leastとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /liːst/
• (General American) IPA: /list/
• Homophone: leased
• 韻: -iːst

語源 1

The adjective, determiner, and noun are derived from 中期英語 leste, lest, last (“(adjective) smallest, least; (noun) smallest thing, etc.; person or thing least in importance; etc.”), from 古期英語 lǣst, a contraction of læsast, læsest (“least”) (also lærest in only one source), from Proto-Germanic *laisistaz (“smallest, least”), from *laisiz (“less”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-; whence modern English less) + *-istaz (“suffix forming superlative forms of some adjectives”).

The adverb and pronoun are derived from the adjective or determiner.

形容詞

least

1. Chiefly preceded by the: superlative form of little: most little.

   Antonyms: greatest, (archaic) most

   1. Chiefly used with abstract nouns: less than all others in extent or size; littlest, smallest.

      Synonym: slightest

      least common multiple

      • 1546, John Heywood, chapter V, in Julian Sharman, editor, The Proverbs of John Heywood. […], London: George Bell and Sons, […], published 1874, →OCLC, part I, page 20:

        Of two ils chose the least, while choise lyeth in lot.

        The spelling has been modernized.

      • 1768, Mr. Yorick [pseudonym; Laurence Sterne], “The Act of Charity. Paris.”, in A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, volume II, London: […] T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt, […], →OCLC, pages 148–149:

        At the end of it [a passage], tovvards the theatre, 'tis lighted by a ſmall candle, the light of vvhich is almoſt loſt before you get half-vvay dovvn, but near the door—'tis more for ornament than uſe: you ſee it as a fix'd ſtar of the leaſt magnitude; it burns—but does little good to the vvorld, that vve knovv of.

      • 1872 February 8 (date delivered), John Ruskin, “Lecture I. The Function in Art of the Faculty Called by the Greeks Σοφία.”, in The Eagle’s Nest. Ten Lectures on the Relation of Natural Science to Art, Given before the University of Oxford in Lent Term, 1872 (The Works of John Ruskin; IV), London: […] [F]or the author, by Smith, Elder & Co., […]; and sold by Mr. G[eorge] Allen, […], published 1872, →OCLC, paragraph 2, page 3:

        [T]he least part of the work of any sound art-teacher must be his talking.

      1. Of two or more animals or plants with the same name: the smaller or smallest.

         least weasel

         • 1597, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], “Of Whiteblowe, or Whitlowe Grasse”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant, for Bonham and Iohn Norton, →OCLC, book II, page 498:

           The firſt is a very ſlender plant hauing a fevve ſmall leaues like the leaſt Chickvveede, grovving in little tufts, from the midſt vvhereof riſeth vp a ſmall ſtalke, nine inches long; […]

         • 1633, John Gerarde [i.e., John Gerard], Thomas Johnson, “Of Hedge Hyssope”, in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. […], enlarged edition, London: […] Adam Islip, Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers, →OCLC, book II, pages 581–582:

           [T]he floures of a purple colour, ſpotted on the inſide vvith vvhite, and of a brighter purple than the reſt of the floure, faſhioned like the ſmallest Anirrhinum, or leaſt Snapdragon, […]

   2. (archaic) Lowest in importance or status; most insignificant or unimportant.
      • 1587, Philip of Mornay [i.e., Philippe de Mornay], “The Preface to the Reader”, in Philip Sidney, Arthur Golding, transl., A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, […], London: […] [John Charlewood and] George Robinson for Thomas Cadman, […], →OCLC:

        [M]ans reaſon is ſo farre off from being the meaſurer of faith, vvhich very far exceedeth nature, that it is not ſo much as the meaſurer of nature, & of the leaſt creatures vvhich lie farre vnderneath man; becauſe of the ignorance and vntovvardnes vvhich is in vs and raigneth in vs.

      • c. 1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the Third. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Sims [and Peter Short] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v], signature M2, recto:

        But if I thriue, the gaine of my attempt, / The leaſt of you, ſhall ſhare his part thereof.

