charmとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From 中期英語 charme, from Old French charme (“chant, magic spell”), from Latin carmen (“song, incantation”).

別の表記

• charme (obsolete)

名詞

charm (countable and uncountable, plural charms)

1. An object, act or words believed to have magic power (usually carries a positive connotation).

   Synonyms: incantation, spell, talisman

   a charm against evil

   It works like a charm.

2. (often in the plural) The ability to persuade, delight or arouse admiration.

   Synonyms: appeal, attraction, charisma

   Antonyms: boredom, dryness

   He had great personal charm.

   She tried to win him over with her charms.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     […] the charm of Beauties powerful glance.

   • 1697, [William] Congreve, The Mourning Bride, a Tragedy. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 1:

     Muſick has Charms to ſooth a ſavage Breaſt,
     To ſoften Rocks, or bend a knotted Oak.

   • 1714, Alexander Pope, “The Rape of the Lock”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC, canto V, page 160:

     Charms ſtrike the ſight, but merit wins the ſoul.

   • 1769, Firishta, translated by Alexander Dow, Tales translated from the Persian of Inatulla of Delhi, volume I, Dublin: P. and W. Wilson et al., page 15:

     Her coyneſs was conquered by aſſiduity, and at laſt ſhe conſented to reſign the treaſure of her charms to my paſſion.

3. A small trinket on a bracelet or chain, etc., traditionally supposed to confer luck upon the wearer.

   Synonyms: amulet, dangle, ornament

   She wears a charm bracelet on her wrist.

4. The collective noun for a group of goldfinches.

   Synonym: flock

5. (particle physics) A quantum number of hadrons determined by the number of charm quarks and antiquarks.

   Coordinate term: strangeness

   • 1975 July 31, Sandra Blakeslee, “Another Particle Believed Discovered”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:

     In trying to understand the long life of the psi particle, physicists postulated the notion of “charm.” Charm, they say, prevents the “easy” decay of particles and thus prolongs their lifetimes. U particles, Dr. Pert said, may carry the property of charm.

   • 2020, James E. Dodd, Ben Gripaios, The Ideas of Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 173:

     Mesons which combine the charmed quark with the up or down antiquarks are denoted the D mesons. These mesons carry explicit charm (i.e. have a non-zero charm quantum number), just as the K mesons carry strangeness.

6. (finance) A second-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the instantaneous rate of change of delta with respect to time.

   Synonyms: delta decay, DdeltaDtime

   Hypernym: Greeks

7. (graphical user interface, Microsoft Windows) An icon providing quick access to a command or setting.
   • 2012, J. Peter Bruzzese, Using Windows 8:

     Undoubtedly one of the most important pieces to navigating Windows 8, charms are actually not visible until a command to show them is given.

動詞

charm (third-person singular simple present charms, present participle charming, simple past and past participle charmed)

1. To seduce, persuade or fascinate someone or something.

   Synonyms: delight, enchant, enamor, entrance

   He charmed her with his dashing tales of his days as a sailor.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     […] they, on thir mirth & dance / Intent, with jocond Muſic charm his ear;

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 58:

     The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.

2. (transitive) To use a magical charm upon; to subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to ensorcel or exert a magical effect on.

   Synonyms: bewitch, enchant, ensorcel, enspell

   After winning three games while wearing the chain, Dan began to think it had been charmed.

   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii], page 389, column 2:

     Nor no witch-craft charme thee.

3. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences.

   She led a charmed life.

   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii], page 393, column 1:

     I, in mine owne woe charm’d, / Could not finde death, […]

4. (obsolete, rare) To make music upon.
   • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “October. Ægloga Decima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC, folio 42, recto:

     But ah my corage cooles ere it be warme, / For thy, content vs in thys humble ſhade: / Where no ſuch troublous tydes han vs aſſayde, / Here we our ſlender pipes may ſafely charme.

5. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe.
   • 1687 (date written), Alexander Pope, “Ode for Musick on St. Cecilia’s Day”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], →OCLC, canto VII, page 378:

     Music the fierceſt griefs can charm, / And fate's ſevereſt rage diſarm: […]

派生語

語源 2

Synchronically a variant of chirm, but reflects 中期英語 charme (or unattested *charm), from 古期英語 ċearm (“cry, alarm”), from Proto-West Germanic *karm, masculine variant of *karmi f, from Proto-Germanic *karmiz, *karm(j)az (“cry, lament, calling sound”). Near-doublet of chirm, which is from the feminine counterpart.

別の表記

• jarm (dialectal)

名詞

charm (plural charms)

1. The mixed sound of many voices, especially of birds or children.
   • 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “The Teares of the Muses”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], →OCLC:

     […] Free libertie to chaunt our charmes at will: […]

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Sweet is the breath of morn, her riſing ſweet,
     With charm of earlieſt Birds;

   • 1955, William Golding, The Inheritors, Faber and Faber, published 2005, page 152:

     The laughter rose like the charm of starlings.

2. A flock, group (especially of finches).
   • 2018, Holly Ringland, The Lost Flowers of Alice Hart:

     A charm of finches flew overhead, singing into the vivid afternoon sky.

Further reading

• charm (quantum number) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• charm quark on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

アナグラム

• March, march