farmとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

Inherited from 中期英語 ferme, farme (“rent, revenue, produce, factor, stewardship, meal, feast”), influenced by Anglo-Norman ferme (“rent, lease, farm”), from Medieval Latin ferma, firma.

There is debate as to whether Medieval Latin acquired this term from 古期英語 feorm (“rent, provision, supplies, feast”), from Proto-Germanic *fermō, *firhuma- (“means of living, subsistence”), from Proto-Germanic *ferhwō (“life force, body, being”), from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“life, force, strength, tree”); or from Latin firmus (“solid, secure”), from Proto-Italic *fermos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo-s (“holding”), from the root *dʰer- (“to hold”). If the former etymology is correct, the term is related to 古期英語 feorh (“life, spirit”), Icelandic fjör (“life, vitality, vigour, animation”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus, “the world”). Compare also 古期英語 feormehām (“farm”), feormere (“purveyor, supplier, grocer”). Cognate with Scots ferm (“rent, farm”).

別の表記

• (historical) feorm

名詞

farm (plural farms)

1. (countable) A place where agricultural and similar activities take place, especially the growing of crops or the raising of livestock.
2. (countable) A tract of land held on lease for the purpose of cultivation.
3. (countable, often in combination) A location used for an industrial purpose, having many similar structures.

   antenna farm; fuel farm; solar farm; wind farm

   • 2014 July 25, Suzanne Goldenberg, “Apple eyes solar to power the cloud and iPhone 6 sapphire manufacturing”, in The Guardian‎:

     The skies are threatening to pour on the Apple solar farm but as the woman in-charge of the company’s environmental initiatives points out: the panels are still putting out some power. Apple is still greening its act.

4. (computing, countable) A group of coordinated servers.

   a render farm

   a server farm

5. (obsolete) Food; provisions; a meal.
6. (obsolete) A banquet; feast.
7. (obsolete) A fixed yearly amount (food, provisions, money, etc.) payable as rent or tax.
   • 1642, J. Perkins, transl., Profitable Bk. (new ed.) xi. §751. 329:

     If a man be bounden unto 1.s. in 100.l.£ to grant unto him the rent and farme of such a Mill.

   • 1700, J. Tyrrell, Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 814:

     All..Tythings shall stand at the old Farm, without any Increase.

   • 1767, W. Blackstone, Comm. Laws Eng. II. 320:

     The most usual and customary feorm or rent..must be reserved yearly on such lease.

8. (historical) A fixed yearly sum accepted from a person as a composition for taxes or other moneys which he is empowered to collect; also, a fixed charge imposed on a town, county, etc., in respect of a tax or taxes to be collected within its limits.
   • 1876, E. A. Freeman, Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 439:

     He [the Sheriff] paid into the Exchequer the fixed yearly sum which formed the farm of the shire.

9. (historical) The letting-out of public revenue to a ‘farmer’; the privilege of farming a tax or taxes.
   • 1885, Edwards in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 580:

     The first farm of postal income was made in 1672.

10. The body of farmers of public revenues.
    • 1786, T. Jefferson, Writings (1859) I. 568:

      They despair of a suppression of the Farm.

11. The condition of being let at a fixed rent; lease; a lease.
    • 1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC:

      It is a great willfullnes in any such Land-lord to refuse to make any longer farmes unto their Tennants.

    • 1647, N. Bacon, Hist. Disc. Govt. 75:

      Thence the Leases so made were called Feormes or Farmes, which word signifieth Victuals.

    • 1818, W. Cruise, Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) IV. 68:

      The words demise, lease, and to farm let, are the proper ones to constitute a lease.

12. (historical) A baby farm.
    • 1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:

      Oliver’s sobs checked his utterance for some minutes; when he was on the point of beginning to relate how he had been brought up at the farm, and carried to the workhouse by Mr. Bumble, a peculiarly impatient little double-knock was heard at the street-door: and the servant, running upstairs, announced Mr. Grimwig.

派生語

派生した語

• Hawaiian Creole: farm
• → Danish: farm
• → Dutch: farm
• → Finnish: farmi
• → German: Farm
• → Portuguese: farme, farma
• → Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
• → Spanish: farmear
• → Swedish: farm
• → Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)

語源 2

From 中期英語 fermen, from Anglo-Norman fermer (“to let out for a fixed payment, lease, rent”) ultimately from the same 古期英語 source as Etymology 1. Compare 古期英語 feormian (“to feed, supply with food, sustain”).

動詞

farm (third-person singular simple present farms, present participle farming, simple past and past participle farmed)

1. (intransitive) To work on a farm, especially in the growing and harvesting of crops.
2. (transitive) To devote (land) to farming.
3. (transitive) To grow (a particular crop).
4. To give up to another, as an estate, a business, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; to farm out.

   to farm the taxes

   • 1783 December 1, “Speech on Mr. Fox's East-India Bill”, in The Works of R.H. Edmund Burke, volume 2, spoken by Edmund Burke, published 1855:

     [The East-India Company] have contrived to farm their subjects, and their duties toward these subjects, to that very Nabob, whom they themselves constantly represent as an habitual oppressor and a relentless tyrant.

5. (obsolete, transitive) To lease or let for an equivalent, e.g. land for a rent; to yield the use of to proceeds.
   • 1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]:

     We are enforced to farm our royal realm.

6. (obsolete, transitive) To take at a certain rent or rate.
   • 1886, The Fortnightly, volume 46, page 530:

     In Paris it is stated that nearly half the birth-rate of the city finds its way to nurses who farm babies in the suburbs.

7. (Internet slang, online gaming) To engage in grinding (repetitive activity) in a particular area or against specific enemies for a particular drop or item.
   • 2004, Doug Freyburger, “Pudding Farming Requires Care”, in rec.games.roguelike.nethack (Usenet):

     When you hit a black pudding with an iron weapon that does at least one point of damage there is a good chance it will divide into two black puddings of the same size (but half the hit points IIRC). […] When eaten black puddings confer several intrinsics so AC [armor class] is not the only potential benefit. […] Since black puddings are formidible monsters for an inexperienced character, farming is also a good way to die.

   • 2010, Robert Alan Brookey, Hollywood Gamers, page 130:

     The practice of gold farming is controversial within gaming communities and violates the end user licensing agreements […]

8. (Internet) To cultivate and/or disseminate through artificial algorithm-incentivized means, especially in the a way that misinforms or causes harm.
   • 2023 January 19, Mia Sato, Vincent James, “Inside CNET’s AI-powered SEO money machine”, in The Verge‎:

     This type of SEO farming can be massively lucrative. Digital marketers have built an entire industry on top of credit card affiliate links, from which they then earn a generous profit.

   • 2025 September, Kate Crawford, “Eating the Future: The Metabolic Logic of AI Slop”, in e-flux‎:

     Will AI slop farming ultimately exhaust the soil of online spaces? Will people flee the slop, tolerate it, or even welcome it? Will we ultimately come to love slop?

   1. (Internet slang, derogatory, in compound terms) To act performatively or deliberately to elicit a desired response.

      Synonym: -bait

派生語

参考

• agriculture
• north forty

参照

• James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Farm”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC.

Further reading

• farm on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

語源 3

From 中期英語 fermen, from 古期英語 feormian (“to clean, cleanse”), from Proto-West Germanic *furbēn (“to clean, polish, buff”). Doublet of furbish.

動詞

farm (third-person singular simple present farms, present participle farming, simple past and past participle farmed)

1. (UK, dialectal) To cleanse; clean out; put in order; empty; empty out

   Farm out the stable and pigsty.

アナグラム

• AFRM, RFMA