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 2:6, signature A2, verso, column 1:

        And thou Bethlehem in the land of Juda, art not the leaſt among the Princes of Juda: for out of thee ſhall come a Gouernour, that ſhall rule my people Iſrael.

      • 1611, Ben[jamin] Jonson, Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] for Walter Burre, →OCLC, Act V, signature M2, recto:

        Chiefly, vvhen this ſure ioy ſhall crovvne our ſide, / That the leaſt man, that falles vpon our party / This day […] / Shall vvalke at pleaſure, in the tents of reſt; […]

      • 1864, Robert Browning, “Epilogue”, in Dramatis Personæ, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, stanza 2, page 248:

        Take the least man of all mankind, as I; / Look at his head and heart, find how and why / He differs from his fellows utterly: […]

   3. (obsolete) Followed by an agent noun: of a person: who does some action to the smallest degree.

派生語

限定詞

least

1. Chiefly preceded by the: superlative form of little: most little.
   1. Smallest in amount or extent.

      Antonyms: greatest, most

      He earns the least money in his family.

      Of all the sisters, she has the least patience.

      • 1697, Virgil, “The Eleventh Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 558, lines 663–665:

        Th' Italian Chiefs, and Princes, joyn their Povv'rs: / Nor leaſt in Number, nor in Name the laſt, / Your ovvn brave Subjects have your Cauſe embrac'd.

      • 1768, Mr. Yorick [pseudonym; Laurence Sterne], “The Gloves. Paris.”, in A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, volume I, London: […] T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt, […], →OCLC, page 174:

        She begg'd I vvould try a ſingle pair [of gloves], vvhich ſeemed to be the leaſt—She held it open—my hand ſlipp'd into it at once— […]

      • 1857, Edmund March Blunt, The American Coast Pilot: Containing Directions for the Principal Harbors, E. & G.W. Blunt, page 135:

        The least water we could find there was 4 fathoms, which bears from the point S.E., and is distant 1½ mile.

      • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter V, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

        “Well,” I says, “I cal'late a body could get used to Tophet if he stayed there long enough.” She flared up; the least mite of a slam at Doctor Wool was enough to set her going.

      • 1959, Georgette Heyer, chapter 1, in The Unknown Ajax:

        Charles had not been employed above six months at Darracott Place, but he was not such a whopstraw as to make the least noise in the performance of his duties when his lordship was out of humour.

      • 1960 December, “The first hundred 25 kV a.c. electric locomotives for B.R.”, in Trains Illustrated, page 727:

        Comparison of the four bogie designs shows that the Rugby-built A.E.I. bogie has the least number of components and a minimum of metallic wearing surfaces.

      • 2004, Jim Baggott, Beyond Measure: Modern Physics, Philosophy, and the Meaning of Quantum Theory, Oxford University Press, page 48:

        Light does not need to know in advance which is the path of least time because it takes all paths from its source to its destination.

   2. Followed by a plural noun: the smallest number of; the fewest.

      Antonym: most

      Whichever queue contains the least items by the time this logic branch is reached will be executed first.

   3. (chiefly in the negative) Any, no matter how small in amount or extent.

      not even the least amount

      It is indicative of his true character that he could not manage to show even the least bit of courtesy in such a situation.

      • 1629 (first performance), Richard Brome, The Northern Lasse, a Comoedie. […], London: […] Aug[ustine] Mathewes, and are to be sold by Nicholas Vavasour, […], published 1632, →OCLC, Act I, scene vii, signature [C4], verso:

        My ſelfe an vtter ſtranger, one from vvhom / You neuer had, or can expect leaſt good.

      • 1667, John Milton, “Book III”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC, signature I, recto, lines 120–123:

        So vvithout leaſt impulſe or ſhadovv of Fate, / Or aught by me immutablie foreſeen, / They treſpaſs, Authors to themſelves in all / Both vvhat they judge and vvhat they chooſe; […]

      • 1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, page 231:

        [H]e came alone; neither did any man meet him vvith the leaſt incouragement.

