summerとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈsʌmə/
• (General American) enPR: sŭmʹər, IPA: /ˈsʌmɚ/
• ハイフネーション: sum‧mer
• 韻: -ʌmə(ɹ)

語源 1

From 中期英語 somer, sumer, from 古期英語 sumor (“summer”), from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó-, oblique of *semh₂- (“summer, year”).

Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer (“summer”), West Frisian simmer (“summer”), Saterland Frisian Suumer (“summer”), Dutch zomer (“summer”), Low German Sommer (“summer”), German Sommer (“summer”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer (“summer”), Swedish sommar (“summer”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar (“summer”), Welsh haf (“summer”), Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-, “summer”), Middle Persian ḥʾmyn (hāmīn, “summer”), Northern Kurdish havîn (“summer”), Central Kurdish ھاوین (hawîn, “summer”).

別の表記

• somer (obsolete or eye dialect)
• sommer (obsolete)

名詞

summer (countable and uncountable, plural summers)

1. One of four seasons, traditionally the second, marked by the longest and typically hottest days of the year due to the inclination of the Earth and thermal lag. Typically regarded as spanning either the period between the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox, or the months of June, July, and August in the Northern Hemisphere and the months of December, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere.

   the heat of summer

   Gradually, the end of summer hove into sight.

   • 1892, Walter Besant, chapter II, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

     At twilight in the summer there is never anybody to fear—man, woman, or cat—in the chambers and at that hour the mice come out. They do not eat parchment or foolscap or red tape, but they eat the luncheon crumbs.

   • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

     A chap named Eleazir Kendrick and I had chummed in together the summer afore and built a fish-weir and shanty at Setuckit Point, down Orham way. For a spell we done pretty well.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

     A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed. ¶ ‘Civilized,’ he said to Mr. Campion. ‘Humanizing.’ […] ‘Cigars and summer days and women in big hats with swansdown face-powder, that's what it reminds me of.’

2. (poetic or humorous) year; used to give the age of a person, usually a young one.

   He was barely eighteen summers old.

   She had seen not more than twenty summers.

3. (figuratively) Most flourishing, happy, or beautiful period; golden age, prime.
   • 1829, Edgar Allan Poe, “Tamerlane”, in Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems:

     O! craving heart, for the lost flowers
     And sunshine of my summer hours!

4. (countable, fashion) Someone with light, pinkish skin that has a blue undertone, light hair and eyes, seen as best suited to certain colors of clothing.

使用する際の注意点

• Note that season names are not capitalized in modern English except where any noun would be capitalized, e.g. at the beginning of a sentence or as part of a name (Old Man Winter, the Winter War, Summer Glau). This is in contrast to the days of the week and months of the year, which are always capitalized (Thursday or September).

反意語

• winter

等位語

• spring, autumn, fall

派生語

動詞

summer (third-person singular simple present summers, present participle summering, simple past and past participle summered)

1. (intransitive) To spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday.

   We like to summer in the Mediterranean.

派生語

参考

• æstival, aestival, estival

語源 2

From 中期英語 somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.

名詞

summer (plural summers)

1. (architecture) A horizontal beam supporting a building.

   Synonyms: summerbeam, summertree

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 43, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 146:

     And we are warned, that the foundation or maine summers of our houses faile and shrinke, when we see the quarters bend, or wals to breake.

2. (obsolete) A pack-horse.

派生語

語源 3

From sum +‎ -er.

名詞

summer (plural summers)

1. A person who sums.
2. A machine or algorithm that sums.

   Synonym: totaller

   • 2014, Michael R. Lindeburg, chapter 48, in FE Mechanical Review Manual, page 2:

     A basic feedback system consists of ... and a summing point (comparator or summer).

   • 2016, George H. Olsen, Ian Burdess, Computers and Microprocessors: Made Simple, page 36:

     The output of the summer is therefore fed into the input of the first integrator.

派生語

• summer-up

参考

• adder