alumとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• alumn

語源 1

From 中期英語 alum, alum, alym, alyme, from Anglo-Norman alum, alun, from Latin alūmen.

発音

• IPA: /ˈæl.əm/
• Homophone: Allam

名詞

alum (countable and uncountable, plural alums)

1. An astringent salt, usually occurring in the form of pale crystals, much used in the dyeing and tanning trade and in certain medicines, and now understood to be a double sulphate of potassium and aluminium (K₂SO₄·Al₂(SO₄)₃·24H₂O). [from 14th c.]
   • 1991, Felix Gilbert, The Pope, His Banker, and Venice, page 80:

     Venice also needed alum for trade, since it was the point of departure for overland transportation of alum to southern Germany and its cloth-manufacturing Free Cities.

   • 2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King, Penguin, published 2012, page 201:

     A natural astringent and antiseptic, potassium alum was coveted for its medicinal and cosmetic properties.

2. (inorganic chemistry) Any similar double sulphate in which either or both of the potassium and aluminium is wholly or partly replaced by other univalent or tervalent cations. [from 17th c.]
   • 1807, William Nicholson, editor, A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts, volume XVIII, page 286:

     With weld and cochineal, which are colouring matters the most sensible to the action of sulphate of iron, the purified alums gave us colours more brilliant, fresh, and in a slight degree lighter; while those with our common alums were all duller, and evidently of a deeper hue.

   • 2000 June, Competition Science Vision, page 486:

     For similar reasons, aluminium sulphate and alums are used in dyeing cloth. […] Normally alums are soluble in water and insoluble in alcohols.

   • 2005, Amit Arora, Text Book Of Inorganic Chemistry, page 386:

     In structure, the alums consist of simple ions, being not complexes, but double salts. Potash alum or potassium alum is the common alum, with the formula KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O) which, for convenience, may be written K₂SO₄·Al₂(SO₄)₃·24H₂O

同意語

• (double sulphate of potassium and aluminum): potash alum

派生語

関連する語

参考

• apjohnite
• bosjemanite
• halotrichite
• kalinite
• websterite

動詞

alum (third-person singular simple present alums, present participle aluming, simple past and past participle alumed)

1. (transitive) To steep in, or otherwise impregnate with, a solution of alum; to treat with alum.
   • 1839, Andrew Ure, A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines:

     The silk should be boiled at the rate of 20 parts of soap per cent. , and then alumed. The aluming need not be so strong as for the fine crimson

   • 1979, Kax Wilson, A History of Textiles, Westview Press, →ISBN, page 90:

     After drying, the cloth was alumed and finally dyed.

派生語

• unalumed

語源 2

Clipping of alumnus and alumna (> alumn- > alum), by the removal of the originally Latin gender-specific nominative singular case endings -us (masculine) and -a (feminine).

発音

• IPA: /əˈlʌm/
• 韻: -ʌm

名詞

alum (plural alums or alumni)

1. (Canada, US) A past attendee or graduate (of any gender) of a college, university or other educational institution.
   • 1961 Spring, Anchora of Delta Gamma, Volume LXXVII, No. 3, page 59,

     Evanston-North Shore alums are happy to open their homes to Sigma actives for special social events.

   • 2006, Ted Hart, James M. Greenfield, Pamela M. Gignac, Christopher Carnie, Major Donors: Finding Big Gifts in Your Database and Online, page 47:

     You'll remember that we're starting with a list of slightly over 7,000 names that are alums (most of them over 50) that we'd like to whittle down to a manageable list of prospects.

   • 2009, Timothy C. Jacobson, Charity & Merit: Trinity School at 300, page 190:

     All schools that last have alums, and, ancient as it was by American standards, Trinity by mid-century had thousands.

   • 2024 June 5, Shirley Li, “This Show Understands the Absurdity of Modern Existence”, in The Atlantic‎, archived from the original on 5 June 2024:

     “It breaks my heart to see them naked, undignified, shivering in the cold as they swallow our daily filth,” proclaims the woman, played by the Saturday Night Live alum Aidy Bryant.

   • 2024 August 8, Jonathan van Harmelen, “The Little-Known Group That Pioneered Watergate’s Dirty Tricks—and Changed American Politics”, in TIME‎, archived from the original on 14 August 2024:

     While presidential elections have been marred by mudslinging since the early Republic, these USC alums deployed a particular type of dirty tricks: what became known as “ratf--king,” or the use of unscrupulous tactics to interfere with the campaigns of opponents. The tactics pioneered by members of Trojans for Representative Government and later CREEP set a precedent for the sort of organized political sabotage that has become commonplace today in a digital world, especially for Republicans.

同意語

• (of any gender): alumni (often proscribed), alumnx

下位語

• (the original Latin gender-specific loanwords): alumna (feminine), alumnus (of unspecified gender or masculine)

アナグラム

• Mula, malu, Luma, Lamu, Ulam, mula, luma, maul

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈaː.ɫũː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈaː.lum]

名詞

ālum n (genitive ālī); second declension

1. garlic
2. species of comfrey plant

語形変化

Second-declension noun (neuter).

同意語

• (garlic, species of comfrey plant): ālus

名詞

ālum

1. accusative singular of ālus

参照

• “alum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

• “alum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press