malusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• IPA: /ˈmeɪ.ləs/, /ˈmɑː.ləs/, /ˈmæ.ləs/

名詞

malus (plural maluses or mali)

1. (business) The loss or return of performance-related compensation originally paid by an employer to an employee as a result of the discovery of a defect in the performance.

   When bank fired the loan originator, they recovered the last two years of her bonuses under the malus clause in her contract.

   • c. 1997, ASTIN Bulletin, page 48:

     The existence of boni and mali for the different risks can be interpreted through the sign of estimated covariances.

   • 2000, Jean Pinquet, “Experience Rating through Heterogeneous Models”, in Georges Dionne, editor, Handbook of Insurance, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 462:

     If the boni and mali do not depend on the frequency of claims, the average bonus-malus coefficient increases with the frequency.

   • 2008, Henner Gimpel, Nicolas R. Jennings, Gregory E. Kersten, Axel Ockenfels, Christof Weinhardt, Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering: International Seminar, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, November 12-17, 2006, Revised Selected Papers, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 62:

     Bidders with inferior quality, higher transport costs or additional switching costs receive a Malus which decreases their bid automatically to incorporate the disadvantages. Bonus Malus Auctions are used by about 50% of all companies.

   • 2014, Akmal Akramkhanov, Bernhard Tischbein, Usman Khalid Awan, “Effective management of soil salinity – revising leaching norms”, in John P. A. Lamers, Asia Khamzina, Inna Rudenko, Paul L. G. Vlek, editors, Restructuring Land Allocation, Water Use and Agricultural Value Chains: Technologies, Policies and Practices for the Lower Amudarya Region, V & R unipress, Bonn University Press, →ISBN, page 131:

     Akramkhanov et al. (2010) also suggested a system of boni and mali on taxes to support the implementation of measures to achieve both water saving and salinity control (Table 3.3.1).

   • 2016, David Aveiro, Robert Pergl, Duarte Gouveia, Advances in Enterprise Engineering X: 6th Enterprise Engineering Working Conference, EEWC 2016, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, May 30-June 3 2016, Proceedings, Springer, →ISBN, page 26:

     If both the estimated payment- and checking-rate is not above a threshold in a district, the contracted party will receive a malus for that district, and no bonus for any other district.

2. (rare) A penalty or negative thing.
   • 2016, Rosa Bottino, Johan Jeuring, Remco C. Veltkamp, Games and Learning Alliance: 5th International Conference, GALA 2016, Utrecht, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2016, Proceedings, Springer, →ISBN, page 305:

     The driver game has a game screen with less number of properties and representations (see Fig. 3(a)). […] If the user completes a level within the allocated time, then the user gets a bonus and will be advanced to another level[,] and if user is unable to complete a level, then a malus is provided and the user gets retained in the same level.

使用する際の注意点

• May occur in financial services in connection with defaulted loans.

同意語

• clawback

等位語

• disgorgement

関連する語

• mal
• malum
• malus genius

語源 2

From Latin mālus and translingual Malus.

発音

名詞

malus (plural maluses)

1. A plant of the genus Malus (the apples).
   • 1922, Gardener’s Chronicle of America, volume 26, page 228, column 2:

     It leads to a certain extent to an evergreen type Docynia which is distributed in the Himalayas and western China and whose magnificence of bloom I learned to know on my travels in Yunnan; it is distinct from genuine maluses.

   • 1959, Gardeners Chronicle & Gardening Illustrated, volume 145, page 65, column 2:

     Malus ‘Dartmouth’ is a variety of M. pumila, the wild crab-apple, and is only one of the several maluses which offer a wider choice than the commonly planted ‘John Downie,’ lemoinei and eleyi.

   • 1968, Agriculture in Northern Ireland, volume 43, page 290:

     In gardens which are rather open and exposed, the ornamental crabs or maluses are generally less satisfactory than the cherries as flowering trees.

同意語

• apple

語源 3

名詞

malus

1. plural of malu

アナグラム

• alums, lumas, mauls, musal

別の表記

• malos (Old Latin)

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈma.ɫʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈmaː.lus]

形容詞

malus (feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative peior, superlative pessimus, adverb male); first/second-declension adjective

1. unpleasant, distressing, painful, nasty, bad

   Abī in malam crucem, malum cruciātum. ― Go away to a bad cross, bad crucifixion. [A saying referring back to a Roman army post-defeat mass fratricide/suicide act (to avoid a worse fate from the enemy victors; i.e., our own Roman engineered torture is a better fate/prospect) cited from Caesar's Gallic War Commentaries]

   Mala rēs. ― Trouble, bad business.

