pan.とは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• IPA: /pæn/, [pʰæn]
• Homophone: panne
• 韻: -æn

語源 1

From 中期英語 panne, from 古期英語 panne, from Proto-West Germanic *pannā, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ. Further origin uncertain.

Alois Walde firstly suggests that it might be from Late Latin panna, from Latin patina (“broad, shallow dish, pan, stewpan”), from Ancient Greek πατάνη (patánē, “kind of flat dish”), which is probably from Pre-Greek. But the sound shifting from /patina/ → /patna/ → /panna/ raises questions as -tn- to -nn- is rarely seen in Latin.

The mainstream theory as of now (Friedrich Kluge, Julius Pokorny, Guus Kroonen) suggests that it is from Late Latin panna. But its sparse attestation only in the frontier inscriptions and not widespread in most Romance languages raises doubts among a few scholars (notably Michiel de Vaan), being skeptical about its origin, and open for any interpretations (Oxford English Dictionary).

Vladmir Orel, in his work Albanian Etymological Dictionary, suggests that both Proto-Germanic *pannǭ and Late Latin panna could be from a non-IE Mediterranean substrate word, considering that classical Latin attestations are scarce and distributed in a specific region, and Proto-Germanic loanwords from non-IE substrates often include agricultural terms, seafaring vocabulary, or animal names. Although, this substrate hypothesis is controversial and most scholars remain skeptical about it.

Cognate with West Frisian panne, Saterland Frisian Ponne, Dutch pan, German Low German Panne, Pann, German Pfanne, Danish pande, Swedish panna, Icelandic panna.

名詞

pan (plural pans or (humorous) pen)

1. A wide, flat receptacle used around the house, especially for cooking.
2. The contents of such a receptacle.
3. A cylindrical receptacle about as tall as it is wide, with one long handle, usually made of metal, used for cooking in the home.
4. (Ireland) A deep plastic receptacle, used for washing or food preparation; a basin.
5. A wide receptacle in which gold grains are separated from gravel by washing the contents with water.
6. (geography, geology) An expanse of level land located in a depression, especially
   1. A pond or lake, considered as the expanse of land upon which the water sits.
   2. (especially South Africa) A dry lake or playa, especially a salt flat.
   3. (South Africa) Synonym of playa lake: a temporary pond or lake in a playa.
   4. Ellipsis of salt pan: a flat artificial pond used for collecting minerals from evaporated water.
7. (geology) Ellipsis of hardpan: a hard substrate such as is formed in pans.
8. (geology, obsolete South Africa) Synonym of pipe: a channel for lava within a volcano; the cylindrical remains of such channels.
9. Strong adverse criticism.
   • 1977 August 20, Robert Etherington, “John Horne Burns and His Enemies”, in Gay Community News, volume 5, number 7, page 10:

     The notices The Gallery received, while hardly pans, were only mixed.

10. (chiefly Ireland) A loaf of bread; a pan-loaf. [from 1970s]
11. (obsolete) The chamber pot in a close stool; (now) the base of a toilet, consisting of the bowl and its support.
12. A bedpan.
    • 1977-1980, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure

      She yanks the pan out from under me & it spills all over the bed. Then she's got to change the sheets! Unreal.

13. (slang) A human face, a mug.
    • 1946, George Johnston, Skyscrapers in the Mist, page 121:

      "He's a foreign-looking guy with thinnish black hair and a meaty sort of pan."

    • 1993, William S. Burroughs, edited by Oliver Harris, The Letters of William S. Burroughs, 1945–1959, New York: Penguin, →ISBN, page 92:

      Dave and I have parted company, and I hope I never see his junky pan again.

    • 1953, Raymond Chandler, The Long Goodbye, Penguin, published 2010, page 103:

      This was the kind of operator who would tell you to be there at nine sharp and if you weren't sitting quietly with a pleased smile on your pan when he floated in two hours later on a double Gibson, he would have a paroxysm of outraged executive ability […].

14. (roofing) The bottom flat part of a roofing panel that is between the ribs of the panel.
15. A closed vessel for boiling or evaporating as part of manufacture; a vacuum pan.
16. (firearms) The part of a flintlock that holds the priming.

    flash in the pan

    • 1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar‎, London, pages 95–96:

      […] he pull’d the Trigger, but Providence being pleas’d to preserve me for some other Purpose, the Cock snapp’d, and miss’d Fire. Whether the Prime was wet in the Pan, or by what other Miracle it was I escap’d his Fury, I cannot say […]

    • 1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:

      And he […] glared on the cold pistols that hung before him—ready for anything. And he took down one with a snatch and weighed it in his hand, and fell to thinking again; and, as he did, kept opening and shutting the pan with a snap, […]

17. The skull, considered as a vessel containing the brain; the brainpan.
18. (figurative) The brain, seen as one's intellect.
    • 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: The Friar's Tale,

      Unto the devil rough and black of hue

      Give I thy body and my pan also."

19. (carpentry) A recess, or bed, for the leaf of a hinge.
20. (music) Ellipsis of steelpan.
    • 2009, Pnina Werbner, Black and Ethnic Leaderships, page 122:

      The steel band transforms the people who play in it and dance to it, and fosters links between them. […] He learned to play the pan and filled in for absent members.

使用する際の注意点

Whether a saucepan is a type of pot, a type of pan, or neither, depends on the speaker's taxonomy of cookware. There are three competing ways of drawing distinctions, all widespread: (1) pots and pans are distinguished by their depth and use, in which case a saucepan is actually a pot despite its name, (2) pots and pans are distinguished by type and/or number of handles, in which case a saucepan is in fact a pan, and (3) both vessel depth and handles are distinguishing features, in which case saucepans form a separate third class that is sibling to pots and pans. Scheme (1) is most widespread in the US and US-influenced parts of Canada, whereas (2) is more typical of the UK and Commonwealth countries; (3) does not split as cleanly along these regional lines.

