and the third one started in the second half of the 4th century and lasted until the beginning of the Migration Period. Building nr. I, building nr. II and the pit-house belong to the first period. Building nr. I has a northeast-southwest orientation, two rooms and an area of 139 m². A furnace was also found in the house. Building nr. V has a northwest southeast orientation, but it is only partially known because one of its walls was entirely , two of its walls were partially lying underneath the section. The pit-house has a west-east orientation and an area of 8,58 m². There was a posthole next to its northeastern side and a furnace in its eastern part. In later periods, the villa was expanding southwards.
Kivonat: A 92/2. lelőhelyet 2009-ben megelőző feltárás keretében kutatták. Az ásatás vezetője A. Pál Gabriella volt (A. Pál 2010, 388.). A lelőhely feltárt részének kiterjedése 1.2 ha (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 9.). A római korszakból öt kőépület, egy földbe mélyített gödörház, egy "hűtőgödör", egy kút és egy kerítés vált ismertté. Ezek az objektumok egy villagazdaság pars rusticajához tartoztak. A villagazdaság villa urbanaja a területről és környezetéről készített légifotók alap-ján a lelőhelytől É-ra fekszik (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 53, 60.). A pars rustica épületeinek három periódusát sikerült meghatározni: az elsőt a Kr. u. 2. sz. eleje-3. sz. elejé-re, a másodikat a 2. sz. vége/3. sz. eleje-4. századra, a harmadikat a 4. sz. 2. fele-népvándor-láskor elejére lehet keltezni. Az első periódushoz tartozik az I. sz. és az V. sz. épület, vala-mint a földbe mélyített lakóház. Az I. sz. épület ÉK-DNY-i tájolású, kéthelyiséges és 139 m² nagyságú. A házban egy kemencét is sikerült megfigyelni. Az V. sz. épület ÉNY-DK-i irá-nyú, és csak részben vált ismertté, mivel egyik fala teljes egészében, két fala pedig részben a szelvényfal alatt feküdt. A gödörház nagysága 8,58 m², tájolása NY-K-i. ÉK-i oldala mellett egy cölöplyuk, K-i részén pedig egy kemence feküdt. A villagazdaság a későbbi periódusok-ban dél felé terjeszkedett (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 61-62, 64.).
Can It be Proven that Chinese Writing Existed before the Shang Dynasty? Writing is certainly one ... more Can It be Proven that Chinese Writing Existed before the Shang Dynasty? Writing is certainly one of the greatest 'inventions' of mankind. Today modern societies would be unimaginable without writing (and reading). The extent of the power of those who possessed the ability to write and read in ancient times was perhaps even harder for us to imagine. According to our knowledge, during the history of the world writing evolved independently in only four places: cuneiform writing in Mesopotamia (3400-3300 BCE), hieroglyphic writing in Ancient Egypt (around 3200 BCE), oracle bone script in Ancient China (around 1200 BCE) and the writing of the Olmec culture (which is similar to hieroglyphic writing of Egypt) in Ancient Mesoamerica (around 900-500 BCE). Unlike the cuneiform in Mesopotamia and the hieroglyphic writing in Egypt, the appearance of the oracle bone script during the Shang Dynasty in Ancient China is obviously not the starting point of Chinese writing, since the oracle bone texts are clear proofs of a fully developed writing system. The question is whether there is any evidence that can support the theory that writing in Ancient China existed before the Shang Dynasty.
This paper introduces and examines Confucius Institutes (CI) as part of China’s soft power – with... more This paper introduces and examines Confucius Institutes (CI) as part of China’s soft power – with a special focus on the problems regarding the CI’s in Hungary. I also intend to analyse what kind of picture of the CI’s the mediapresents and how realistic this image is. I will discuss in two separate chapters the most serious accusations made against the CI’s (spreading Chinese propaganda, violation of human rights and academic freedom and spying forChina) because I consider that these topics provide valuable insights into the considerable influence exercised by the media even in the case of assessing educational and cultural institutions. The term “soft power” was introduced by Joseph Nye in 1990, referring to the ability to make the image of one’s country desirable abroad by using culture, ideology or institutions. But China had already discovered in the 80s how important culture and language can be as means to obtain power without recourse to “hard” methods. In 1987 China establis...
