counterfactualとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Canada) IPA: /ˌkaʊntɚˈfæktʃuəl/
• (英国発音) IPA: /ˌkaʊn.tə(ɹ)ˈfæk.tʃu.əl/

形容詞

counterfactual (not comparable)

1. Contrary to known or agreed facts; untrue.

   Synonym: contrafactual

   • 2021, Eliot Higgins, We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News, page 115:

     a leaderless disinformation campaign, with claims leaping from conspiracy theorists to state propagandists to alternative-media outlets and back—an ecosystem I call the Counterfactual Community.

2. Of or in comparison to a hypothetical state of the world.
   • 2014 September 15, Martin Gayford, “There's more to Ming than a vase [print version: 16 August 2014, pp. R6–R7]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review)‎, archived from the original on 15 November 2014:

     What would have happened if those great Chinese voyages [by Zheng He] had continued? It's one of those questions in counter-factual history about which it is impossible to be sure.

   • 2019 April 11, Marcel Theroux, “Machines Like Me by Ian McEwan review – intelligent mischief”, in The Guardian‎, archived from the original on 4 July 2019:

     The counterfactual 1982 of the novel plays variations on our historical record and contains clear allusions to the present.

派生語

名詞

counterfactual (plural counterfactuals)

1. A claim, hypothesis, or other belief that is contrary to the facts.

   Synonyms: counterfact; misapprehension; misconception; misunderstanding; falsehood; misinformation

   Hyponyms: lie, fib; disinformation, malinformation; see also Thesaurus:falsehood, Thesaurus:lie

2. A hypothetical state of the world, used to assess the impact of an action.

   Coordinate terms: model; retrofuture

   • 2004 September 5, Laura Miller, “Imagine”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 15 July 2021:

     Just as counterfactuals employ too much imagination to qualify as historical works, alternate history often labors under too great a load of artificial "facts" to take flight as fiction.

   • 2010 September 1, Ross Douthat, “Iraq in the Long Run”, in The New York Times‎, archived from the original on 26 November 2022, retrieved 15 July 2021:

     We can spin out complicated counterfactuals that justify the Iraq invasion, and complicated counterfactuals that make it look even worse.

   • 2015 December 3, Lee Drutman, “Here's the real reason we don't have gun reform”, in Vox‎, archived from the original on 5 February 2016:

     The implicit counterfactual — that these members would support gun control if not for the $1,000 they received from the NRA — seems unlikely to me.

   • 2016 February 11, Noah Berlatsky, quoting Neal Roese, “'What if?': Why we can't get enough of counterfactual shows”, in The Guardian‎, archived from the original on 12 February 2016:

     Roese also says counterfactuals can serve emotional purposes. You can think about how things could have been worse, and so feel better about yourself, and grateful for where you are.

   • 2021 May 14, Dashiell Young-Saver, “The Math of Ending the Pandemic: Exponential Growth and Decay”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 14 May 2021:

     Imagine a counterfactual in which we started relaxing restrictions at an even earlier time, just as the cases began to trend downward.

3. (linguistics, philosophy) A conditional statement in which the conditional clause is false.

参考

Further reading

• counterfactual history on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• counterfactual conditional on Wikipedia.Wikipedia