   Mala aetās. ― Old age.

2. unpleasant to the senses, sight, smell, taste, touch

   Mala faciēs. ― Ugly face.

3. bad, evil, wicked, mischievous

   Malus et nēquam homō. ― An evil and wicked man.

   Dolus malus. ― Deliberate deception, malice afterthought (legal language).

   • 166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 164:

     Mala mēns, malus animus.

     An evil mind, an evil heart.
     (In other words, what one says and does reveal that person’s inner character.)

4. destructive, hurtful, noxious, evil

   Consuētūdō mala. ― A bad habit.

   Mala vōta, carmina susurrāre. ― To whisper evil spells, incantations.

5. unkind, hostile, abusive

   Mala verba. ― Abuses.

6. associated with bad luck, unlucky, unfavourable, unfortunate, adverse, evil

   Mala tempestās. ― Bad, unfavourable, unsuitable weather.

   Malam fāmam ferre. ― To bring bad reputation, ill fame.

   Malīs avibus. ― Under evil auspices. (literally, “Under bad birds.”)

   Reliquiae malae pugnae. ― Remnants of an unsuccessful, adverse battle.

7. poor in condition or capacity, inept

   Mala merx/mers. ― A bad lot (of persons).

   Malā mente esse. ― To be out of one's mind.

   Pessimus poēta. ― The worst poet.

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

同意語

• (wicked): improbus, nēquam, malignus, scelerātus, perversus, prāvus, vitiōsus, malus, scelestus, facinorōsus
• (hurtful): nocīvus

反意語

• bonus, probus, rēctus, integer, castus

派生語

派生した語

語源 2

From Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)).

別の表記

• *mēlus (Vulgar Latin)

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈmaː.ɫʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈmaː.lus]

名詞

mālus f (genitive mālī); second declension

1. an apple tree; specifically, a plant in the genus Malus in the family Rosaceae.

   Malus bifera.

   An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.

   Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.

   And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.

   Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.

   The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.

語形変化

Second-declension noun.

派生語

• mālus grānāta
• mālus domestica

関連する語

• mālum
• mēlō
• mēlopepō

派生した語

• Translingual: Malus
• Aromanian: mer
• Italian: melo
• Megleno-Romanian: mer
• Romanian: măr
• → English: malus

語源 3

Uncertain. De Vaan suggests that the term could derive from Proto-Italic *mazdo-, itself perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂sdo-. However, De Vaan notes that a comparison with Proto-Germanic *mastaz and Middle Irish maide (“stick”) requires a pre-form *mādos with a shift of d to l. Schrijver, alternatively, connects the term with mās (“male”) The uncertain etymology allows for the possibility of a substrate origin.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈmaː.ɫʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈmaː.lus]

名詞

mālus m (genitive mālī); second declension

1. a mast of a ship

   Antemnas ad malos destinare.

   To fasten the sails to the masts.

   Malum erigi imperavit.

   He has ordered the mast to be erected.

   Attolli malos.

   The masts are lifted.

2. a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached
3. the beam in the middle of a winepress
4. the corner beams of a tower

   Turrium mali.

   Beams of the towers.

   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.22:

     nostrarum turrium altitudinem [...] commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant

     They equaled the height of our towers [...] by the beams of their towers spliced together

語形変化

Second-declension noun.

参照

Further reading

• “malus (adjective)”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “malus (tree)”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “malus (mast)”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “malus (adjective)”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “malus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• "malus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) to be broken down by misfortune: in malis iacere
    
  • (ambiguous) to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo
    
  • (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
    
  • (ambiguous) to take a thing in good (bad) part: in bonam (malam) partem accipere aliquid
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animus praesāgit malum
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animo praesagio malum
    
  • (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti
    
  • (ambiguous) to be tormented by remorse: conscientia mala angi, excruciari
    
  • (ambiguous) to bless (curse) a person: precari alicui bene (male) or omnia bona (mala), salutem
    
  • (ambiguous) from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
    
• “malus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “malus” on page 1069 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)