colorとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• colour (Commonwealth, Ireland) (see the usage notes below)

語源

From 中期英語 colour, color, borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Old French colour, color, from Latin color. Doublet of couleur.

Displaced English blee, 中期英語 blee (“color”), from 古期英語 blēo. Also partially replaced 古期英語 hīew (“color”) and its descendants (English hue), which is less often used in this sense.

The spelling color was popularized in modern American English by Noah Webster, to match the spelling of the word's Latin etymon, and make all American spellings of the derivatives consistent (colorimeter, coloration, colorize, colorless, etc).

発音

• (英国発音, etc) enPR: kŭlʹə, IPA: /ˈkʌl.ə/ 韻: -ʌlə(ɹ)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈkʌl.ə(ɹ)/
  • (Southern England) IPA: [ˈkʰʌl.ə(ɹ)]
  • (Scotland, Northern Ireland) IPA: [ˈkʌləɹ]
  • (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: [ˈkʰɐɫ.ɐ]
  • (Indic) IPA: [ˈkɐl.ɐ(ɾ)]
• (General American) enPR: kŭlʹər, IPA: /ˈkʌl.ɚ/ 韻: -ʌlə(ɹ)
• (Northern England, Ireland) enPR: ko͝olʹər, IPA: /ˈkʊl.ə(ɹ)/
  • (Dublin) IPA: /ˈkʊl.ɚ/, /ˈkʊlɐ/
• Homophone: culler (most accents)
• ハイフネーション: col‧or

名詞

color (countable and uncountable, plural colors) (American spelling, Philippines; occasionally also Canadian spelling)

1. (uncountable) The spectral composition of visible light.

   Synonym: (archaic) blee

   Humans and birds can perceive color.

2. A subset thereof:
   1. (countable) A particular set of visible spectral compositions, perceived or named as a class.

      Synonyms: hue, (archaic) blee

      Most languages have names for the colors black, white, red, and green.

      What color are your bf's eyes?

      • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

        Here, in the transept and choir, where the service was being held, one was conscious every moment of an increasing brightness; colours glowing vividly beneath the circular chandeliers, and the rows of small lights on the choristers' desks flashed and sparkled in front of the boys' faces, deep linen collars, and red neckbands.

   2. (uncountable) Hue as opposed to achromatic colors (black, white and grays).

      Synonyms: hue, shade, (archaic) blee

      The accident victim's face was white, drained of all color.

   3. These hues as used in color television or films, color photographs, etc (as opposed to the shades of grey used in black-and-white television).

      Synonym: color television

      This film is broadcast in color.  Most people dream in color, but some dream in black and white.

   4. (heraldry) Any of the standard dark tinctures used in a coat of arms, including azure, gules, sable, and vert.

      Coordinate terms: metal, stain, fur

3. A paint.

   The artist took out her colors and began work on a landscape.

4. (uncountable) Human skin tone, especially as an indicator of race or ethnicity.

   Synonyms: complexion, ethnicity, race

   Color has been a sensitive issue in many societies.

5. (medicine) Skin color, noted as normal, jaundiced, cyanotic, flush, mottled, pale, or ashen as part of the skin signs assessment.
6. A flushed appearance of blood in the face; redness of complexion.
   • 1864, Sir Henry Stewart Cunningham, Late Laurels, volumes 1-2, page 117:

     […] her very embarrassment wore a graceful air; her high colour had softened down to a warm, delicate tint; and her dress, which looked beautifully new and fresh, was in good taste, and showed her off to advantage.

7. (figuratively) Richness of expression; detail or flavour that is likely to generate interest or enjoyment.

   color commentator, color commentary

   There is a great deal of colour in his writing.

   a bit of local color

   • 1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter I (Anarchy), page 377, column 2:

     Three chairs of the steamer type, all maimed, comprised the furniture of this roof-garden, with (by way of local color) on one of the copings a row of four red clay flower-pots filled with sun-baked dust […]

   Could you give me some color with regards to which products made up the mix of revenue for this quarter?

8. A standard, flag, or insignia:
   1. (in the plural) A standard or banner.

      Synonyms: banner, standard

      The loss of their colors destroyed the regiment's morale.

   2. (in the plural) The flag of a nation or team.

      The colors were raised over the new territory.

      • 1856, “Treaty signed April 18, 1855; ratified April 5, 1856”, in Treaty of friendship and commerce between Great Britain and Siam, Bangkok: J. H. Chandler, page 7:

        The arrival of the British Consul at Bangkok shall not take place before the ratification of this Treaty, nor until ten vessels owned by British subjects, sailing under British colours and with British papers, shall have entered the port of Bangkok for purposes of trade, subsequent to the signing of this Treaty.

   3. (in the plural) Gang insignia.

      Both of the perpetrators were wearing colors.

9. (in the plural) An award for sporting achievement, particularly within a school or university.

   He was awarded colors for his football.

10. (military, in the plural) The morning ceremony of raising the flag.
11. (physics) A property of quarks, with three values called red, green, and blue, which they can exchange by passing gluons; color charge.
12. (finance, uncountable) A third-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the rate of change of gamma with respect to time, or equivalently the rate of change of charm with respect to changes in the underlying asset price.
13. (typography) The relative lightness or darkness of a mass of written or printed text on a page. (See type color on Wikipedia.Wikipedia )
14. (snooker) Any of the colored balls excluding the reds.
15. A front or facade; an ostensible truth actually false; pretext.
    • 2011, David Baldacci, The Collectors:

      At the far end of the continuum, Roger Seagraves collected personal items from people he'd murdered, or assassinated rather, since he'd done it under the color of serving his country.

