crabとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /kɹæb/, enPR: krăb
• 韻: -æb

語源 1

From 中期英語 crabbe, from 古期英語 crabba (“crab; crayfish; cancer”), from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô, from *krabbōną (“to creep, crawl”), from Proto-Indo-European *grobʰeh₂yéti (“scratch, claw at”), a metathesised o-grade of *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”). More at carve.

Other origins have also been suggested, see Ancient Greek κάραβος (kárabos) (regarding the possibility of a substrate origin) and Persian خرچنگ (regarding possible ideophonic origin); compare also Old Armenian քարբ (kʻarb), German Krebs.

名詞

crab (countable and uncountable, plural crabs)

1. Any crustacean of the infraorder Brachyura, having five pairs of legs, the foremost of which are in the form of claws, and a carapace.
2. (uncountable) The meat of this crustacean, served as food; crabmeat.
   • 1959, Georgette Heyer, chapter 1, in The Unknown Ajax:

     But Richmond […] appeared to lose himself in his own reflections. Some pickled crab, which he had not touched, had been removed with a damson pie; and his sister saw […] that he had eaten no more than a spoonful of that either.

3. Various other animals that resemble true crabs:
   1. Any of various crustacean in the infraorder Anomura, usually excluding squat lobsters.

      Despite its name, the hermit crab is not a true crab!

   2. A horseshoe crab.
4. A bad-tempered person.
   • 1983 April 30, Sue Hyde, “Expanding Worldviews”, in Gay Community News, page 12:

     She so obviously enjoyed every second of the concert that only the most stubborn crab could not have been warmed by her charm.

5. (in plural crabs, informal) An infestation of pubic lice (Pthirus pubis).

   Although crabs themselves are an easily treated inconvenience, the patient and his partner(s) clearly run major STD risks.

6. (uncountable, aviation) Ellipsis of crab angle.

   The pilot had to hold fifteen degrees of crab during the approach to keep her plane from getting blown off the localizer course.

7. (poker slang) A playing card with the rank of three.
8. (rowing) A position in rowing where the oar is pushed under the rigger by the force of the water.
9. A defect in an outwardly normal object that may render it inconvenient and troublesome to use.
   • 1915, W.S. Maugham, “chapter 116”, in Of Human Bondage:

     -- "I suppose you wouldn't like to do a locum for a month on the South coast? Three guineas a week with board and lodging." -- "I wouldn't mind," said Philip. -- "It's at Farnley, in Dorsetshire. Doctor South. You'd have to go down at once; his assistant has developed mumps. I believe it's a very pleasant place." There was something in the secretary's manner that puzzled Philip. It was a little doubtful. -- "What's the crab in it?" he asked.

   • 1940, Horace Annesley Vachell, Little Tyrannies‎:

     Arrested by the low price of another “desirable residence”, I asked “What's the crab?” The agent assured me that there was no crab. I fell in love with this house at sight. Happily, I discovered that it was reputed to be haunted.

10. (dated) An unsold book that is returned to the publisher.
    • 1844, Albert Henry Payne, Payne's universum, or pictorial world, page 99:

      […] the unsold copies may be returned to the original publisher , at a period fixed upon between Christmas and Easter; these returned copies are technically called krebse or crabs, probably, from their walking backwards. […] A says to B, "I have had eight thousand dollars' worth of your publications, three thousand were crabs, that makes five thousand."

    • 1892, The Publishers Weekly, volume 41, page 709:

      […] unsold copies and settling the yearly accounts; while for the publisher begins the much dreaded season of "crabs," as […]

11. (Singapore, military, slang) On an insignia, a coat of arms symbol representing a senior rank.

派生語

動詞

crab (third-person singular simple present crabs, present participle crabbing, simple past and past participle crabbed)

1. (intransitive) To fish for crabs.
2. (transitive, US, slang) To ruin.
   • 1916, Ring W. Lardner, “Three Kings and a Pair”, in The Saturday Evening Post‎:

     I thought at the time that that little speech meant a savin' of eight dollars, […] But the Missus crabbed it a few minutes after her and Bess come in the room.

   • 1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin, published 2010, page 224:

     ‘Just so we understand each other,’ he said after a pause. ‘If you crab this case, you'll be in a jam.’

3. (intransitive) To complain.
   • 1925, F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald, chapter 7, in The Great Gatsby, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1953, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 127:

     “The thing to do is to forget about the heat,” said Tom impatiently. “You make it ten times worse by crabbing about it.”

   • 1981, Stephen King, Cujo, published 2001, page 163:

     And if we do have to walk, I don't want to have to listen to you crabbing at me, Tad Trenton.

4. (transitive) To complain about.
   • 2007, Douglas Newton, Dr. Odin, page 24:

     Well, because of this state of things they crabbed his scheme from the first, ridiculed it, wrote against it, spread broadcast a feeling of distrust.

5. (intransitive) To drift or move sideways or to leeward (by analogy with the movement of a crab).
   • 2000, Dana Stabenow, Midnight Come Again, →ISBN, page 251:

     Mutt stalked forward, matching him, step for step, crabbing sideways the way wolves do when they're going for the kill.

   • 2007, Pat DePaolo, The Beijing Games, →ISBN, page 454:

     The aircraft crabbed sideways in the cross-winds and leveled to horizontal.

