lexemeとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Latin lexis, from Ancient Greek λέξις (léxis, “word”) + -eme, a suffix indicating a fundamental unit in some aspect of linguistic structure, on the model of phoneme.

発音

• IPA: /ˈlɛkˌsiːm/, enPR: lĕkˈsēmˌ

名詞

lexeme (plural lexemes)

1. (linguistics) A lexical item corresponding to the set of all words (or of all multi-word expressions) that are semantically related through inflection of a particular shared basic form.
   1. (strictly) The abstract minimum unit of language or meaning that underlies such a set.

      Synonyms: lexical item, semanteme

      • 2003, David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 118:

        A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Thus, fibrillate, rain cats and dogs, and come in are all lexemes, as are elephant, jog, cholesterol, happiness, put up with, face the music, and hundreds of thousands of other meaningful items in English.

      • 2014 September 25, Rochelle Lieber, Pavol Stekauer, editors, The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology‎, page 347:

        In a typical lexicalist approach (e.g. Koontz-Garboden 2006), the unmarked lexeme is taken as lexically listed, even if its meaning (as it often does) includes templatic entailments, and the derivational morphology is taken to operate on the underived form to yield the derived form. This is the case not only morphologically, but also semantically.

   2. (loosely, metonymic) The set itself; a lexemic family.
   3. (loosely, metonymic) The wordform chosen to represent such a set or family.

      Synonyms: base form, basic form, canonical form, citation form, dictionary form, headword, lemma

      Hypernyms: wordform < form

      • 2024, Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Truth About English Grammar, Polity Press, →ISBN, page 17:

        For the second sense, where “word” means “item that should have its own dictionary entry,” lexicographers sometimes use the term “lemma,” but that has other meanings too, so among linguists the term lexeme is now standard, and I’ll use it. For the different forms or shapes that belong to a lexeme we can use the term word-form. ¶ And as a typographical convention, from now on I’ll always put lexeme names in bold italics with a capital letter. So I’ll say there is a lexeme called Pamper [emphasis in original]. It’s the name of a small collection of word-forms with particular spellings – four of them: pamper, pampered, pampering, and pampers. I will always put word-forms (and all the phrases and clauses I mention as examples) in italics.

2. (computing) An individual instance of a continuous character sequence without spaces, used in lexical analysis.

   Near-synonym: token

使用する際の注意点

• In linguistics, a lexeme is strictly understood as corresponding to a family of inflected forms, not a particular member of its family, although it is always designated by one of the members (the lemma).
• Since all the members of a lexeme family are related by inflection, each member is the same part of speech and usually is built from the same number of words as each of the other members (e.g., put up with and puts up with each consist of three words, and both are classified as verbs).
• For a lemma that has no inflected forms, the lexemic family consists of just a single member (e.g., the lexeme beyond contains only the lemma beyond, since English prepositions are not inflected).

Holonyms

派生語

関連する語

参考

Further reading

• Wikidata:lexeme
• The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, David Crystal, on archive.org.