Due to their typical shallowness, sauciers may be considered pans, not pots, even by those who label saucepans as pots.

同意語

• (flat receptacle): frying pan, skillet, cookie sheet, tin
• (tall receptacle): saucepan
• (chamber pot): See Thesaurus:chamber pot
• (toilet): See Thesaurus:toilet

上位語

• (expanse of flat land in a depression): salt pan, salt flat, alkali pan

下位語

• (expanse of flat land in a depression): flat

派生語

派生した語

• →? Irish: panna
• → Japanese: パン

動詞

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle panning, simple past and past participle panned)

1. (transitive) To wash in a pan (of earth, sand etc. when searching for gold).

   Coordinate term: sluice

   • 1875, William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs:

     We […] witnessed the process of cleaning up and panning out, which is the last process of separating the pure gold from the fine dirt and black sand.

2. (transitive) To disparage; to belittle; to put down; to harshly criticize, especially a work (book, movie, etc.)

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:criticize

   • 2022 May 17, Tiffany Hsu, “All Those Celebrities Pushing Crypto Are Not So Vocal Now”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:

     Matt Damon, who compared the advent of virtual money to the development of aviation and spaceflight in a critically panned but widely seen Crypto.com ad last year, did not respond to requests to weigh in.

3. (intransitive, with out, to pan out) To turn out well; to be successful.
4. (transitive, informal, of a contest) To beat one's opposition convincingly.

派生語

参考

• lavatory (“place where gold is panned”) (obsolete)

語源 2

Clipping of panorama.

動詞

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle panning, simple past and past participle panned)

1. (intransitive) (of a camera) To turn horizontally.

   Coordinate terms: cant, tilt

   • 2018 February, Robert Draper, “They are Watching You—and Everything Else on the Planet: Technology and Our Increasing Demand for Security have Put Us All under Surveillance. Is Privacy Becoming just a Memory?”, in National Geographic‎, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 14 June 2018:

     Later today in Finsbury Park, the cameras would spend hours panning across 35,000 festivalgoers in search of pickpockets, drunken brawlers, and other assorted agents of petty mischief.

2. (photography, intransitive) To move the camera lens angle while continuing to expose the film, enabling a contiguous view and enrichment of context. In still-photography large-group portraits the film usually remains on a horizontal fixed plane as the lens and/or the film holder moves to expose the film laterally. The resulting image may extend a short distance laterally or as great as 360° from the point where the film first began to be exposed. (Can we verify this sense?)
   • 1957 January, A. M. Ross, “Letters to the Editor: Impressions of Speed”, in Railway Magazine, page 60:

     As one can only "pan" at 90 deg. to the direction of movement of the subject, a compromise has to be reached when shooting at more conventional angles between a shutter speed high enough to arrest the forward movement of the subject and one low enough to blur the valve motion and wheels.

3. (imaging, intransitive) To shift an image relative to the display window without changing the viewing scale. (Can we verify this sense?)
4. (sound engineering, transitive) To spread a sound signal into a new stereo or multichannel sound field, typically giving the impression that it is moving across the sound stage.
5. (sound engineering, intransitive) (of a sound) To move in the multichannel sound field.

派生語

参考

• cinema
• cinematography
• portrait
• tripod

名詞

pan (plural pans)

1. A sequence in a film in which the camera pans over an area.
   • 2013, Monle Lee, Carla Johnson, Principles of Advertising: A Global Perspective, page 197:

     For instance, in the film Dances with Wolves, a pan of an uninhabited landscape contrasts the gruesome beginning footage that depicts the carnage of war.

派生語

語源 3

名詞

pan (uncountable)

1. Alternative form of paan.

語源 4

Compare French pan (“skirt, lappet”), Latin pannus (“a cloth, rag”). Doublet of pagne, pane, and pannus.

動詞

pan (third-person singular simple present pans, present participle panning, simple past and past participle panned)

1. To join or fit together; to unite.
   • 31 May 1884, Leeds Mercury

     Pan it down—press an article into its proper place

   • 1963, Grower Talks:

     The plants can either be sold individually in the 3 inch pots as Valentine favors , or several may be panned together in larger pots

語源 5

From 古期英語. See pane.

名詞

pan (plural pans)

1. A part; a portion.
2. (fortifications) The distance comprised between the angle of the epaule and the flanked angle.
3. A leaf of gold or silver.

語源 6

Clipping of pansexual or panromantic.

形容詞

pan (not comparable)

1. (informal) Pansexual or panromantic.
   • 2012 December 28, Anna Waugh, “Texas got a pansexual legislator”, in Dallas Voice, volume 29, number 33, page 9:

     When she publicly acknowledged that she is pan, it educated citizens near and far on what that sexuality meant and the importance of being proud of who you are.

   • 2013, Alejandra Rodriguez, "Isn't That Bisexual?", Outwrite, Fall 2013, page 7:

     Another anonymous pansexual disclosed, "Sometimes I feel really left out because I'm pan. […] "

   • 2013, Megan Hertner, "Understanding Gender and Sexuality", Grapevine (Huron University College), December 2013, page 19:

     A similar experience is shared by individuals who identify their sexuality as pan, bi or queer.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:pan.

等位語

• bi, mono

語源 7

Clipping of pantograph.

名詞

pan (plural pans)

1. (rail transport, informal) Clipping of pantograph.

同意語

• (pantograph): panto

参考

参照

アナグラム

• -nap, ANP, NAP, NPA, PNA, nap

名詞

pan

1. alternative form of panne (“pan”)

語源 2

名詞

pan

1. alternative form of pane (“fabric, fur; a portion”)