syncopeとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• syncopé (obsolete)

語源

Learned borrowing from Late Latin syncopē, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, nominalization suffix), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”). Partly continues the (near-)doublets syncopis and sincopin, both from the Old French sincopin (“faintness”) (itself from Late Latin accusative syncopen), with the pathological meaning "a loss of consciousness accompanied by a weak pulse", attested from the fifteenth century.

Usage in the form syncope, with the phonological meaning "contraction of a word by omission of middle sounds or letters" attested from the 1520s. Syncopis and sincopin were "re-Latinized" to the form syncope in English in the sixteenth century. The musical usage first occurs after the 1660s, following the musical usage of syncopation and syncopate.

発音

• IPA: /ˈsɪŋ.kə.pi/
• ハイフネーション: syn‧co‧pe

名詞

syncope (countable and uncountable, plural syncopes)

1. (linguistics, phonology, prosody) The elision or loss of a sound from the interior of a word, especially of a vowel sound with loss of a syllable.

   Antonym: epenthesis

   Hypernym: metaplasm

   Hyponyms: contraction; haplology, haplogy

   Coordinate term: apocope

   • 1910, Jakob Schipper, A History of English Versification‎:

     […] ; on the contrary, all syllables subject in the same way to elision, apocope, syncope, and slurring must have the same degree of stress (i.e. they must be alike unaccented) whether preceded by short or by long root-syllables.

2. (biology, medicine) A loss of consciousness when fainting.

   Synonyms: swoon, faint, fainting, lipothymia

   Coordinate terms: near-syncope, presyncope, pre-syncope, pseudosyncope

   • 1844, Edgar Allan Poe, The Premature Burial:

     Sometimes, without any apparent cause, I sank, little by little, into a condition of semi-syncope, or half swoon; and, in this condition, without pain, without ability to stir, or, strictly speaking, to think, but with a dull lethargic consciousness of life and of the presence of those who surrounded my bed, I remained, until the crisis of the disease restored me, suddenly, to perfect sensation.

   • 1896, George M. Gould, Walter Lytle Pyle, Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine‎:

     Schneider, the father of rhinology, mentions a woman in whom the odor of orange-flowers produced syncope.

   • 1973, Patrick O'Brian, HMS Surprise:

     […] the rapidly-whitening face, the miserable fixed smile, meant a syncope within the next few bars.

3. (music) A missed beat or off-beat stress in music resulting in syncopation.
   • 1922, Christopher Morley, Where the Blue Begins‎:

     She was a volatile creature, full of mischievous surprise: at their first music practice, after playing over some hymns on the pipe-organ, she burst into jazz, filling the quiet grove with the clamorous syncope of Paddy-Paws, a favourite song that summer.

派生語

Further reading

• “syncope”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “syncope”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.