   • 2015, Andrew Swanston, Waterloo: The Bravest Man, →ISBN:

     Another shouted order and again the squares crabbed sideways.

6. To move in a manner that involves keeping low and clinging to surfaces.
   • 2011, Robert Vivian, The Least Cricket of Evening, page 108:

     Time slowed down then, became liquid in the aftermath of his grotesque, unfolding limbs; he crabbed his way down the faded line, rocking back and forth in braces he would use all his life.

   • 2019, Ronan Frost, White Peak:

     Foot by foot, he crabbed his way down another ninety feet of rock chimney until he stood on solid ground again, still very much alive.

7. (transitive, film, television) To move (a camera) sideways.
   • 1997, Paul Kriwaczek, Documentary for the Small Screen, page 109:

     If panning is not easy to make seem natural, crabbing the camera is even less like any action we perform with our eyes in the real world. There are a few circumstances in which we walk sideways: […]

8. (transitive, aviation) To navigate (an aircraft, e.g. a glider) sideways against an air current in order to maintain a straight-line course.
9. (obsolete, World War I) To fly slightly off the straight-line course towards an enemy aircraft, as the machine guns on early aircraft did not allow firing through the propeller disk.
10. (rare) To back out of something.
    • 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XV, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

      “Nothing can possibly go wrong.” “Just as you say, sir. But I still have that feeling.” The blood of the Woosters is hot, and I was about to tell him in set terms what I thought of his bally feeling, when I suddenly spotted what it was that was making him crab the act.

11. (zoology, of sugar gliders) To make a loud, rapid rattling sound when scared, stressed, or agitated.

派生語

• crabber
• crabbing
• crabble

語源 2

From 中期英語 crabbe (“wild apple”), of Germanic origin, plausibly from North Germanic, cognate with Swedish dialect skrabba (“sour apple, apple cart”).

名詞

crab (plural crabs)

1. The crab apple or wild apple.
   • 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

     I prithee, let me bring thee where crabs grow;
     And I with my long nails will dig thee pig-nuts;

   • 1895, Robert Blatchford, “The New Party in the North”, in Andrew Reid, editor, The New Party Described by Some of its Members‎, London: Hodder Brothers, page 24:

     Just as by cultivation the acrid wild crab has been developed into the beautiful and luscious apple, may the unripe, ill-fed, neglected wild fruits of the fields and slums be developed into pure and noble and beautiful men and women.

2. The tree bearing crab apples, which has a dogbane-like bitter bark with medical use.
3. A cudgel made of the wood of the crab tree; a crabstick.
   • 1741, David Garrick, The Lying Valet:

     She swore to such things , that I could do nothing but swear and call names : upon which out bolts her husband upon me , with a fine taper crab in his hand and fell upon me with such violence , that , being half delirious , I made a full confession

4. A movable winch or windlass with powerful gearing, used with derricks, etc.
5. A form of windlass, or geared capstan, for hauling ships into dock, etc.
6. A machine used in ropewalks to stretch the yarn.
7. A claw for anchoring a portable machine.

同意語

• (crab apple): crab apple
• (tree): crab apple

派生語

動詞

crab (third-person singular simple present crabs, present participle crabbing, simple past and past participle crabbed)

1. (obsolete) To irritate, make surly or sour
2. To be ill-tempered; to complain or find fault.
3. (British dialect) To cudgel or beat, as with a crabstick
   • 1639, John Fletcher, Monsieur Thomas:

     Get you to bed, drab, courage Or l'll so crab your shoulders!

   • 1935, Jack Molyneux, John Fairfax-Blakeborough, Thirty Years a Hunt Servant: Being the Memories of Jack Molyneux, page 161:

     I was on a horse named The Skipper, a perfect terror to ride when he was in a bad humour, which he invariably was; nevertheless he was a splendid hunter and I never crabbed him.

   • 2021, H. De Vere Stacpoole, Vanderdecken:

     The Shiremans had a down on him over stores he'd condemned as not fit for dogs, let alone able seamen, and they'd got wind he was a socialist, and they crabbed him all over the shipping companies' offices.

4. (obsolete, transitive) To offend or insult.
   • (Can we date this quote by Packman's Paternoster and provide title, author’s full name, and other details?)

     If I think one thing and speak another, / I will both crab Christ and our Ladie His mother.

派生語

語源 3

Possibly a corruption of the genus name Carapa

名詞

crab (plural crabs)

1. The tree species Carapa guianensis, native to South America.

派生語

• crab-nut
• crab oil

語源 4

From carabiner.

名詞

crab (plural crabs)

1. (informal) Clipping of carabiner, modified based on likening the shape of a carabiner to a crab's claw.

Further reading

• “crab”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• crab on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Weisenberg, Michael (2000) The Official Dictionary of Poker. MGI/Mike Caro University. →ISBN
• Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of the English Language. International Edition. combined with Britannica World Language Dictionary. Chicago-London etc., Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 1965.

アナグラム

• BRCA, CRBA, BCAR, BRAC, carb-, carb, cbar, RBAC

名詞

crab

1. alternative form of crabbe (“crab”)

語源 2

Of Germanic origin, plausibly from North Germanic.

名詞

crab

1. alternative form of crabbe (“crabapple”)