In this paper I will introduce and examine CI’s as the part of China’s soft power – with a specia... more In this paper I will introduce and examine CI’s as the part of China’s soft power – with a special focus on the problems regarding the CI’s and on the CI’s in Hungary. I am also intending to find out what kind of picture of the CI’s are the media presenting and how real is this image portrayed by the media. I will discuss in two separate chapters the most serious accusation of the CI’s (spreading of China’s propaganda, violation of human rights and academic freedom and spying for China) because In my opinion, these topics are giving a good impression about how big is the influence of media even in the case of assessing educational and cultural institutions. The term soft power was introduced by Joseph Nye in 1990. The soft power is the ability to make the image of one’s country desirable for others by using culture, ideology or institutions. But China in the ’80-s already discovered how important is culture and language if one would like to gain power without the methods of hard power. In 1987 China established Hanban, and the first experimental CI was established in 2004 in Uzbekistan and the first official CI was established in South Korea in the same year. By April, 2020 there 540 CI’s in the world according to the website of Hanban, which clearly indicates that the CI’s are CC’s are a huge success. In Hungary there are currently 5 CI’s in total.
Tatabányai Múzeum Tudományos Füzetek 12. Korszakok és birodalmak határán - Kelták a Kárpát-medencében, 2017
A preliminary excavation has been carried out in 2009 at site 92/2 under the direction of Gab-rie... more A preliminary excavation has been carried out in 2009 at site 92/2 under the direction of Gab-riella A. Pál. The size of the excavated area was 1.2 ha. Five stone buildings, a pit-house, a "cooling pit", a well and a fence from the Roman era have been discovered. These objects belonged to a villa's pars rustica. According to the aerial photos of the area and its surroundings, the villa urbana of this villa was situated north of the site. Three periods of the pars rusti-ca's buildings were identified: the first one is dated between the beginning of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, the second period lasted from the end of the 2nd/the beginning of the 3rd centuries to the 4th century, and the third one started in the second half of the 4th century and lasted until the beginning of the Migration Period. Building nr. I, building nr. II and the pit-house belong to the first period. Building nr. I has a northeast-southwest orientation, two rooms and an area of 139 m². A furnace was also found in the house. Building nr. V has a northwest southeast orientation, but it is only partially known because one of its walls was entirely , two of its walls were partially lying underneath the section. The pit-house has a west-east orientation and an area of 8,58 m². There was a posthole next to its northeastern side and a furnace in its eastern part. In later periods, the villa was expanding southwards.
Kivonat: A 92/2. lelőhelyet 2009-ben megelőző feltárás keretében kutatták. Az ásatás vezetője A. Pál Gabriella volt (A. Pál 2010, 388.). A lelőhely feltárt részének kiterjedése 1.2 ha (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 9.). A római korszakból öt kőépület, egy földbe mélyített gödörház, egy "hűtőgödör", egy kút és egy kerítés vált ismertté. Ezek az objektumok egy villagazdaság pars rusticajához tartoztak. A villagazdaság villa urbanaja a területről és környezetéről készített légifotók alap-ján a lelőhelytől É-ra fekszik (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 53, 60.). A pars rustica épületeinek három periódusát sikerült meghatározni: az elsőt a Kr. u. 2. sz. eleje-3. sz. elejé-re, a másodikat a 2. sz. vége/3. sz. eleje-4. századra, a harmadikat a 4. sz. 2. fele-népvándor-láskor elejére lehet keltezni. Az első periódushoz tartozik az I. sz. és az V. sz. épület, vala-mint a földbe mélyített lakóház. Az I. sz. épület ÉK-DNY-i tájolású, kéthelyiséges és 139 m² nagyságú. A házban egy kemencét is sikerült megfigyelni. Az V. sz. épület ÉNY-DK-i irá-nyú, és csak részben vált ismertté, mivel egyik fala teljes egészében, két fala pedig részben a szelvényfal alatt feküdt. A gödörház nagysága 8,58 m², tájolása NY-K-i. ÉK-i oldala mellett egy cölöplyuk, K-i részén pedig egy kemence feküdt. A villagazdaság a későbbi periódusok-ban dél felé terjeszkedett (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 61-62, 64.).
