black holeとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• black-hole, blackhole

語源

In reference to the physical concept (region of spacetime with extreme gravitational pull), physicist Hong-Yee Chiu attributed the term to his colleague Robert H. Dicke, who stated around 1960–1961 that the objects were like the Black Hole of Calcutta. The first known usage in print was by journalist Ann Ewing in 1964. Widespread popularization of the term is generally credited to a lecture in 1967 by the physicist John Wheeler.

発音

• (米国発音) IPA: /blæk ˈhoʊl/
• (英国発音) IPA: /blæk ˈhəʊl/

名詞

black hole (plural black holes)

1. A place of punitive confinement; a lockup or cell; a military guardroom. [from 18th c.]
   • 1808–10, William Hickey, Memoirs of a Georgian Rake, Folio Society 1995, p. 282:

     ‘I will convince you that I do know [my duty] by clapping you for the remainder of the night into the black hole, young gentleman, do you see, and have no doubt but the air of that agreeable apartment will restore your senses.’

   • 1860, Herbert Spencer, Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical:

     A discipline of unlimited autocracy, upheld by rods, and ferules, and the black hole.

   • 1898, The Rifle Brigade Chronicle for 1897‎, London, page 97:

     The 3rd degree of punishment or confinement to the black-hole, is, according to the Articles of War, not to be for more than eight days, without the sentence of a court-martial. No Soldier, except the Commanding Officer of the regiment permits or orders it, can be confined in the black-hole. Serjeants are never to be so, but in lieu to their rooms; Corporals are never to be confined in the same prison with Privates and Buglers, and they will retain their dresses unturned; they will also receive their allowance of provisions there. When a Private or Bugler is ordered to the black-hole, the Serjeant of his squad is to take him, with his undress jacket turned, to the Master Taylor, who is to sew the letter C, in black cloth on the back of his jacket, for which the offender will be charged the sum of 3d. by the Master Taylor and Quarter Master against his company. If any overplus ensue from the confined man's charge in the expence of this cloth letter, it will be lodged in the regimental charity fund. All Privates and Buglers confined in the black hole are to be fed on bread and water, to be taken out occasionally for drill, and re-lodged immediately after. The Officer or Non-commissioned Officer who commands the guard is responsible.

2. (physics) A region of spacetime that exerts a gravitational pull strong enough that no matter or energy, not even light, can escape it. [from 20th c.]
   • 2019 April 10, Hannah Devlin, The Guardian:

     Astronomers have captured the first image of a black hole, heralding a revolution in our understanding of the universe’s most enigmatic objects.

3. (figuratively) A void into which things disappear for good; an inscrutable area or subject. [from 20th c.]
   • 2000 November 26, Linda Seebach, “Unwanted e-mail belongs in an Internet black hole”, in RockyMountainNews.com:

     you'll have to love U.S. District Court Judge John Kane's decision to keep Denver-based Exactis.com out of an Internet black hole.... MAPS maintains a database of Internet addresses that it believes send or relay spam. It’s called the "Realtime Blackhole List"

   • 2004 November 16, Jenifer Hanen, “How I fell down an Internet Black Hole....”, Black Phoebe, at www.blackphoebe.com [4]

     I finished some client work and gave myself 30 minutes to fall down one of my favorite internet black holes: genealogical research. Four hours plus some later, my eyes were burning in my head

   • 2006 October 23, Tom Zeller Jr., “The Internet Black Hole That Is North Korea”, in The New York Times:

     Julien Pain, head of the Internet desk at Reporters Without Borders, a Paris-based group which tracks censorship around the world, put it more bluntly. “It is by far the worst Internet black hole,” he said.

   • 2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 7:

     In fact, with regards to spoken language, what we were looking at was a rather large black hole in the data, and hence was born the AOT method.

   • 2021 July 28, Industry Insider, “Reject instant decision making”, in RAIL, number 936, page 84:

     The initial forecast about future demand for main line rail travel that has been made by the DfT is that volume is not expected to grow in the immediate future beyond 80% of the pre COVID-19 level, leaving an annual £2 billion revenue black hole compared to earlier financial forecasts.

4. (aviation) A dangerous optical illusion that can occur on a nighttime approach with dark, featureless terrain between the aircraft and a brightly-lit runway, where the aircraft appears to the pilots to be higher up than it actually is, potentially triggering a premature or overly-steep descent and a crash short of the runway.
5. (Internet, often attributive) A place where incoming traffic is silently discarded.

   One way of fighting spam is to use a blackhole list maintained on a blackhole server.

6. (programming) A bit bucket; a place of permanent oblivion for data.

反意語

• (antonym(s) of “a region with extreme gravitational pull”): white hole

上位語

• hole

下位語

等位語

(celestial body):

派生語

(celestial body):

関連する語

(celestial body):

• white hole
• wormhole

(body with a characteristic emission spectrum):

• blackbody (black body)

派生した語

• → Bengali: ব্ল্যাকহোল (blêkhol), ব্ল্যাক হোল (blêk hol)
• → Japanese: ブラックホール (burakku hōru)
• → Korean: 블랙홀 (beullaekhol)

参考

(celestial body):

• dumb hole

Further reading

• (celestial body): black hole on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

動詞

black hole (third-person singular simple present black holes, present participle black holing, simple past and past participle black holed)

1. (transitive, Internet) To redirect (network traffic, etc.) nowhere; to discard (incoming traffic).
   • 2005, Victor Oppleman, Oliver Friedrichs, Brett Watson, Extreme exploits: advanced defenses against hardcore hacks, page 186:

     Select a nonglobally routed prefix, such as the Test-Net (RFC 3330) 192.0.2.0/24, to use as the next hop of any attacked prefix to be blackholed.

等位語

参照

• “black hole”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.