16. An appearance of right or authority; color of law.

    Under color of law, he managed to bilk taxpayers of millions of dollars.

    They held possession under color of title.

    • 1882, The Ohio Law Journal, volume 2, page 396:

      The only thing which this defendant is accused of doing is that he excluded this boy from the school, and he did it under the color of the statute relating to the subject, and did it because he was a colored boy.

    • 1770, “Parliamentary Privilege Act 1770”, in legislation.gov.uk‎:

      no such action, suit, or any other process or proceeding thereupon shall at any time be impeached, stayed, or delayed by or under colour or pretence of any privilege of Parliament.

17. (mining) Gold, particles of gold found when prospecting.
    • 2013, Eleanor Catton, The Luminaries, London: Granta, published 2014, →ISBN, page 184:

      He smelted Wells’s colour before it was valued, and by the time anybody saw it, it had been poured into bars and stamped with the Reserve seal.

18. (professional wrestling slang) To bleed, either through injury or blading. Usally prefaced with "get".

    The local hero is getting color in tonight's spectacle.

19. (music) Timbre, often in relation to orchestration.
    • 1982, Samuel Adler, The Study of Orchestration, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, published 1982, →ISBN, page 115:

      In other words, Brahms saves the higher violin color for the more important foreground statement and assigns the soft swirling background to middle-register violins and violas, while the cellos dominate in their best voice.

20. (linguistics) The quality of a particular vowel sound.

使用する際の注意点

• The late Anglo-Norman colour, which is the standard UK spelling, has been the usual spelling in Britain since the 14th century and was chosen by Dr. Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755) along with other Anglo-Norman spellings such as favour, honour, etc. The Latin spelling color was occasionally used from the 15th century onward, mainly due to Latin influence; it was lemmatized by Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), along with favor, honor, etc., and is currently the standard US spelling.

• In Canada, colour is preferred, but color is not unknown; in Australia, -our endings are the standard, although -or endings had some currency in the past and are still sporadically found in some regions. In New Zealand and South Africa, -our endings are the standard.

同意語

• (measure of derivative price sensitivity): colour, DgammaDtime, gamma decay

上位語

• (measure of derivative price sensitivity): Greeks (includes list of coordinate terms)

下位語

派生語

The majority of these terms are either considered alternative forms of, or have alternative forms corresponding to, colour (the Commonwealth and Irish spelling).

形容詞

color (not comparable) (American spelling)

1. Conveying color, as opposed to shades of gray.

   Color television and movies were considered a great improvement over black and white.

   • 1977, John Cheever, Falconer (A Borzoi Book), New York, N.Y.: Alfred A[braham] Knopf, →ISBN, page 209:

     I took my TV over on the first trip. I got a beauty. It's four years old, color, but when I had a little snow and asked the repairman to come in, he told me never, never turn this set in for a new one.

動詞

color (third-person singular simple present colors, present participle coloring, simple past and past participle colored) (American spelling)

1. (transitive) To give something color.

   Synonyms: dye, paint, stain, shade, tinge, tint

   We could color the walls red.

   1. (transitive) To cause (a pipe, especially a meerschaum) to take on a brown or black color, by smoking.
2. (intransitive) To apply colors to the areas within the boundaries of a line drawing using colored markers or crayons.

   Synonym: color in

   My kindergartener loves to color.

3. (of a person or their face) To become red through increased blood flow.

   Synonym: blush

   Her face colored as she realized her mistake.

4. To affect without completely changing.

   Synonyms: affect, influence

   That interpretation certainly colors my perception of the book.

5. (informal) To attribute a quality to; to portray (as).

   Synonym: call

   Color me confused.

   They tried to colour the industrial unrest as a merely local matter.

6. (mathematics, graph theory) To assign colors to the vertices of a graph (or the regions of a map) so that no two vertices connected by an edge (regions sharing a border) have the same color.

   Can this graph be 2-colored?

   You can color any map with four colors.

7. (linguistics, usually of a phoneme) To affect the quality of a speech sound, especially a vowel.

   Many languages have a "neutral", roughly central vowel like /a/ or /ə/ which can be colored to a back, rounded vowel like [o] by an adjacent labialized consonant, or to a front, unrounded vowel like [e] by an adjacent palatalized consonant.

   The Proto-Indo-European laryngeal *h₂ often colors the neutral vowel *e with an a-like quality, while *h₃ results in a more o-like quality; *h₁ has no coloring effect.

反意語

• decolor

下位語

派生語

関連する語

参考

• tincture
• Appendix:Colors

Further reading

• “color”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• Color (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Category:Colors on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

アナグラム

• corol, crool

語源

From earlier colōs (genitive colōris), from Proto-Italic *kelōs, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). The nominative singular changed to color in Classical times by analogy with the oblique forms, where /r/ had regularly developed from an original intervocalic /s/.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈkɔ.ɫɔr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈkɔː.lor]

名詞

color m (genitive colōris); third declension

1. color (US), colour (UK); shade, hue, tint
   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 4.429–430:

     tot fuerant illīc, quot habet nātūra, colōrēs,
     pictaque dissimilī flōre nitēbat humus.

     In that place there had been so many colors – as many as nature possesses –
     and the ground was radiant, having been decorated with every different flower.
     (Ovid describes the field where Persephone and her attendants picked flowers.)

2. pigment
3. complexion
4. outward appearance

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

派生した語

参照

Further reading

• “color”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “color”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "color", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “color”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.