is Mとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in -ίζειν (-ízein) (whence English -ize). Doublet of -ismus.

Many English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in -ισμός (-ismós), often via Latin and French, such as Judaism, a learned English formation from Latin attested from c. 1500 and ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós). In Late Latin, the -ismus suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus chrīstiānismus (whence 16th c. Christianism) in Tertullian, a trend continued in Medieval Latin, with e.g. pāgānismus attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (heroism, patriotism) or proper names (Calvinism, Lutheranism).

Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. blackguardism). Reflecting this productivity, use of ism as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as racism (1932) or sexism (1936) and productive since the 1970s.

発音

• IPA: /-ɪzəm/, [ɪzm̩]

接尾辞

-ism

1. Used to form nouns of action, process, or result based on the accompanying verb ending in -ise or -ize.

   baptism (1300), aphorism (1528), criticism (1607), magnetism (1616)

2. Used to form the name of a school of thought, system, or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder (When de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic "doctrines" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism.)

   Lutheranism (1560), Calvinism (1570), Protestantism (1606), Congregationalism (1716), Mohammedanism (1815),: Palamism (1949)

3. Used to form names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a doctrine, ideology, or principle or lack thereof.

   atheism (1587), ruffianism (1589), giantism (1639), fanaticism (1652), theism (1678), religionism (1706), patriotism (1716), heroism (1717), despotism (1728), old-maidism (1776), capitalism (1792), nationism (1798), romanticism (1803), conservatism (1832), sexualism (1842), vegetarianism (1848), externalism (1856), young-ladyism (1869), opportunism (1870), blackguardism (1875), jingoism (1878), feminism (1895), dwarfism (1895)

   • 1990, Stephen King, The Moving Finger:

     Howard didn't care much for beer, but that night he helped himself to three cans of Vi's new find nevertheless. Vi commented on it, said that if she had known he was going to like it that much, she would have stopped by the drugstore and gotten him an IV hookup. Another time-honored Vi-ism.

   • 2020, Ministry of Broadcast, Hitcents, Nintendo Switch, scene: game over:

     WE ARE EXPERIENCING BROADCAST NOOBISM

   • 2021 January 19, Jennifer Hansler, Kylie Atwood and Nicole Gaouette, quoting Mike Pompeo, “Pompeo attacks multiculturalism, saying it is ‘not who America is’”, in CNN‎:

     “Woke-ism, multiculturalism, all the -isms — they’re not who America is. They distort our glorious founding and what this country is all about. Our enemies stoke these divisions because they know they make us weaker,” he wrote Tuesday.

4. Used to form countable nouns indicating a peculiarity or characteristic of language

   Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)

   • 2010, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York: Random House, →ISBN, page 136:

     Note that these sayings attributed to Yogi Berra might be apocryphal […] These sayings remain, however, quintessential Berraisms.

5. Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word, or a pattern of behavior or a social norm that benefits members of the group indicated by the root word. (Based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the "terms for a doctrine" sense.)

   racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)

6. (medicine) Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines.

   aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism

派生語

• ism
• -icism

関連する語

• -ist
• -istic

参照

• Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "-ism, suffix".

名詞

-ism (plural -isms)

1. Alternative form of ism (“ideology or form of discrimination ending in -ism”)
   • 2013 September 24, Heather Kelly, “YouTube tries to fix its comments”, in CNN‎:

     YouTube comments are rough. They dabble in all forms of trolling, bullying, racism, sexism and other offensive -isms, interspersed with endless spurts of nonsensical chatter. Any thoughtful comments are typically lost in a roiling sea of “LOLs,” insults and spam.

   • 2021 January 19, Jennifer Hansler, Kylie Atwood and Nicole Gaouette, quoting Mike Pompeo, “Pompeo attacks multiculturalism, saying it is ‘not who America is’”, in CNN‎:

     “Woke-ism, multiculturalism, all the -isms — they’re not who America is. They distort our glorious founding and what this country is all about. Our enemies stoke these divisions because they know they make us weaker,” he wrote Tuesday.

アナグラム

• IMS, IMs, MIS, MIs, MSI, SIM, Sim, mis-, sim

発音

• IPA: /ˈɪz.əm/
• 韻: -ɪzəm

名詞

ism (plural isms)

1. An ideology, system of thought, or practice that can be described by a word ending in -ism.

   Synonym: whateverism

   • 1843, Thomas Carlyle, chapter XV, in Past and Present‎, book 2:

     […] his religion, his worship was like his daily bread to him; — which he did not take the trouble to talk much about; which he merely ate at stated intervals, and lived and did his work upon! This is Abbot Samson’s Catholicism of the Twelfth Century; — something like the Ism of all true men in all true centuries, I fancy! Alas, compared with any of the Isms current in these poor days, what a thing!

   • 1887 August, W[illiam] G[raham] Sumner, “State Interference”, in North American Review:

     If it gives way to sentimentalism, or sensibility, or political mysticism, or adopts an affectation of radicalism, or any other ism, or molds its institutions so as to round out to a more complete fulfillment somebody's theory of the universe, it may fall into an era of revolution and political insecurity […]

   • 1965, Bertram David Wolfe, Marxism, One Hundred Years in the Life of a Doctrine, page 357:

     An ism does not have to possess the fearful implements of state power to cut off a deviant or heretical member.

   • 1969, Walter E. Minchinton, Mercantilism; System Or Expediency?, page xi:

     In his exposition, he has failed to achieve the identification of situation, theory, and policy necessary to create an ism.

   • 1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, spoken by Ferris Bueller (Matthew Broderick):

     Isms in my opinion are not good. A person should not believe in an ism – he should believe in himself.

   • 1994, Kenneth Kaye, Workplace Wars and How to End Them, page 70:

     It is important to distinguish between an ism and a mere generalization about group differences. Generalizations that have statistical validity are not isms. An ism assumes that the generalization applies to an individual.

   • 2000 fall, Donald S. Lopez Jr., “How the Buddha Got Ism-ed”, in Tricycle: The Buddhist Review‎, volume 10, number 1, New York, N.Y.: The Tricycle Foundation, →OCLC, archived from the original on 12 July 2016, page 42, column 1:

     Dwight Eisenhower, a president not particularly remembered for his wit, once remarked that "all isms are wasms." He was presumably referring, rather presciently, to the largely forgotten isms that were once perceived as a threat to truth, justice, and the American way: Marxism, socialism, communism.

   1. A form of discrimination, such as racism or sexism.
      • 2020 June 6, Lisa Selin Davis, “Children aren’t born racist. Here’s how parents can stop them from becoming racist.”, in CNN‎, spoken by Sarah Gaither, archived from the original on 19 January 2024:

        Parents and educators play a critical role in helping children of all ages navigate current events and talk openly about the historical roots of the various ‘isms in our country.

派生語

• isms and schisms

参考

• ideology
• ist
• philosophy
• wasm

Further reading

• Raymond Williams (1983), “Isms”, in Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, revised American edition, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, published 1985, →ISBN, page 173

アナグラム

• IMS, IMs, MIS, MIs, MSI, SIM, Sim, mis-, sim