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Papers by Anna Csikó
The term soft power was introduced by Joseph Nye in 1990. The soft power is the ability to make the image of one’s country desirable for others by using culture, ideology or institutions. But China in the ’80-s already discovered how important is culture and language if one would like to gain power without the methods of hard power. In 1987 China established Hanban, and the first experimental CI was established in 2004 in Uzbekistan and the first official CI was established in South Korea in the same year. By April, 2020 there 540 CI’s in the world according to the website of Hanban, which clearly indicates that the CI’s are CC’s are a huge success. In Hungary there are currently 5 CI’s in total.
Kivonat: A 92/2. lelőhelyet 2009-ben megelőző feltárás keretében kutatták. Az ásatás vezetője A. Pál Gabriella volt (A. Pál 2010, 388.). A lelőhely feltárt részének kiterjedése 1.2 ha (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 9.). A római korszakból öt kőépület, egy földbe mélyített gödörház, egy "hűtőgödör", egy kút és egy kerítés vált ismertté. Ezek az objektumok egy villagazdaság pars rusticajához tartoztak. A villagazdaság villa urbanaja a területről és környezetéről készített légifotók alap-ján a lelőhelytől É-ra fekszik (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 53, 60.). A pars rustica épületeinek három periódusát sikerült meghatározni: az elsőt a Kr. u. 2. sz. eleje-3. sz. elejé-re, a másodikat a 2. sz. vége/3. sz. eleje-4. századra, a harmadikat a 4. sz. 2. fele-népvándor-láskor elejére lehet keltezni. Az első periódushoz tartozik az I. sz. és az V. sz. épület, vala-mint a földbe mélyített lakóház. Az I. sz. épület ÉK-DNY-i tájolású, kéthelyiséges és 139 m² nagyságú. A házban egy kemencét is sikerült megfigyelni. Az V. sz. épület ÉNY-DK-i irá-nyú, és csak részben vált ismertté, mivel egyik fala teljes egészében, két fala pedig részben a szelvényfal alatt feküdt. A gödörház nagysága 8,58 m², tájolása NY-K-i. ÉK-i oldala mellett egy cölöplyuk, K-i részén pedig egy kemence feküdt. A villagazdaság a későbbi periódusok-ban dél felé terjeszkedett (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 61-62, 64.).
The term soft power was introduced by Joseph Nye in 1990. The soft power is the ability to make the image of one’s country desirable for others by using culture, ideology or institutions. But China in the ’80-s already discovered how important is culture and language if one would like to gain power without the methods of hard power. In 1987 China established Hanban, and the first experimental CI was established in 2004 in Uzbekistan and the first official CI was established in South Korea in the same year. By April, 2020 there 540 CI’s in the world according to the website of Hanban, which clearly indicates that the CI’s are CC’s are a huge success. In Hungary there are currently 5 CI’s in total.
Kivonat: A 92/2. lelőhelyet 2009-ben megelőző feltárás keretében kutatták. Az ásatás vezetője A. Pál Gabriella volt (A. Pál 2010, 388.). A lelőhely feltárt részének kiterjedése 1.2 ha (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 9.). A római korszakból öt kőépület, egy földbe mélyített gödörház, egy "hűtőgödör", egy kút és egy kerítés vált ismertté. Ezek az objektumok egy villagazdaság pars rusticajához tartoztak. A villagazdaság villa urbanaja a területről és környezetéről készített légifotók alap-ján a lelőhelytől É-ra fekszik (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 53, 60.). A pars rustica épületeinek három periódusát sikerült meghatározni: az elsőt a Kr. u. 2. sz. eleje-3. sz. elejé-re, a másodikat a 2. sz. vége/3. sz. eleje-4. századra, a harmadikat a 4. sz. 2. fele-népvándor-láskor elejére lehet keltezni. Az első periódushoz tartozik az I. sz. és az V. sz. épület, vala-mint a földbe mélyített lakóház. Az I. sz. épület ÉK-DNY-i tájolású, kéthelyiséges és 139 m² nagyságú. A házban egy kemencét is sikerült megfigyelni. Az V. sz. épület ÉNY-DK-i irá-nyú, és csak részben vált ismertté, mivel egyik fala teljes egészében, két fala pedig részben a szelvényfal alatt feküdt. A gödörház nagysága 8,58 m², tájolása NY-K-i. ÉK-i oldala mellett egy cölöplyuk, K-i részén pedig egy kemence feküdt. A villagazdaság a későbbi periódusok-ban dél felé terjeszkedett (A. Pál-Cseh 2013, 11-12.; Csikó 2013, 61-62, 64.).