averageとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

Not entirely certain. The oldest meaning in English is “customs duty”. Borrowed from Middle French avarie (“damage to ship or cargo”), from Old French avarie, from Old Italian avaria where it is first attested in the 12th century in the context of Mediterranean trade. From there most sources trace it to Arabic عَوَارِيَّة (ʕawāriyya, “damaged goods”), from عَوَار (ʕawār, “fault, blemish, defect, flaw”), from عَوِرَ (ʕawira, “to lose an eye”), but the OED gives it a Romance derivation from Italian avere (“property, goods”) or the like.

The English suffix -age was added in analogy to words like damage.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, 米国発音) enPR: ăvʹ(ə)rĭj IPA: /ˈæv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/
• ハイフネーション: av‧er‧age, av‧erage

名詞

average (plural averages)

1. (statistics) Any measure of central tendency, especially any mean, the median, or the mode. [from c. 1735]

   Hyponyms: mean (broad sense), median, mode; mean (narrow sense), arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, quadratic mean, weighted mean

   You need to show some averages in an executive summary, show some samples of raw data in the document body, and move the full raw data to an appendix.

   • 1955 June, 'Mercury', “Over 200 Miles Per Hour”, in Railway Magazine, page 380:

     In conclusion, it may savour of anticlimax to mention that from May 22 the famous "Sud Express," over the same route, has been covering the 359.7 miles from Paris Austerlitz to Bordeaux in 4 hr. 59 min. daily, at a start-to-stop average of 72.2 m.p.h., and that the northbound train has been taking 5 hr. 7 min. for an average of 70.3.

   1. (mathematics) The arithmetic mean.

      Synonym: mean (narrow sense)

      Hypernym: mean (broad sense)

      Coordinate terms: geometric mean, harmonic mean, quadratic mean, weighted mean; median; mode

      The average of 10, 20 and 24 is (10 + 20 + 24)/3 = 18.

      • 2013 June 1, “Towards the end of poverty”, in The Economist‎, volume 407, number 8838, page 11:

        But poverty’s scourge is fiercest below $1.25 (the average of the 15 poorest countries’ own poverty lines, measured in 2005 dollars and adjusted for differences in purchasing power): people below that level live lives that are poor, nasty, brutish and short.

2. (law, marine) Financial loss due to damage to transported goods; compensation for damage or loss. [from 17th c.]
   • 2008, Filiberto Agusti, Beverley Earle, Richard Schaffer, Filiberto Agusti, Beverley Earle, International Business Law and Its Environment, page 219:

     Historically, the courts have allowed a general average claim only where the loss occurred as a result of the ship being in immediate peril. […] The court awarded the carrier the general average claim. It noted that “a ship′s master should not be discouraged from taking timely action to avert a disaster,” and need not be in actual peril to claim general average.

   1. (dated) Proportional or equitable distribution of financial expense. [from 16th c.]
   2. (obsolete) Customs duty or similar charge payable on transported goods. [from 15th c.]
3. (sports) An indication of a player's ability calculated from his scoring record, etc.

   batting average

使用する際の注意点

• (mathematics, statistics): The term average may refer to the statistical mean, median or mode of a batch, sample, or distribution, or sometimes any other measure of central tendency. Statisticians and responsible news sources are careful to use whichever of these specific terms is appropriate. In common usage, average refers to the arithmetic mean. It is, however, a common rhetorical trick to call the most favorable of mean, median and mode the "average" depending on the interpretation of a set of figures that the speaker or writer wants to promote.

等位語

• (measure of central tendency): arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, mean, median, mode

派生語

形容詞

average (comparative more average, superlative most average)

1. (not comparable) Constituting or relating to the average.

   The average age of the participants was 18.5.

2. Neither very good nor very bad; rated somewhere in the middle of all others in the same category.

   I soon found I was only an average chess player.

3. Typical.

   The average family will not need the more expensive features of this product.

   • 2002, Andy Turnbull, The Synthetic Beast: When Corporations Come to Life, page 12:

     We tend to think that exceptionally attractive men and women are outstanding but the fact is that they are more average than most.

   • 2004, Deirdre V. Lovecky, Different Minds: Gifted Children with AD/HD, Asperger Syndrome, and Other Learning Deficits, page 75:

     Things that never would occur to more average children, with and without AD/HD, will give these children nightmares.

   • 2009, Susan T. Fiske, Social Beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology, page 73:

     In other words, highly attractive people like highly attractive communicators and more average people like more average communicators.

4. (informal) Not outstanding, not good, banal; bad or poor.
   • 2002, Andy Slaven, Video Game Bible, 1985-2002, page 228:

     The graphics, sound, and most everything else are all very average. However, the main thing that brings this game down are the controls - they feel very clumsy and awkward at times.

   • 2005, Brad Knight, Laci Peterson: The Whole Story: Laci, Scott, and Amber's Deadly Love Triangle, page 308:

     But what the vast majority of the populace doesn′t realise is the fact that he′s only on TV because he became famous from one case, Winona Ryder's, which, by the way, he lost because he′s only a very average attorney.

   • 2009, Carn Tiernan, On the Back of the Other Side, page 62:

     In the piano stool there was a stack of music, mostly sentimental ballads intended to be sung by people with very average voices accompanied by not very competent pianists.

同意語

• (constituting or relating to the average): av., ave., avg., expectation (colloquial), mean
• (neither very good nor very bad): mediocre, medium, middle-ranking, middling, unremarkable, so-so, comme ci comme ça
• (typical): conventional, normal, regular, standard, typical, usual, bog-standard (slang)
• (not outstanding, not good; bad or poor): ordinary, uninspiring

反意語

• (antonym(s) of “neither very good nor very bad”): extraordinary

派生語

動詞

average (third-person singular simple present averages, present participle averaging, simple past and past participle averaged)

1. (transitive) To compute the average of, especially the arithmetic mean.

   If you average 10, 20 and 24, you get 18.

2. (transitive) Over a period of time or across members of a population, to have or generate a mean value of.

   The daily high temperature last month averaged 15°C.

   I averaged 75% in my examinations this year.

   • 1961 November, “Talking of Trains: The roller-bearing A1s”, in Trains Illustrated, page 643:

     The five roller-bearing A1s are now averaging 120,000 miles between shopping; this figure is an improvement of about 50 per cent on the norm of other ex-L.N.E. Pacific types.

   • 2023 April 5, Thomas Schlacher, “Joel Embiid vs. Nikola Jokić vs. Giannis Antetokounmpo: What’s the latest in the race to become the NBA MVP?”, in CNN‎:

     This comes after the center topped the charts last year, becoming the first player at the position since four-time NBA champion Shaquille O’Neal to win the scoring title and the first center to average over 30 PPG in 40 years – Embiid averaged 30.6.

3. (transitive) To divide among a number, according to a given proportion.

   to average a loss

4. (intransitive) To be, generally or on average.
   • 1872, Elliott Coues, Key to North American Birds:

     Gulls average much larger than terns, with stouter build […]

派生語

• average down
• average out
• average up
• averageable
• unaveraged

語源 2

From 中期英語 average, from Medieval Latin averagium, from aver (“horse or other beast of burden, service required from the same”) from 古期英語 eafor (“obligation to carry goods and convey messages for one's lord”) from aferian (“to remove, take away”); + -age.

名詞

average (plural averages)

1. (UK, law, obsolete) The service that a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the animals of the tenant, such as the transportation of wheat, turf, etc.

参照