      • 1699, William Dampier, chapter I, in Voyages and Descriptions. Vol. II. […], London: […] James Knapton, […], →OCLC, part II (Mr. Dampier’s Voyages to the Bay of Campeachy), page 38:

        The little Pieces of Beef vvere like Plums in our Hodg-podg. Indeed 'tvvas not fit to be eaten any other vvay; for tho' it did not ſtink, yet it vvas very unſavory and black, vvithout the leaſt ſign of Fat in it: […]

      • 1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave I. Marley’s Ghost.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 23:

        It was a very low fire indeed; nothing on such a bitter night. He was obliged to sit close to it, and brood over it, before he could extract the least sensation of warmth from such a handful of fuel.

      • 1882, Richard Jefferies, “New Formosa—No Hope of Returning”, in Bevis: The Story of a Boy […], volume III, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, […], →OCLC, page 50:

        "Any chance of our being taken off and rescued?" / "Not the least," said Bevis.

使用する際の注意点

Some grammarians recommend using least only with uncountable nouns, as in the usage examples under etymology 1 sense 1.1. This approach views least as the superlative of a little, not of little, so it does not mean “smallest” but “the smallest amount of”. With plural nouns, they recommend fewest. However, other authors disagree; for example, the Oxford English Dictionary indicates least as a synonym of fewest without any usage notes discussing this meaning: see etymology 1 sense 1.2.

派生語

副詞

least (negative superlative)

1. In a degree below all others; in the lowest or smallest degree.

   Antonym: most

   My best routine was the one I had practised the least.

   I don’t much like housework, and doing the dishes least of all.

   That decision rewards those who least deserve it.

2. Used to form superlatives of adjectives, especially those that do not form the superlative by adding -est.

   Antonym: most

   It was the least surprising thing.

名詞

least (plural leasts)

1. Preceded by the: superlative form of little: most little; the lowest-ranking or most insignificant person or (sometimes) group of people.

   even the least of

   The pastor preached that even the least of God’s creatures deserves freedom from needless or idle cruelty.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 25:40:

     Whatsoever you do to the least of my brothers, that you do unto me.

2. (philosophy) Something of the smallest possible extent; an indivisible unit; a minimum.

代名詞

least

1. Chiefly preceded by the: superlative form of little: most little; the smallest amount or extent of something.

   I’m giving least of all towards her present.

   • 1847, John Duncan, Duncan's Travels:

     To have demolished and rebuilt the walls, would have been a very costly expedient, and as the least of two evils, the painter's brush was resorted to; here and there however, above some of the windows, the black wreathings of the smoke are still discernible through the white covering.

使用する際の注意点

The pronoun use of least is to be distinguished from uses as an adjective and determiner in that it stands independently and does not modify a noun.

語源 2

Contraction of at least.

前置詞句

least

1. (informal, nonstandard) At least.
   • 1876, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter VI, in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Hartford, Conn.: The American Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 65:

     “Why he took and dipped his hand in a rotten stump where the rain water was.” “In the day time?” “Certainly.” “With his face to the stump?” “Yes. Least I reckon so.”

   • 2019 December, Justin Blackburn, The Bisexual Christian Suburban Failure Enlightening Bipolar Blues, page 79:

     What a stupid white privileged POS I am! Least I call myself out.

別の表記

• 'least

参照

Further reading

• degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

アナグラム

• Astle, ETLAs, laste, lates, leats, salet, setal, Slate, slate, Sleat, stale, steal, stela, taels, tales, teals, Teals, telas, tesla, Tesla

アナグラム

• setal, steal, Slate, Sleat, ETLAs, tesla, telas, Astle, lates, tales, Tesla, leats, salet, slate, Teals, laste, teals, stale, stela, taels

接尾辞

-lēast f

1. Alternative form of -līest