fatwaとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

The noun is borrowed from Arabic فَتْوَى (fatwā, “formal legal opinion”), the verbal noun of أَفْتَى (ʔaftā, “to deliver a formal opinion”) (whence مُفْتٍ (muftin, “mufti”), the active participle of the same verb: see mufti).

The forms fetwa, fetwah are derived from Italian fetfà (obsolete), and directly from its etymon Ottoman Turkish فتوی (fetva) (modern Turkish fetva), from Arabic فَتْوَى (fatwā): see above.

Modern uses of noun sense 1.2 (“decree that a person should be put to death”) and the corresponding verb sense are probably influenced by the issuance of a fatwa on 14 February 1989 by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1900 or 1902 – 1989), the Supreme Leader of Iran, calling for the British-American author Salman Rushdie (born 1947) and his publishers to be put to death for alleged blasphemy in his novel The Satanic Verses (1988).

The plural form fatawa is borrowed from Arabic فَتَاوَى (fatāwā).

The verb is derived from the noun.

発音

• Singular:
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈfætwɑː/
  • (General American) IPA: /ˈfætwɑ/, /ˈfɑt-/, /ˈfət-/
  • ハイフネーション: fat‧wa
• Plural (fatawa):
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈfætɑːwɑː/
  • (General American) IPA: /ˈfætɑwɑ/, /ˈfɑt-/, /ˈfət-/
  • ハイフネーション: fat‧a‧wa

名詞

fatwa (plural fatwas or (rare) fatawa)

1. (Islam)
   1. A formal legal decree, opinion, or ruling issued by a mufti or other Islamic judicial authority.

      The website contains fatwas on points of Islamic law that arise in court cases.

      • 2021 October 4, Reuters, “Lars Vilks, Swedish cartoonist who depicted Mohammed, killed in car crash”, in CNN‎:

        In 2015, one person was killed in Copenhagen at a meeting meant to mark the 25th anniversary of an Iranian fatwa against British writer Salman Rushdie, which Vilks attended.

   2. (by extension, loosely, proscribed) A decree issued by a mufti or other Islamic judicial authority that a person should be put to death, usually as punishment for committing apostasy or blasphemy.
2. (religion, by extension) A formal decree or ruling, or statement, issued by an authority of a religion other than Islam.
3. (figurative, informal) An emphatic decree or opinion, especially one which condemns or criticizes.

別の表記

• fetwa, fetwah (archaic)
• fatwah, futwa, futwah (archaic)

動詞

fatwa (third-person singular simple present fatwas, present participle fatwaing, simple past and past participle fatwaed)

1. (transitive, rare) To issue a fatwa (noun sense 1) against (someone); specifically (loosely, erroneous), a fatwa imposing a ban or a death sentence.
   • 1999, Mary Anne Weaver, “Life in the Alleys”, in A Portrait of Egypt: A Journey through the World of Militant Islam, New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, page 141:

     Unlike many writers and artists, Chahine had not been fatwaed by the militants, but he felt threatened nevertheless.

   • 2002, South Asia Politics, volume 1, New Delhi: Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan, →OCLC, page 30, column 2:

     One wonders why these terrorists are not fatwaed.

   • 2013 April 15, Katie Van Syckle, “Q&A: Salman Rushdie Talks ‘Midnight’s Children,’ Other Projects”, in Rolling Stone‎, New York, N.Y.: Penske Media Corporation, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-06-12:

     'I'm just beginning one,' says famously-fatwaed author of new novel [subtitle]

     An adjective use.

   • 2015, Mohamed Gibril Sesay, “The Youth of Paradise”, in This Side of Nothingness […] (Sierra Leonean Writers Series), Freetown, Sierra Leone: Karantha Publishers, →ISBN, page 186:

     Ask Salman Rushdie. He was fatwaed for linking facts and fiction in ways that the mullahs say they should not be linked.

参照

Further reading

• fatwa on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• “fatwa”, in Collins English Dictionary.
• “fatwa” in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2025.
• “fatwa”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
• “fatwa”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

アナグラム

• tawaf